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Manochio JP, Lattari E, Portugal EMM, Monteiro-Junior RS, Paes F, Budde H, de Tarso Veras Farinatti P, Arias-Carrión O, Wegner M, Carta MG, Mura G, Ferreira Rocha NB, Almada LF, Nardi AE, Yuan TF, Machado S. From Mind to Body: Is Mental Practice Effective on Strength Gains? A Meta-Analysis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2016; 14:1145-51. [PMID: 26556071 DOI: 10.2174/1871527315666151111125847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental practice is an internal reproduction of a motor act (whose intention is to promote learning and improving motor skills). Some studies have shown that other cognitive strategies also increase the strength and muscular resistance in healthy people by the enhancement of the performance during dynamic tasks. Mental training sessions may be primordial to improving muscle strength in different subjects. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analiyze studies that assessed whether mental practice is effective in improving muscular strength. We conducted an electronic-computed search in Pub-Med/Medline and ISI Web of Knowledge, Scielo and manual searchs, searching papers written in English between 1991 and 2014. There were 44 studies in Pub-Med/Medline, 631 in ISI Web of Knowledge, 11 in Scielo and 3 in manual searchs databases. After exclusion of studies for duplicate, unrelated to the topic by title and summary, different samples and methodologies, a meta-analysis of 4 studies was carried out to identify the dose-response relationship. We did not find evidence that mental practice is effective in increasing strength in healthy individuals. There is no evidence that mental practice alone can be effective to induce strength gains or to optimize the training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB) - - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Machado S, Arias-Carrión O, Paes F, Vieira RT, Caixeta L, Novaes F, Marinho T, Almada LF, Silva AC, Nardi AE. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for clinical applications in neurological and psychiatric disorders: an overview. Eurasian J Med 2015; 45:191-206. [PMID: 25610279 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric disorders are characterized by several disabling symptoms for which effective, mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Consequently, more advanced non-invasive therapeutic methods are required. A method that may modulate brain activity and be viable for use in clinical practice is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). It is a non-invasive procedure whereby a pulsed magnetic field stimulates electrical activity in the brain. Here, we focus on the basic foundation of rTMS, the main stimulation parametters, the factors that influence individual responses to rTMS and the experimental advances of rTMS that may become a viable clinical application to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. The findings showed that rTMS can improve some symptoms associated with these conditions and might be useful for promoting cortical plasticity in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, these changes are transient and it is premature to propose these applications as realistic therapeutic options, even though the rTMS technique has been evidenced as a potential modulator of sensorimotor integration and neuroplasticity. Functional imaging of the region of interest could highlight the capacity of rTMS to bring about plastic changes of the cortical circuitry and hint at future novel clinical interventions. Thus, we recommend that further studies clearly determine the role of rTMS in the treatment of these conditions. Finally, we must remember that however exciting the neurobiological mechanisms might be, the clinical usefulness of rTMS will be determined by its ability to provide patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders with safe, long-lasting and substantial improvements in quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ); National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil ; Quiropraxia Program of Faculty of Health Sciences, Central University (UCEN), Santiago, Chile ; Institute of Phylosophy of Federal University of Uberlândia (IFILO/UFU), Brazil ; Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Movement Disorders and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México DF, México
| | - Flávia Paes
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ); National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Caixeta
- Faculty of Medicine of Federal University of Goiás, Goiás-GO, Brazil
| | - Felipe Novaes
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ); National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Tamires Marinho
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ); National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Cardoso Silva
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ); National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Antonio Egidio Nardi
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ); National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
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Machado S, Arias-Carrión O, Paes F, Ribeiro P, Cagy M, Piedade R, Almada LF, Anghinah R, Basile L, Moro MF, Orsini M, Silva JG, Silva AC, Nardi AE. Changes in Cortical Activity During Real and Imagined Movements: an ERP Study. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2013; 9:196-201. [PMID: 24358049 PMCID: PMC3866622 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901309010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to compare the topographic distribution of cortical activation between real and imagined movement through event-related potential (ERP). We are specifically interested in identifying, the topographic distribution of activated areas, the intensity of activated areas, and the temporal occurrence of these activations on preparation and motor response phases. Twelve healthy and right handed subjects were instructed to perform a task under real and imagery conditions. The task was performed simultaneously to electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. When compared the conditions, we found a statistically significant difference in favor of real condition revealed by performing an unpaired t-test with multiple corrections of Bonferroni, demonstrating negative activity on electrode C3 and positive activity on the electrode C4 only in motor response phase. These findings revealed similar functional connections established during real and imagery conditions, suggesting that there are common neural substrate and similar properties of functional integration shared by conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
- Quiropraxia Program of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Central University (UCEN), Santiago, Chile
- Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
- Institute of Phylosophy, Federal University of Uberlândia (IFILO/UFU), Brazil
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Movement Disorders and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Unit, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, México DF, México
