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Bañares J, Manzano-Nuñez R, Prió A, Rivera-Esteban J, Camps-Relats L, Villarejo A, Ruiz-Ortega L, Pons M, Ciudin A, Salcedo MT, Vargas V, Genescà J, Pericàs JM. Risk of infections in patients with NAFLD and Type 2 Diabetes under treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and relationship with liver outcomes: A retrospective case-control study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:945626. [PMID: 36093073 PMCID: PMC9449723 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.945626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in developed countries, with its incidence growing parallel to the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are becoming a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular health and some studies suggest the potential role in NAFLD. However, patients under treatment with SGLT2i are at risk of developing genitourinary fungal infections (GFIs). Moreover, both NAFLD and SGLT2i have a strong influence on the immune system, and therefore the risk of infections other than GFIs could be increased in NAFLD patients treated with SGLT2i. We aimed to examine the possible association of SGLT2i with infections and hepatic outcomes in NAFLD patients. METHODS We conducted a case-control study including NAFLD patients with T2DM visited at the Liver Unit outpatient clinic from 2016 to 2021 with a minimum follow-up of 6 months by selecting 65 patients receiving SGLT2i and 130 matched patients with other types of antidiabetic treatment. RESULTS During follow-up, GFIs were significantly higher in the SGLT2i group (15.4% vs. 3.8%; p=0.008), whereas there were no differences in the occurrence of overall infections (41.5% vs. 30%; p=0.1) nor in other types of specific infections. In the multivariable analysis, treatment with SGLT2i was not independently associated with higher odds of overall infection. On the other hand, SGLT2i patients showed a significantly lower incidence of hepatic events (1.5% vs. 10.7%; p=0.02). There were no significant different in all-cause mortality between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD patients with T2DM receiving SGLT2i more frequently presented GFIs, whereas the incidence of other types of infections was not found to be higher than in other patients with NAFLD and T2DM treated with other drugs. Moreover, SGLT2i-treated patients had a lower occurrence of hepatic events. Further studies are warranted to validate our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bañares
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramiro Manzano-Nuñez
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Prió
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Rivera-Esteban
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Camps-Relats
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Villarejo
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ruiz-Ortega
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Pons
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades digestivas y hepáticas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Ciudin
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan M. Pericàs, ; Andreea Ciudin,
| | - María Teresa Salcedo
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades digestivas y hepáticas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Genescà
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades digestivas y hepáticas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. Pericàs
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades digestivas y hepáticas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan M. Pericàs, ; Andreea Ciudin,
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Campos-Varela I, Villagrasa A, Simon-Talero M, Riveiro-Barciela M, Ventura-Cots M, Aguilera-Castro L, Alvarez-Lopez P, Nordahl EA, Anton A, Bañares J, Barber C, Barreira-Diaz A, Biagetti B, Camps-Relats L, Ciudin A, Cocera R, Dopazo C, Fernandez A, Jimenez C, Jimenez MM, Jofra M, Gil C, Gomez-Gavara C, Guanozzi D, Guevara JA, Lobo B, Malagelada C, Martinez-Camprecios J, Mayorga L, Miret E, Pando E, Pérez-Lopez A, Pigrau M, Prio A, Rivera-Esteban JM, Romero A, Tasayco S, Vidal-Gonzalez J, Vidal L, Minguez B, Augustin S, Genesca J. The role of liver steatosis as measured with transient elastography and transaminases on hard clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211016567. [PMID: 34104210 PMCID: PMC8170328 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211016567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury has been widely described in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to study the effect of liver biochemistry alterations, previous liver disease, and the value of liver elastography on hard clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. We conducted a single-center prospective observational study in 370 consecutive patients admitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory data were collected at baseline and liver parameters and clinical events recorded during follow-up. Transient elastography [with Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) measurements] was performed at admission in 98 patients. All patients were followed up until day 28 or death. The two main outcomes of the study were 28-day mortality and the occurrence of the composite endpoint intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated at admission in 130 patients (35%) and 167 (45%) patients, respectively. Overall, 14.6% of patients presented the composite endpoint ICU and/or death. Neither ALT elevations, prior liver disease, liver stiffness nor liver steatosis (assessed with CAP) had any effect on outcomes. However, patients with abnormal baseline AST had a higher occurrence of the composite ICU/death (21% versus 9.5%, p = 0.002). Patients ⩾65 years and with an AST level > 50 U/ml at admission had a significantly higher risk of ICU and/or death than those with AST ⩽ 50 U/ml (50% versus 13.3%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, mild liver damage is prevalent in COVID-19 patients, but neither ALT elevation nor liver steatosis influenced hard clinical outcomes. Elevated baseline AST is a strong predictor of hard outcomes, especially in patients ⩾65 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Campos-Varela
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine,
Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Pg. Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona,
08035, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos
III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ares Villagrasa
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Macarena Simon-Talero
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos
III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos
III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos
