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Arora L, Patra D, Roy S, Nanda S, Singh N, Verma AK, Chakraborti A, Dasgupta S, Pal D. Hypoxia-induced miR-210-3p expression in lung adenocarcinoma potentiates tumor development by regulating CCL2 mediated monocyte infiltration. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1278-1300. [PMID: 35658112 PMCID: PMC11077004 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In most cancers, tumor hypoxia downregulates the expression of C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), and this downregulation has been implicated in monocyte infiltration and tumor progression; however, the molecular mechanism is not yet clear. We compared noncancerous and lung-adenocarcinoma human samples for hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1A), microRNA-210-3p (mir-210-3p), and CCL2 levels. Mechanistic studies were performed on lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and 3D tumor spheroids to understand the role of hypoxia-induced miR-210-3p in the regulation of CCL2 expression and macrophage polarization. HIF-1Α stabilization increases miR-210-3p levels in lung adenocarcinoma and impairs monocyte infiltration by inhibiting CCL2 expression. Mechanistically, miR-210-3p directly binds to the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of CCL2 mRNA and silences it. Suppressing miR-210-3p substantially downregulates the effect of hypoxia on CCL2 expression. Monocyte migration is significantly hampered in miR-210-3p mimic-transfected HIF-1A silenced cancer cells. In contrast, inhibition of miR-210-3p in HIF-1A-overexpressed cells markedly restored monocyte migration, highlighting a direct link between the miR-210-3p level and tumor monocyte burden. Moreover, miR-210-3p inhibition in 3D tumor spheroids promotes monocyte recruitment and skewing towards an antitumor M1 phenotype. Anti-hsa-miR-210-3p-locked nucleic acid (LNA) delivery in a lung tumor xenograft zebrafish model caused tumor regression, suggesting that miR-210-3p could be a promising target for immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies against lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Arora
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology RoparPunjabIndia
| | - Debarun Patra
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology RoparPunjabIndia
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology RoparPunjabIndia
| | - Sidhanta Nanda
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology RoparPunjabIndia
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary MedicinePostgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Anita K. Verma
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal CollegeUniversity of DelhiIndia
| | - Anuradha Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine & BiotechnologyPostgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology & BiotechnologyTezpur UniversityAssamIndia
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology RoparPunjabIndia
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Patra D, Roy S, Arora L, Kabeer SW, Singh S, Dey U, Banerjee D, Sinha A, Dasgupta S, Tikoo K, Kumar A, Pal D. miR-210-3p Promotes Obesity-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Targeting SOCS1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway. Diabetes 2023; 72:375-388. [PMID: 36469307 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Under the condition of chronic obesity, an increased level of free fatty acids along with low oxygen tension in the adipose tissue creates a pathophysiological adipose tissue microenvironment (ATenv), leading to the impairment of adipocyte function and insulin resistance. Here, we found the synergistic effect of hypoxia and lipid (H + L) surge in fostering adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) inflammation and polarization. ATenv significantly increased miR-210-3p expression in ATMs which promotes NF-κB activation-dependent proinflammatory cytokine expression along with the downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. Interestingly, delivery of miR-210-3p mimic significantly increased macrophage inflammation in the absence of H + L co-stimulation, while miR-210-3p inhibitor notably compromised H + L-induced macrophage inflammation through increased production of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a negative regulator of the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Mechanistically, miR-210 directly binds to the 3'-UTR of SOCS1 mRNA and silences its expression, thus preventing proteasomal degradation of NF-κB p65. Direct delivery of anti-miR-210-3p LNA in the ATenv markedly rescued mice from obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Thus, miR-210-3p inhibition in ATMs could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for managing obesity-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarun Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Leena Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Shaheen Wasil Kabeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Satpal Singh
- Department of Gastro Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Upalabdha Dey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Archana Sinha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
