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Saiz-Baggetto S, Dolz-Edo L, Méndez E, García-Bolufer P, Marí M, Bañó MC, Fariñas I, Morante-Redolat JM, Igual JC, Quilis I. A Multimodel Study of the Role of Novel PKC Isoforms in the DNA Integrity Checkpoint. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15796. [PMID: 37958781 PMCID: PMC10650207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family plays important regulatory roles in numerous cellular processes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a single PKC, Pkc1, whereas in mammals, the PKC family comprises nine isoforms. Both Pkc1 and the novel isoform PKCδ are involved in the control of DNA integrity checkpoint activation, demonstrating that this mechanism is conserved from yeast to mammals. To explore the function of PKCδ in a non-tumor cell line, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 technology to obtain PKCδ knocked-out mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). This model demonstrated that the absence of PKCδ reduced the activation of the effector kinase CHK1, although it suggested that other isoform(s) might contribute to this function. Therefore, we used yeast to study the ability of each single PKC isoform to activate the DNA integrity checkpoint. Our analysis identified that PKCθ, the closest isoform to PKCδ, was also able to perform this function, although with less efficiency. Then, by generating truncated and mutant versions in key residues, we uncovered differences between the activation mechanisms of PKCδ and PKCθ and identified their essential domains. Our work strongly supports the role of PKC as a key player in the DNA integrity checkpoint pathway and highlights the advantages of combining distinct research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Saiz-Baggetto
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.S.-B.); (L.D.-E.); (M.C.B.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Laura Dolz-Edo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.S.-B.); (L.D.-E.); (M.C.B.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ester Méndez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.S.-B.); (L.D.-E.); (M.C.B.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Pau García-Bolufer
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Miquel Marí
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Bañó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.S.-B.); (L.D.-E.); (M.C.B.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - José Manuel Morante-Redolat
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Igual
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.S.-B.); (L.D.-E.); (M.C.B.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Inma Quilis
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (S.S.-B.); (L.D.-E.); (M.C.B.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain (I.F.); (J.M.M.-R.)
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Chevilly S, Dolz-Edo L, Blanca J, Yenush L, Mulet JM. Identification of Distinctive Primary Metabolites Influencing Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea, var. Italica) Taste. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020339. [PMID: 36673431 PMCID: PMC9857596 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck) is a cruciferous crop that is considered to be a good source of micronutrients. Better taste is a main objective for breeding, as consumers are demanding novel cultivars suited for a healthy diet, but ones that are more palatable. This study aimed to identify primary metabolites related to cultivars with better taste according to a consumer panel. For this purpose, we performed a complete primary metabolomic profile of 20 different broccoli cultivars grown in the field and contrasted the obtained data with the results of a consumer panel which evaluated the taste of the same raw buds. A statistical analysis was conducted to find primary metabolites correlating with better score in the taste panels. According to our results, sugar content is not a distinctive factor for taste in broccoli. The accumulation of the amino acids leucine, lysine and alanine, together with Myo-inositol, negatively affected taste, while a high content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a distinctive trait for cultivars scoring high in the consumer panels. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allowed us to define three different groups according to the metabolomic profile of the 20 broccoli cultivars studied. Our results suggest molecular traits that could be useful as distinctive markers to predict better taste in broccoli or to design novel biotechnological or classical breeding strategies for improving broccoli taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chevilly
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Dolz-Edo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Blanca
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-387-7775
