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Madaro A, Nilsson J, Whatmore P, Roh H, Grove S, Stien LH, Olsen RE. Acute stress response on Atlantic salmon: a time-course study of the effects on plasma metabolites, mucus cortisol levels, and head kidney transcriptome profile. Fish Physiol Biochem 2023; 49:97-116. [PMID: 36574113 PMCID: PMC9935726 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) welfare and performance can be strongly influenced by stress episodes caused by handling during farming practices. To better understand the changes occurring after an acute stress response, we exposed a group of Atlantic salmon parr to an acute stressor, which involved netting and transferring fish to several new holding tanks. We describe a time-course response to stress by sampling parr in groups before (T0) and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 300, and 330 min post-stress. A subgroup of fish was also subjected to the same stressor for a second time to assess their capacity to respond to the same challenge again within a short timeframe (ReStressed). Fish plasma was assessed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and ions levels. Mucus cortisol levels were analyzed and compared with the plasma cortisol levels. At 5 selected time points (T0, 60, 90, 120, 240, and ReStressed), we compared the head kidney transcriptome profile of 10 fish per time point. The considerably delayed increase of ACTH in the plasma (60 min post-stress), and the earlier rise of cortisol levels (10 min post-stress), suggests that cortisol release could be triggered by more rapidly responding factors, such as the sympathetic system. This hypothesis may be supported by a high upregulation of several genes involved in synaptic triggering, observed both during the first and the second stress episodes. Furthermore, while the transcriptome profile showed few changes at 60 min post-stress, expression of genes in several immune-related pathways increased markedly with each successive time point, demonstrating the role of the immune system in fish coping capacity. Although many of the genes discussed in this paper are still poorly characterized, this study provides new insights regarding the mechanisms occurring during the stress response of salmon parr and may form the basis for a useful guideline on timing of sampling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Whatmore
- Department of eResearch, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - HyeongJin Roh
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - Søren Grove
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
- Fish Health Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984, Matredal, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Sambraus F, Hansen T, Daae BS, Thorsen A, Sandvik R, Stien LH, Fraser TWK, Fjelldal PG. Triploid Atlantic salmon Salmo salar have a higher dietary phosphorus requirement for bone mineralization during early development. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:137-147. [PMID: 32242933 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a dietary phosphorus regime in freshwater on vertebra bone mineralization was assessed in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Fish were fed either a low phosphorus (LP) diet containing 10.5 g kg-1 total phosphorus or a normal phosphorus (NP) diet containing 17.4 g kg-1 total phosphorus from ∼3 to ∼65 g (day 126) in body weight. Two further groups were fed the NP diet from ∼3 g in body weight, but were then switched to the LP diet after 38 (∼10 g in body weight) or 77 (∼30 g in body weight) days. Growth, vertebral ash content (% ash) and radiologically detectable vertebra pathologies were assessed. Triploids were initially smaller than diploids, and again on day 77, but there was no ploidy effect on days 38 or 126. Vertebral ash content increased with increasing body size and those fish fed the NP diet had higher vertebral ash content than those groups fed the LP diet during the intervening time period, but this diet effect became less apparent as fish grew, with all groups having relatively equal vertebral ash content at termination. In general, triploids had lower vertebral ash content than diploids on day 38 and this was most evident in the group fed the LP diet. On day 77, those triploids fed the LP diet during the intervening time period had lower vertebral ash content than diploids. At termination on day 126, the triploids had the same vertebral ash content as diploids, irrespective of diet. There was a ploidy × diet interaction on vertebral deformities, with triploids having higher prevalences of fish with ≥1 deformed vertebra in all dietary groups except continuous NP. In conclusion, between days 0 and 77 (3-30 g body size), triploids required more dietary phosphorus than diploids in order to maintain similar vertebral ash content. A possible link between phosphorus feeding history and phosphorus demand is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sambraus
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tom Hansen
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Britt S Daae
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Anders Thorsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Welfare Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Thomas W K Fraser