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Majam M, Segal B, Fieggen J, Smith E, Hermans L, Singh L, Phatsoane M, Arora L, Lalla-Edward S. Utility of a machine-guided tool for assessing risk behaviour associated with contracting HIV in three sites in South Africa. Inform Med Unlocked 2023; 37:101192. [PMID: 36911795 PMCID: PMC9993399 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Digital data collection and the associated mobile health technologies have allowed for the recent exploration of artificial intelligence as a tool for combatting the HIV epidemic. Machine learning has been found to be useful both in HIV risk prediction and as a decision support tool for guiding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) treatment. This paper reports data from two sequential studies evaluating the viability of using machine learning to predict the susceptibility of adults to HIV infection using responses from a digital survey deployed in a high burden, low-resource setting. Methods 1036 and 593 participants were recruited across two trials. The first trial was a cross-sectional study in one location and the second trial was a cohort study across three trial sites. The data from the studies were merged, partitioned using standard techniques, and then used to train and evaluate multiple different machine learning models and select and evaluate a final model. Variable importance estimates were calculated using the PIMP and SHAP methodologies. Results Characteristics associated with HIV were consistent across both studies. Overall, HIV positive patients had a higher median age (34 [IQR: 29-39] vs 26 [IQR 22-33], p < 0.001), and were more likely to be female (155/703 [22%] vs 107/927 [12%], p < 0.001). HIV positive participants also had more commonly gone a year or more since their last HIV test (183/262 [70%] vs 540/1368 [39%], p < 0.001) and were less likely to report consistent condom usage (113/262 [43%] vs 758/1368 [55%], p < 0.001). Patients who reported TB symptoms were more likely to be HIV positive. The trained models had accuracy values (AUROCs) ranging from 78.5% to 82.8%. A boosted tree model performed best with a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI 72-92), specificity of 71% (95% CI 67-76), and a negative predictive value of 95% (95% CI 93-96) in a hold-out dataset. Age, duration since last HIV test, and number of male sexual partners were consistently three of the four most important variables across both variable importance estimates. Conclusions This study has highlighted the synergies present between mobile health and machine learning in HIV. It has been demonstrated that a viable ML model can be built using digital survey data from an low-middle income setting with potential utility in directing health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Majam
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - B. Segal
- Phithos Technologies, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J. Fieggen
- Phithos Technologies, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eli Smith
- Phithos Technologies, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L. Hermans
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L. Singh
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M. Phatsoane
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L. Arora
- Phithos Technologies, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S.T. Lalla-Edward
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Ezintsha, Building C, Sunnyside Office Park, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Parktown, Gauteng, 2000, South Africa.
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Arora L, Kalia M, Roy S, Pal D. Assessment of Mitochondrial Health in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Isolated from 3D Multicellular Lung Tumor Spheroids. J Vis Exp 2022. [DOI: 10.3791/64315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Arora L, Kalia M, Dasgupta S, Singh N, Verma AK, Pal D. Development of a Multicellular 3D Tumor Model to Study Cellular Heterogeneity and Plasticity in NSCLC Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:881207. [PMID: 35837091 PMCID: PMC9273950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.881207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a characteristic feature of solid tumors. Intra-tumor heterogeneity includes phenotypic diversity, epigenetic abnormalities, cell proliferation, and plasticity that eventually drives disease progression. Studying tumor heterogeneity in 2D culture is challenging as it cannot simulate the microenvironmental features, such as hypoxia, nutrient unavailability, and cell-ECM interactions. We propose the development of multicellular (tri-culture) 3D spheroids using a hanging drop method to study the non-tumorigenic (BEAS-2B) vs. tumorigenic NSCLC (A549/NCI-H460)cells’ interaction with lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and monocytes (THP-1). Unlike the non-tumorigenic model, the tumorigenic 3D spheroids show significant induction of cell proliferation, hypoxia, pluripotency markers, notable activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-associated macrophages. CD68+ macrophages isolated from tumorigenic spheroids exhibited profound induction of phenotypic endothelial characteristics. The results are zebrafish tumor xenograft model and by using human patient samples. This multicellular 3D tumor model is a promising tool to study tumor-stroma interaction and cellular plasticity, targeting tumor heterogeneity, and facilitating cancer therapy success against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Moyna Kalia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anita K. Verma
- Department of Zoology, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, India
- *Correspondence: Durba Pal, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-3529
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Bhavya K, Mantipally M, Roy S, Arora L, Badavath VN, Gangireddy M, Dasgupta S, Gundla R, Pal D. Novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in non-small cell lung cancer by activating NADPH oxidase mediated oxidative stress. Life Sci 2022; 294:120334. [PMID: 35065161 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based analogues have recently gained significant interest because of their wide spectrum of biological activities including anti-cancer potential, however the development of targeted therapeutic candidates against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is of utmost need due to its high prevalence and poor prognosis. Herein, we have aimed to synthesized novel imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine derivatives (IMPA) by coupling with 2-amino-4H-pyranto enhance bioactivity against NSCLC. MAIN METHODS We have designed and synthesized a series of fifteen novel imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine derivatives through molecular hybridization and studied their anti-cancer activity against in-vitro lung adenocarcinoma and 3D multicellular lung tumor spheroids. KEY