Increased Body Mass Index Augments Endothelial Injury and Clinical Outcomes after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Higher body mass index (BMI) is characterized as a chronic inflammatory state with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial injury after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) puts patients at risk for such complications as transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) and acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD). To evaluate the impact of increased BMI on endothelial injury after allo-HSCT in pediatric and young adult patients, we conducted a retrospective cohort study evaluating 476 consecutive allo-HSCT children and young adult recipients age 0 to 20 years. Our analysis was subdivided based on distinct age categories (<2 years and 2 to 20 years). BMI was considered as a variable but was also expressed in standard deviations from the mean adjusted for age and sex (z-score), based on established criteria from the World Health Organization (age <2 years) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (age 2 to 20 years) to account for differences associated with age. Primary endpoints included the incidences of TA-TMA and aGVHD. Increased BMI z-score was associated with TA-TMA after allo-HSCT in patients age <2 years (median, 18.1; IQR, 17 to 20; P = .006) and in patients age 2 to 20 years (median, 18.7; IQR, 16 to 21.9; P = .02). Higher BMI z-score correlated with TA-TMA risk in both age groups, with a BMI z-score of .9 in the younger cohort and .7 (IQR, -.4 to 1.6; P = .04) in the older cohort. Increased BMI z-score was associated with an increased risk of TA-TMA in a multivariate analysis of the entire cohort (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.37; P = .008). Multivariate analysis also demonstrated that patients with BMI in the 85th percentile or greater had an increased risk of developing TA-TMA compared to those with a lower BMI percentile (OR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.62 to 4.32; P < .001). Baseline and day +7 ST2 levels were elevated in subjects with TA-TMA compared to those without TA-TMA in both age groups. Baseline sC5b-9 concentration was not correlated with BMI z-score, but sC5b-9 concentration was increased markedly by 7 days post-allo-HSCT in patients age <2 years who later developed TA-TMA compared to those who never developed TA-TMA (P = .001). The median BMI z-score was higher for patients with aGVHD compared to patients without aGVHD (.7 [range, -3.9 to 3.9] versus .2 [range, -7.8 to 5.4]; P = .03). We show that high BMI is associated with augmented risk of endothelial injury after HSCT, specifically TA-TMA. These data identify a high-risk population likely to benefit from early interventions to prevent endothelial injury and prompt treatment of established endothelial injury.