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Per Gunnar Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology Group, Matre Aquaculture Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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Barrett LT, Overton K, Stien LH, Oppedal F, Dempster T. Effect of cleaner fish on sea lice in Norwegian salmon aquaculture: a national scale data analysis. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:787-796. [PMID: 32035989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The salmon aquaculture industry has adopted the use of invertivorous 'cleaner fishes' (CF) for biological control of sea louse infestations on farmed salmon. At present, ~50 million CF are used annually in Norway alone, with variable success in experimental and industrial contexts. We used a national scale database of louse counts, delousing treatments and CF stocking events on Norwegian salmon farms to test for evidence of CF efficacy at 488 sites that completed a grow-out cycle within 2016-2018. Our analysis revealed that sites using more CF over the duration of a grow-out cycle did not have fewer lice on average, likely because CF use is reactive and in proportion to the scale of the louse problem. Over time within sites, we found that (i) sites using more CF early in the grow-out cycle were able to wait slightly longer (conservatively, a 5.2 week delay with 5000 CF stocked week-1) before conducting the first delousing treatment, and (ii) CF stocking events were followed, on average, by a small reduction in louse population growth rates. However, both effects were small and highly variable, and louse population growth rates remained positive on average, even when large numbers of CF were used (tens of thousands per site). Moreover, effects of CF on louse density tended to be short-lived, likely reflecting mortality and escape of stocked CF. Overall, the data indicate that while some sites consistently obtain good results from CF, there is also widespread suboptimal use. A better understanding of factors affecting CF efficacy in commercial sea cages is required to inform legislation and drive more efficient and ethical use of CF by the salmon aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke T Barrett
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kathy Overton
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Frode Oppedal
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984 Matredal, Norway
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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van de Vis H, Kolarevic J, Stien LH, Kristiansen TS, Gerritzen M, van de Braak K, Abbink W, Sæther BS, Noble C. Welfare of Farmed Fish in Different Production Systems and Operations. Anim Welf 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41675-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wright DW, Stien LH, Dempster T, Oppedal F. Differential effects of internal tagging depending on depth treatment in Atlantic salmon: a cautionary tale for aquatic animal tag use. Curr Zool 2019; 65:665-673. [PMID: 31857813 PMCID: PMC6911844 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic tags are widespread tools for studying aquatic animal behavior; however, tags risk behavioral manipulation and negative welfare outcomes. During an experiment to test behavioral differences of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in different aquaculture cage types, including ones expected to elicit deeper swimming behavior, we found negative tagging effects depending on whether cages were depth-modified. In the experiment, data storage tags implanted in Atlantic salmon tracked their depth behavior and survival in unmodified sea-cages and depth-modified sea-cages that forced fish below or into a narrow seawater- or freshwater-filled snorkel tube from a 4 m net roof to the surface. All tagged individuals survived in unmodified cages; however, survival was reduced to 62% in depth-modified cages. Survivors in depth-modified cages spent considerably less time above 4 m than those in unmodified cages, and dying individuals in depth-modified cages tended to position in progressively shallower water. The maximum depth that fish in our study could attain neutral buoyancy was estimated at 22 m in seawater. We calculated that the added tag weight in water reduced this to 8 m, and subtracting the tag volume from the peritoneal cavity where the swim bladder reinflates reduced this further to 4 m. We conclude that the internal tag weight and volume affected buoyancy regulation as well as the survival and behavior of tagged fish. Future tagging studies on aquatic animals should carefully consider the buoyancy-related consequences of internal tags with excess weight in water, and the inclusion of data from dying tagged animals when estimating normal depth behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Wright
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Lars H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Frode Oppedal
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
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Gismervik K, Gåsnes SK, Gu J, Stien LH, Madaro A, Nilsson J. Thermal injuries in Atlantic salmon in a pilot laboratory trial. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 8:100081. [PMID: 32734098 PMCID: PMC7386709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal delousing is a new method for removing sea lice from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L). We investigated thermally-related tissue injuries in Atlantic salmon in a pilot laboratory trial to describe the acute effect of high water temperatures (34-38 °C). Acute tissue injuries in gills, eyes, brain and possible also nasal cavity and thymus were seen in salmon exposed to water temperatures of 34 - 38 °C in 72 to 140 s. This implies that exposing salmon to such water temperatures is a welfare risk, not only due to the direct tissue injuries that may also be dependent on exposure time, but also due to risk of thermal pain and aversion, including flight reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siri K. Gåsnes
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jinni Gu
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Pb 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars H. Stien
- Research Group Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, P.O box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Angelico Madaro
- Research Group Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, P.O box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonatan Nilsson
- Research Group Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, P.O box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
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7
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Overton K, Samsing F, Oppedal F, Stien LH, Dempster T. Lowering treatment temperature reduces salmon mortality: a new way to treat with hydrogen peroxide in aquaculture. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1533. [PMID: 29738115 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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8