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Chevilly S, Dolz-Edo L, Martínez-Sánchez G, Morcillo L, Vilagrosa A, López-Nicolás JM, Blanca J, Yenush L, Mulet JM. Distinctive Traits for Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:777060. [PMID: 34804107 PMCID: PMC8600367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a crop with important agronomic interest worldwide. Because of the increase of drought and salinity in many cultivation areas as a result of anthropogenic global warming, the obtention of varieties tolerant to these conditions is a major objective for agronomical improvement. The identification of the limiting factors for stress tolerance could help to define the objectives and the traits which could be improved by classical breeding or other techniques. With this objective, we have characterized, at the physiological and biochemical levels, two different cultivars (sensitive or tolerant) of two different melon varieties (Galia and Piel de Sapo) under controlled drought or salt stress. We have performed physiological measurements, a complete amino acid profile and we have determined the sodium, potassium and hormone concentrations. This has allowed us to determine that the distinctive general trait for salt tolerance in melon are the levels of phenylalanine, histidine, proline and the Na+/K+ ratio, while the distinctive traits for drought tolerance are the hydric potential, isoleucine, glycine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, serine, and asparagine. These could be useful markers for breeding strategies or to predict which varieties are likely perform better under drought or salt stress. Our study has also allowed us to identify which metabolites and physiological traits are differentially regulated upon salt and drought stress between different varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chevilly
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Dolz-Edo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Martínez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luna Morcillo
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante–Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante–Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Blanca
- Instituto Universitario de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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Chevilly S, Dolz-Edo L, Morcillo L, Vilagrosa A, López-Nicolás JM, Yenush L, Mulet JM. Identification of distinctive physiological and molecular responses to salt stress among tolerant and sensitive cultivars of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica). BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:488. [PMID: 34696731 PMCID: PMC8543863 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt stress is one of the main constraints determining crop productivity, and therefore one of the main limitations for food production. The aim of this study was to characterize the salt stress response at the physiological and molecular level of different Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck) cultivars that were previously characterized in field and greenhouse trials as salt sensitive or salt tolerant. This study aimed to identify functional and molecular traits capable of predicting the ability of uncharacterized lines to cope with salt stress. For this purpose, this study measured different physiological parameters, hormones and metabolites under control and salt stress conditions. RESULTS This study found significant differences among cultivars for stomatal conductance, transpiration, methionine, proline, threonine, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and indolacetic acid. Salt tolerant cultivars were shown to accumulate less sodium and potassium in leaves and have a lower sodium to potassium ratio under salt stress. Analysis of primary metabolites indicated that salt tolerant cultivars have higher concentrations of several intermediates of the Krebs cycle and the substrates of some anaplerotic reactions. CONCLUSIONS This study has found that the energetic status of the plant, the sodium extrusion and the proline content are the limiting factors for broccoli tolerance to salt stress. Our results establish physiological and molecular traits useful as distinctive markers to predict salt tolerance in Broccoli or to design novel biotechnological or breeding strategies for improving broccoli tolerance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chevilly
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Dolz-Edo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luna Morcillo
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante – CEAM, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante – CEAM, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Chevilly S, Dolz-Edo L, López-Nicolás JM, Morcillo L, Vilagrosa A, Yenush L, Mulet JM. Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Differential Response of Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea var. Italica) Cultivars Reveals Limiting Factors for Broccoli Tolerance to Drought Stress. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:10394-10404. [PMID: 34445860 PMCID: PMC8528380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Broccoli is a cruciferous crop rich in health-promoting metabolites. Due to several factors, including anthropogenic global warming, aridity is increasing in many cultivation areas. There is a great demand to characterize the drought response of broccoli and use this knowledge to develop new cultivars able to maintain yield under water constraints. The aim of this study is to characterize the drought response at the physiological and molecular level of different broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck) cultivars, previously characterized as drought-sensitive or drought-tolerant. This approach aims to identify different traits, which can constitute limiting factors for drought stress tolerance in broccoli. For this purpose, we have compared several physiological parameters and the complete profiles of amino acids, primary metabolites, hormones, and ions of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars under stress and control conditions. We have found that drought-tolerant cultivars presented higher levels of methionine and abscisic acid and lower amounts of urea, quinic acid, and the gluconic acid lactone. Interestingly, we have also found that a drought treatment increases the levels of most essential amino acids in leaves and in florets. Our results have established physiological and molecular traits useful as distinctive markers to predict drought tolerance in broccoli or which could be reliably used for breeding new cultivars adapted to water scarcity. We have also found that a drought treatment increases the content of essential amino acids in broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chevilly