III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Aguilera-Castro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Patricia Alvarez-Lopez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilie A Nordahl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vall
d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Anton
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Bañares
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Barber
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Ana Barreira-Diaz
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Betina Biagetti
- Department of Endocrinology, Vall d’Hebron
Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Camps-Relats
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Ciudin
- Department of Endocrinology, Vall d’Hebron
Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Cocera
- Department of Urology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Dopazo
- Department of Hepatobiliar Surgery and Liver
Transplant, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Fernandez
- Department of Hepatobiliar Surgery and Liver
Transplant, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cesar Jimenez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria M Jimenez
- Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron
Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Jofra
- Department of Hepatobiliar Surgery and Liver
Transplant, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Gil
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepción Gomez-Gavara
- Department of Hepatobiliar Surgery and Liver
Transplant, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guanozzi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Jorge A Guevara
- Department of Endoscopy, Vall d’Hebron
Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Carolina Malagelada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Joan Martinez-Camprecios
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Mayorga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Enric Miret
- Department of Urology, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Pando
- Department of Hepatobiliar Surgery and Liver
Transplant, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Lopez
- Department of Hematology, Vall d’Hebron
Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Department of Endoscopy, Vall d’Hebron
Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Prio
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus M Rivera-Esteban
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Romero
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephanie Tasayco
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d’Hebron
Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Judit Vidal-Gonzalez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vidal
- Department of Hepatobiliar Surgery and Liver
Transplant, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Minguez
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos
III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Augustin
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine,
Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Pg. Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona,
08035, Spain
| | - Joan Genesca
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall
d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Reseach (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona
Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de
Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos
III, Madrid, Spain
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Riveiro-Barciela M, Labrador-Horrillo M, Camps-Relats L, González-Sans D, Ventura-Cots M, Terrones-Peinador M, Nuñez-Conde A, Martínez-Gallo M, Hernández M, Antón A, González A, Pujol-Borrell R, Martínez-Valle F. Simple predictive models identify patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and poor prognosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244627. [PMID: 33370397 PMCID: PMC7769554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients at high-risk of poor prognosis is crucial. We aimed to establish predictive models for COVID-19 pneumonia severity in hospitalized patients. METHODS Retrospective study of 430 patients admitted in Vall d'Hebron Hospital (Barcelona) between 03-12-2020 and 04-28-2020 due to COVID-19 pneumonia. Two models to identify the patients who required high-flow-oxygen-support were generated, one using baseline data and another with also follow-up analytical results. Calibration was performed by a 1000-bootstrap replication model. RESULTS 249 were male, mean age 57.9 years. Overall, 135 (31.4%) required high-flow-oxygen-support. The baseline predictive model showed a ROC of 0.800 based on: SpO2/FiO2 (adjusted Hazard Ratio-aHR = 8), chest x-ray (aHR = 4), prior immunosuppressive therapy (aHR = 4), obesity (aHR = 2), IL-6 (aHR = 2), platelets (aHR = 0.5). The cut-off of 11 presented a specificity of 94.8%. The second model included changes on the analytical parameters: ferritin (aHR = 7.5 if ≥200ng/mL) and IL-6 (aHR = 18 if ≥64pg/mL) plus chest x-ray (aHR = 2) showing a ROC of 0.877. The cut-off of 12 exhibited a negative predictive value of 92%. CONCLUSIONS SpO2/FiO2 and chest x-ray on admission or changes on inflammatory parameters as IL-6 and ferritin allow us early identification of COVID-19 patients at risk of high-flow-oxygen-support that may benefit from a more intensive disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebrón, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moisés Labrador-Horrillo
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Allergy Section, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebrón, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- ARADyAL Research Network Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Camps-Relats
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebrón, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Didac González-Sans
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebrón, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Terrones-Peinador
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Nuñez-Conde
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Gallo
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Diagnostic Immunology group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Immunology, Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Diagnostic Immunology group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Immunology, Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Vall d'Hebron Institut de recerca (VHIR), Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Diagnostic Immunology group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Immunology, Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez-Valle
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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