FINDINGS IMPA-2, IMPA-5, IMPA-6, IMPA-8, and IMPA-12 markedly induced cytotoxicity by notably increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, which results in the induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells. It caused impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential by increasing pro-apoptotic BAX, and BAK1 expressions, and decreasing anti-apoptotic BCL2 expression, along with the induction of caspase-9/3 activation, however, these attributes were compromised in presence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger. Increased ROS production by IMPAs also promotes p53 mediated cell cycle arrest through the inactivation of p38MAPK. Reduction of tumor size in IMPAs-treated 3D multicellular lung tumor spheroids gave further validation. SIGNIFICANCE Beside cytotoxicity, IMPAs also inhibit lung cancer cell invasion and migration, suggesting their applicability in metastatic lung cancer. Therefore, IMPA derivatives could be used as potential anti-cancer agents in treating non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Bhavya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Manohar Mantipally
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed University, Hyderabad 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Leena Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140410, India
| | | | - Suman Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed University, Hyderabad 502329, Telangana, India.
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
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Arora L, Kalia M, Pal D. Role of macrophages in cancer progression and targeted immunotherapies. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology 2022; 135:281-311. [PMID: 37061335 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The vast complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) aggrandizes the underlying principles responsible for immune escape, therapy resistance, and treatment failure. The stromal and immune cell population circumjacent to the tumor cells affects the cancer cell cycle leading to tumor progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exhibiting a unique M2 polarization state constitute a significant portion of the TME. They serve as tumor suppressors at early stages and tumor promoters at advanced stages by governing various microenvironmental cues. TAMs secreted various pro-tumoral cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteases are known to regulate the different cell cycle molecules including checkpoint inhibitors in cancer cells leading to cell cycle progression with faulty cellular components. Moreover, TAMs are well-known immunosuppressors and thereby facilitating the tumor cells' evasion from immune recognition. This chapter will describe the interaction between TAMs and tumor cells, the involvement of TAMs in the regulation of cancer cell progression by controlling cell cycle checkpoints or molecular pathways, and current TAM-based therapies, including restriction of TAM recruitment, anti-survival strategies, or switching polarity. Moreover, this chapter will also emphasize recently developed drug targets and CAR-macrophage cell therapy that restricts tumor progression.
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Chauhan N, Gupta P, Arora L, Pal D, Singh Y. Dexamethasone-loaded, injectable pullulan-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for bone tissue regeneration in chronic inflammatory conditions. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 130:112463. [PMID: 34702538 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, infection, and fixation stability disrupts bone tissue regeneration by implants. The elevated levels of inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage tissues, inhibit osteoblastic differentiation, and promote bone resorption. Activation of local and chronic inflammatory responses due to the implantable biomaterial poses a high risk of implant failure and compromised bone repair in several pathological conditions. Not much progress has been made in the development of biomaterials that can counter inflammation and ROS along with inducing osteogenic activities for managing bone defects/injuries. We have developed, for the first time, injectable polymeric hydrogels by crosslinking oxidized pullulan (OP, 1% w/v) and 8-arm PEG hydrazine (PEG-HY, 10% w/v) using pH-sensitive and dynamic hydrazone linkages at 37 °C in buffer. The hydrogels were loaded with dexamethasone (Dex), an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid and osteogenic inducer, by covalently linking it to PEG-HY by hydrazone linkages, and their morphological, injectability, viscoelastic, self-healing, swelling, and drug-release properties were investigated. The hydrogels provided a pH-sensitive sustained release of PEG-Dex conjugate (3.62 wt%, 9.22 × 10-5 mol of Dex/gram) for 28 days, with 74.54 and 55.15% PEG-Dex conjugate being released at pH 6.5 and 7.4. ABTS assay showed that hydrogels inhibited 68% radicals within 1 h, and treatment with hydrogel releasates inhibited the pro-inflammatory markers, IL-6 and IL-1β, and elevated the anti-inflammatory marker, TGF-β, in murine osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1). The hydrogels were found suitable for cell encapsulation and they exhibited 110% viability on treatment with releasates. Finally, the osteogenic activities of hydrogels were ascertained by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, alizarin red S staining, and osteogenic gene expressions- RUNX2, Col-I, OPN, and IBSP. Overall, PEG-Dex conjugate released from hydrogels improved the cell viability and proliferation, and induced the osteoblastic differentiation. The hydrogels with their promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties along with the osteogenic activities show a strong potential as an injectable, extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking implantable drug-depot for bone repair applications in chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Leena Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Yashveer Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.