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Overton K, Samsing F, Oppedal F, Stien LH, Dempster T. Lowering treatment temperature reduces salmon mortality: a new way to treat with hydrogen peroxide in aquaculture. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:535-540. [PMID: 28980393 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) baths are widely used to reduce numbers of salmon lice on farmed Atlantic salmon. Fish mortalities often occur after baths, with warmer temperatures increasing lethality. We tested whether mortality could be reduced and lice removal efficacy maintained by lowering bath temperatures relative to ambient temperatures. Post-smolt salmon infected with lice were held at 10, 13 or 16 °C, and treated with 1.5 g/L H2 O2 for 20 min at equal or lower bath temperatures of 7, 10 or 13 °C. RESULTS Salmon mortality decreased as ambient and bath temperatures decreased. No mortality occurred when fish at 13 °C were treated at 7 °C. For ambient temperatures of 16 °C, the number of lice remaining was reduced by four-fold when treated at 7 °C compared with 13 °C. All treatments in which mortality was zero had similar efficacies regardless of bath temperature. CONCLUSION We took salmon from warmer to colder temperatures to determine the optimum bathing temperature to prevent mortality. A temperature of 7 °C was optimal when treating with 1.5 g/L of H2 O2 , as mortality was zero and pre-adult lice removal was unchanged. By manipulating temperature, we developed a new method of H2 O2 bathing that reduces mortality. When ambient temperatures are >10 °C, we recommend that the industry decrease H2 O2 bath temperatures. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Overton
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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9
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Stien LH, Nilsson J, Bui S, Fosseidengen JE, Kristiansen TS, Øverli Ø, Folkedal O. Consistent melanophore spot patterns allow long-term individual recognition of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:1699-1712. [PMID: 29094766 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows that permanent melanophore spot patterns in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar make it possible to use images of the operculum to keep track of individual fish over extended periods of their life history. Post-smolt S. salar (n = 246) were initially photographed at an average mass of 98 g and again 10 months later after rearing in a sea cage, at an average mass of 3088 g. Spots that were present initially remained and were the most overt (largest) 10 months later, while new and less overt spots had developed. Visual recognition of spot size and position showed that fish with at least four initial spots were relatively easy to identify, while identifying fish with less than four spots could be challenging. An automatic image analysis method was developed and shows potential for fast match processing of large numbers of fish. The current findings promote visual recognition of opercular spots as a welfare-friendly alternative to tagging in experiments involving salmonid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Stien
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - J Nilsson
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - S Bui
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - J E Fosseidengen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - T S Kristiansen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Ø Øverli
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Folkedal
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Austevoll Research Station, 5392, Storebø, Norway
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Oppedal F, Samsing F, Dempster T, Wright DW, Bui S, Stien LH. Sea lice infestation levels decrease with deeper 'snorkel' barriers in Atlantic salmon sea-cages. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1935-1943. [PMID: 28247541 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are the most important parasites of farmed salmon. Infective larvae position themselves in the upper part of the water column to increase encounter probabilities with potential hosts. Previous studies have shown that a 'snorkel' sea-cage technology protects salmon from infection in surface waters. We tested whether deep snorkels would more effectively reduce lice infestation than shallow snorkels and still uphold adequate conditions for the fish. Five sea-cages (12 m × 12 m) each holding approximately 3000 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (53 ± 10 g) were fitted with snorkels that gave protection from infection for 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 m. We tested whether reductions in the settlement of new salmon lice copepodids were consistent among four separate infection periods. RESULTS Lice infestation decreased exponentially with depth in all time periods. Infection levels in shallow snorkels (0 and 4 m) were consistently 4-10 times higher than those in deep snorkels (12 and 16 m). Key welfare and production performance indices were similar across all snorkel depths. CONCLUSION Deeper snorkels dramatically and consistently reduced infection levels of salmon lice compared with shallow snorkels, without consequences for fish welfare and production performance. Therefore, reducing salmon sea lice encounters using a depth-based barrier is a powerful management tool for salmon farming. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Dempster
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel W Wright
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha Bui
- Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Folkedal O, Pettersen JM, Bracke MBM, Stien LH, Nilsson J, Martins C, Breck O, Midtlyng PJ, Kristiansen T. On-farm evaluation of the Salmon Welfare Index Model (SWIM 1.0): theoretical and practical considerations. Anim Welf 2016. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.25.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Vindas MA, Sørensen C, Johansen IB, Folkedal O, Höglund E, Khan UW, Stien LH, Kristiansen TS, Braastad BO, Øverli Ø. Coping with unpredictability: dopaminergic and neurotrophic responses to omission of expected reward in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e85543. [PMID: 24465595 PMCID: PMC3894970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies are imperative for understanding the evolution of adaptive neurobiological processes such as neural plasticity, cognition, and emotion. Previously we have reported that prolonged omission of expected rewards (OER, or 'frustrative nonreward') causes increased aggression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Here we report changes in brain monoaminergic activity and relative abundance of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine receptor mRNA transcripts in the same paradigm. Groups of fish were initially conditioned to associate a flashing light with feeding. Subsequently, the expected food reward was delayed for 30 minutes during two out of three meals per day in the OER treatment, while the previously established routine was maintained in control groups. After 8 days there was no effect of OER on baseline brain stem serotonin (5-HT) or dopamine (DA) activity. Subsequent exposure to acute confinement stress led to increased plasma cortisol and elevated turnover of brain stem DA and 5-HT in all animals. The DA response was potentiated and DA receptor 1 (D1) mRNA abundance was reduced in the OER-exposed fish, indicating a sensitization of the DA system. In addition OER suppressed abundance of BDNF in the telencephalon of non-stressed fish. Regardless of OER treatment, a strong positive correlation between BDNF and D1 mRNA abundance was seen in non-stressed fish. This correlation was disrupted by acute stress, and replaced by a negative correlation between BDNF abundance and plasma cortisol concentration. These observations indicate a conserved link between DA, neurotrophin regulation, and corticosteroid-signaling pathways. The results also emphasize how fish models can be important tools in the study of neural plasticity and responsiveness to environmental unpredictability.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- Conditioning, Psychological
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Reward
- Salmo salar/blood
- Salmo salar/genetics
- Salmo salar/growth & development
- Salmo salar/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Vindas
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ole Folkedal
- Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
| | - Erik Höglund
- Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Uniza W. Khan
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars H. Stien
- Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tore S. Kristiansen
- Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway
| | - Bjarne O. Braastad
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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13
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Torgersen JS, Koppang EO, Stien LH, Kohler A, Pedersen ME, Mørkøre T. Soft texture of atlantic salmon fillets is associated with glycogen accumulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85551. [PMID: 24416425 PMCID: PMC3887068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with soft fillets are not suited for manufacturing high quality products. Therefore fillets with insufficient firmness are downgraded, leading to severe economic losses to the farming and processing industries. In the current study, morphological characteristics of salmon fillets ranging from soft to hard were analysed. Different microscopic techniques were applied, including novel methods in this field of research: morphometric image analysis, periodic acid Schiff staining, immunofluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared microscopy. The results showed that the myocytes of soft muscle had detached cells with mitochondrial dysfunctions, large glycogen aggregates and enlarged inter cellular areas, void of extracellular matrix proteins, including lower amounts of sulfated glycoproteins. Myofibre-myofibre detachment and disappearance of the endomysium in soft muscles coincided with deterioration of important connective tissue constituents such as Collagen type I (Col I), Perlecan and Aggrecan. In summary our investigations show for the first time an association between soft flesh of Atlantic salmon and massive intracellular glycogen accumulation coinciding with degenerated mitochondria, myocyte detachment and altered extracellular matrix protein distribution. The results are important for further understanding the etiology of soft salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Institute of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Achim Kohler
- Nofima AS, Ås, Norway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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14
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Vindas MA, Folkedal O, Kristiansen TS, Stien LH, Braastad BO, Mayer I, Øverli Ø. Omission of expected reward agitates Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Anim Cogn 2012; 15:903-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Nilsson J, Stien LH, Fosseidengen JE, Olsen RE, Kristiansen TS. From fright to anticipation: Reward conditioning versus habituation to a moving dip net in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Folkedal O, Torgersen T, Olsen RE, Fernö A, Nilsson J, Oppedal F, Stien LH, Kristiansen TS, Fernö A. Duration of effects of acute environmental changes on food anticipatory behaviour, feed intake, oxygen consumption, and cortisol release in Atlantic salmon parr. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Folkedal O, Stien LH, Torgersen T, Oppedal F, Olsen RE, Fosseidengen JE, Braithwaite VA, Kristiansen TS. Food anticipatory behaviour as an indicator of stress response and recovery in Atlantic salmon post-smolt after exposure to acute temperature fluctuation. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:350-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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