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Dolz-Edo
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. López-Nicolás
- Departamento
de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luna Morcillo
- Fundación
Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, Joint Research
Unit University of Alicante—CEAM, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación
Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, Joint Research
Unit University of Alicante—CEAM, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Mulet
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- . Tel: +34 96 387
77 75. Fax: +34 96 387 78 59
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Lucena RM, Dolz-Edo L, Brul S, de Morais MA, Smits G. Extreme Low Cytosolic pH Is a Signal for Cell Survival in Acid Stressed Yeast. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060656. [PMID: 32560106 PMCID: PMC7349538 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast biomass is recycled in the process of bioethanol production using treatment with dilute sulphuric acid to control the bacterial population. This treatment can lead to loss of cell viability, with consequences on the fermentation yield. Thus, the aim of this study was to define the functional cellular responses to inorganic acid stress. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with mutation in several signalling pathways, as well as cells expressing pH-sensitive GFP derivative ratiometric pHluorin, were tested for cell survival and cytosolic pH (pHc) variation during exposure to low external pH (pHex). Mutants in calcium signalling and proton extrusion were transiently sensitive to low pHex, while the CWI slt2Δ mutant lost viability. Rescue of this mutant was observed when cells were exposed to extreme low pHex or glucose starvation and was dependent on the induced reduction of pHc. Therefore, a lowered pHc leads to a complete growth arrest, which protects the cells from lethal stress and keeps cells alive. Cytosolic pH is thus a signal that directs the growth stress-tolerance trade-off in yeast. A regulatory model was proposed to explain this mechanism, indicating the impairment of glucan synthesis as the primary cause of low pHex sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mendonça Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil;
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands; (L.D.-E.); (S.B.)
| | - Laura Dolz-Edo
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands; (L.D.-E.); (S.B.)
| | - Stanley Brul
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands; (L.D.-E.); (S.B.)
| | - Marcos Antonio de Morais
- Department of Genetics, Biosciences Centre, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (M.A.d.M.J.)
| | - Gertien Smits
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands; (L.D.-E.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (M.A.d.M.J.)
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DE Luca GMR, Desclos E, Breedijk RMP, Dolz-Edo L, Smits GJ, Nahidiazar L, Bielefeld P, Picavet L, Fitzsimons CP, Hoebe R, Manders EMM. Configurations of the Re-scan Confocal Microscope (RCM) for biomedical applications. J Microsc 2017; 266:166-177. [PMID: 28257147 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The new high-sensitive and high-resolution technique, Re-scan Confocal Microscopy (RCM), is based on a standard confocal microscope extended with a re-scan detection unit. The re-scan unit includes a pair of re-scanning mirrors that project the emission light onto a camera in a scanning manner. The signal-to-noise ratio of Re-scan Confocal Microscopy is improved by a factor of 4 compared to standard confocal microscopy and the lateral resolution of Re-scan Confocal Microscopy is 170 nm (compared to 240 nm for diffraction limited resolution, 488 nm excitation, 1.49 NA). Apart from improved sensitivity and resolution, the optical setup of Re-scan Confocal Microscopy is flexible in its configuration in terms of control of the mirrors, lasers and filters. Because of this flexibility, the Re-scan Confocal Microscopy can be configured to address specific biological applications. In this paper, we explore a number of possible configurations of Re-scan Confocal Microscopy for specific biomedical applications such as multicolour, FRET, ratio-metric (e.g. pH and intracellular Ca2+ measurements) and FRAP imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M R DE Luca
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Desclos
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R M P Breedijk
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Dolz-Edo
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J Smits
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Nahidiazar
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - P Bielefeld
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Picavet
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C P Fitzsimons
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Hoebe
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M M Manders
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Nikon Centre of Excellence on Super Resolution Microscopy Development, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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