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Arora L, Pal D. Remodeling of Stromal Cells and Immune Landscape in Microenvironment During Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:596798. [PMID: 33763348 PMCID: PMC7982455 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.596798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular understanding of carcinogenesis and tumor progression rests in intra and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. Solid tumors confined with vast diversity of genetic abnormalities, epigenetic modifications, and environmental cues that differ at each stage from tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Complexity within tumors studied by conventional molecular techniques fails to identify different subclasses in stromal and immune cells in individuals and that affects immunotherapies. Here we focus on diversity of stromal cell population and immune inhabitants, whose subtypes create the complexity of tumor microenvironment (TME), leading primary tumors towards advanced-stage cancers. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing (epitope profiling) approach circumscribes phenotypic markers, molecular pathways, and evolutionary trajectories of an individual cell. We discussed the current knowledge of stromal and immune cell subclasses at different stages of cancer development with the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, we reported the current therapeutic options in immunotherapies, advances in therapies targeting heterogeneity, and possible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Arora
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
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Abstract
Advancements in Genome editing technologies have revolutionized the fields of functional genomics and crop improvement. CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 is a multipurpose technology for genetic engineering that relies on the complementarity of the guideRNA (gRNA) to a specific sequence and the Cas9 endonuclease activity. It has broadened the agricultural research area, bringing in new opportunities to develop novel plant varieties with deletion of detrimental traits or addition of significant characters. This RNA guided genome editing technology is turning out to be a groundbreaking innovation in distinct branches of plant biology. CRISPR technology is constantly advancing including options for various genetic manipulations like generating knockouts; making precise modifications, multiplex genome engineering, and activation and repression of target genes. The review highlights the progression throughout the CRISPR legacy. We have studied the rapid evolution of CRISPR/Cas9 tools with myriad functionalities, capabilities, and specialized applications. Among varied diligences, plant nutritional improvement, enhancement of plant disease resistance and production of drought tolerant plants are reviewed. The review also includes some information on traditional delivery methods of Cas9-gRNA complexes into plant cells and incorporates the advent of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) that came up as a solution to various limitations that prevailed with plasmid-based CRISPR system.
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Arora L, Singh VN, Partheepan G, Senguttuvan TD, Jain K. RETRACTED ARTICLE: One-step synthesis of size-controlled CZTS quantum dots. Appl Nanosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arora L, Singh VN, Gupta P, Chhikara N, Jain K, Chand S. Band gap engineered P3HT/CdPbS composites for utilization of low energy photons. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:4995-5001. [PMID: 24757972 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.8692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, CdPbS composite has been synthesized in the P3HT matrix in a single step. The synthesis has been carried out at a temperature of 120 degrees C by the decomposition of xanthate compound in the polymer matrix. This synthesis method helps in proper distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microcopy, photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved florescence spectroscopy. The P3HT/CdPbS nanoparticle composite can absorb photon in the range of 0.7 eV to 2.7 eV and a charge transfer between CdPbS and P3HT has been observed. It has been proposed that this composite may increase both the Voc as well as Jsc by better utilization of solar spectrum and increased charge transfer.
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Arora L, Singh VN, Gupta P, Chhikara N, Jain K, Chand S. Band gap engineering from Vis to NIR range in CdPbS nanoparticles synthesized by one-step low-temperature decomposition of xanthate compound. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:5324-5330. [PMID: 24758026 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a generic method for the modification of optical band gap of CdS nanostructures material over a wide spectral range due to Pb doping and formation of Cd(1-x)Pb(x)S nanoparticles and its size confinement is reported. The composite investigated in this study was grown by thermal decomposition of metal xanthates and lead concentration was varied to obtain different lead doping. This is a direct decomposition one pot synthesis route that avoids use of toxic phosphine and injection of chemicals during the reaction. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and HRTEM. The optical absorption properties of the Cd(1-x)Pb(x)S nanostructures were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy. Cd(1-x)Pb(x)S nanoparticles showed tuning of the band gap from 2.7 eV to 0.7 eV.
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Sharma S, Saini N, Arora L, Chawla Y, Duseja A. Prolonged Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity in Hepatitis B vaccine recipients. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:860-1. [PMID: 16884965 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Arora L, Dhingra R. Unusual nerve supply of biceps from ulnar nerve and median nerve and a third head of biceps. Indian J Plast Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1699152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTVariations in branching pattern of the brachial plexus are common and have been reported by several investigators. Of the four main nerves traversing the arm, namely median, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous, the ulnar and median nerve do not give any branches to muscles of the arm. Ulnar nerve after taking origin from medial cord of brachial plexus runs distally through axilla on medial side of axillary artery till middle of arm, where it pierces the medial intermuscular septum and enters the posterior compartment of arm. Ulnar nerve enters forearm between two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris from where it continues further. It supplies flexor carpi ulnaris , flexor digitorum profundus and several intrinsic muscles of hand . We recently observed dual supply of biceps muscle from ulnar and median nerves in arm. Musculocutaneous nerve was absent. Although communications between nerves in arm is rare, the communication between median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve were described from the 19th century which could explain innervation of biceps from median nerve. But no accurate description of ulnar nerve supplying biceps could be found in literature. Knowledge of anatomical variation of these nerves at level of upper arm is essential in light of the frequency with which surgery is performed to transfer nerve fascicles from ulnar nerve to biceps in case of brachial plexus injuries. We also observed third head of biceps, our aim is to describe the exact topography of this variation and to discuss its morphological.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arora
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi - 110 029, India
| | - R Dhingra
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, New Delhi - 110 029, India
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Arora L, Dhingra R. Unusual nerve supply of biceps from ulnar nerve and median nerve and a third head of biceps. Indian J Plast Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.29549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Arora L, Dhingra R. Absence of musculocutaneous nerve and accessory head of biceps brachii: a case report. Indian J Plast Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1699123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTDuring dissection of a 55-year-old female cadaver, we observed that three nerve roots contributed to the formation of Median nerve in her right upper limb. Along with this variation, absence of Musculocutaneous nerve was noticed. The muscles of front of arm i.e. Biceps Brachii, Brachialis and Coracobrachialis received their nerve supply from Median nerve. The Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm was derived from Median nerve. Also an accessory head of Biceps Brachii muscle was present in the right arm of the same cadaver. It is extremely important to be aware of these variations while planning a surgery in the region of axilla or arm as these nerves are more liable to be injured during operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arora
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, Delhi
| | - R Dhingra
- Department of Anatomy, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, Delhi
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Duseja A, Arora L, Masih B, Singh H, Gupta A, Behera D, Chawla YK, Dhiman RK. Hepatitis B and C virus--prevalence and prevention in health care workers. Trop Gastroenterol 2002; 23:125-6. [PMID: 12693154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B and C viruses are important causes of liver related morbidity and mortality. We aimed at determining the presence of hepatitis B and C virus infections in the health care workers (HCWs) and their compliance for the HBV vaccination. METHODS Three thousand five hundred and fifty six health care workers were screened for HBsAg and 115 for anti-HCV by ELISA. HBsAg negative individual were offered HBV vaccination and record of their compliance was kept. Anti-HBs titers were determined one month after 2nd or 3rd dose of vaccine in 273 subjects. RESULTS Out of 3556 health care workers, 61 (1.7%) were found to be positive for HBsAg. One out of 115 HCWs (0.87%) was found to be positive for anti-HCV. Fifteen percent of HCWs received only one dose, 26% received two doses 59% received three doses and 2.5% also received the booster dose of the HBV vaccine. All those tested had anti-HBs titers more than 10 mUI/ml. CONCLUSION In HCWs, HBsAg and anti-HCV prevalence was found to be 1.7% and 0.87% respectively. HCWs in our hospital, despite the awareness on HBV and HCV infection are noncompliant for HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh
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