| | - Flávia Paes
- Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Bioscience Department (EEFD/UFRJ), School of Physical Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Bioengenieren Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Piedade
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Anghinah
- Center for Cognitive Disorders of the Division of Clinical Neurology of the HCFMUSP
| | - Luis Basile
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Faculdade da Saúde, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Division of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Francesca Moro
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Orsini
- Neurology Department, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Sciences Rehabilitation Masters Program – UNISUAM
| | | | - Adriana Cardoso Silva
- Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
| | - Antonio E. Nardi
- Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
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Paes F, Baczynski T, Novaes F, Marinho T, Arias-Carrión O, Budde H, Sack AT, Huston JP, Almada LF, Carta M, Silva AC, Nardi AE, Machado S. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2013; 9:180-8. [PMID: 24278088 PMCID: PMC3837365 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901309010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and debilitating anxiety disorders. However, few studies had been dedicated to the neurobiology underlying SAD until the last decade. Rates of non-responders to standard methods of treatment remain unsatisfactorily high of approximately 25%, including SAD. Advances in our understanding of SAD could lead to new treatment strategies. A potential non invasive therapeutic option is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Thus, we reported two cases of SAD treated with rTMS Methods: The bibliographical search used Pubmed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases. The terms chosen for the search were: anxiety disorders, neuroimaging, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Results: In most of the studies conducted on anxiety disorders, except SAD, the right prefrontal cortex (PFC), more specifically dorsolateral PFC was stimulated, with marked results when applying high-rTMS compared with studies stimulating the opposite side. However, according to the “valence hypothesis”, anxiety disorders might be characterized by an interhemispheric imbalance associated with increased right-hemispheric activity. With regard to the two cases treated with rTMS, we found a decrease in BDI, BAI and LSAS scores from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the application of low-rTMS over the right medial PFC (mPFC; the main structure involved in SAD circuitry) combined with high-rTMS over the left mPFC, for at least 4 weeks on consecutive weekdays, may induce a balance in brain activity, opening an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Paes
- Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil
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Nardi AE, Machado S, Almada LF, Paes F, Silva AC, Marques RJ, Amrein R, Freire RC, Martin-Santos R, Cosci F, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, Arias-Carrión O. Clonazepam for the treatment of panic disorder. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14:353-64. [PMID: 23256724 DOI: 10.2174/1389450111314030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clonazepam was initially licensed as an anti-epileptic agent, but its use in a wide variety of psychiatric conditions, including panic disorder (PD) has now been well established. This overview evaluates the current role of clonazepam alone or in combination with antidepressants and/or behavioral therapy in the treatment of PD. We review the data establishing the use of clonazepam in the treatment of PD as well as new information, particularly confirmation of longterm efficacy and safety. We also discuss a regimen for safely tapered withdrawal of clonazepam, the characteristics of the respiratory subtype of PD, and CO2-induced panic attacks as a diagnostic measure and predictor for therapeutic success. It has been shown that panic attacks can more readily be induced by CO2 in PD patients with the respiratory subtype than those with the non-respiratory subtype. More than 25 years after the first report of efficacy in PD in 1984, clonazepam, alone or combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or behavioral therapy, remains an important therapeutic modality for the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Nardi
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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E. Nardi A, Machado S, Ferreira Almada L, Paes F, Cardoso Silva A, Jose Marques R, Amrein R, C. Freire R, Martin-Santos R, Cosci F, E. Hallak J, A. Crippa J, Arias-Carrion O. Clonazepam for the Treatment of Panic Disorder. Curr Drug Targets 2013. [DOI: 10.2174/138945013804999025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Almada LF, Pereira A, Carrara-Augustenborg C. What affective neuroscience means for science of consciousness. Mens Sana Monogr 2013; 11:253-73. [PMID: 23678246 PMCID: PMC3653226 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1229.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of affective neuroscience has emerged from the efforts of Jaak Panksepp in the 1990s and reinforced by the work of, among others, Joseph LeDoux in the 2000s. It is based on the ideas that affective processes are supported by brain structures that appeared earlier in the phylogenetic scale (as the periaqueductal gray area), they run in parallel with cognitive processes, and can influence behaviour independently of cognitive judgements. This kind of approach contrasts with the hegemonic concept of conscious processing in cognitive neurosciences, which is based on the identification of brain circuits responsible for the processing of (cognitive) representations. Within cognitive neurosciences, the frontal lobes are assigned the role of coordinators in maintaining affective states and their emotional expressions under cognitive control. An intermediary view is the Damasio-Bechara Somatic Marker model, which puts cognition under partial somatic-affective control. We present here our efforts to make a synthesis of these views, by proposing the existence of two interacting brain circuits; the first one in charge of cognitive processes and the second mediating feelings about cognitive contents. The coupling of the two circuits promotes an endogenous feedback that supports conscious processes. Within this framework, we present the defence that detailed study of both affective and cognitive processes, their interactions, as well of their respective brain networks, is necessary for a science of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ferreira Almada
- University of Uberlandia (UFU), Institute of Philosophy, Department of Education, Institute of Biosciences, Campus Rubião Jr., ZIP Code 18618-970, Botucatu – São Paulo – Brasil
| | - Alfredo Pereira
- State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Department of Education, Institute of Biosciences, Campus Rubião Jr., ZIP Code 18618-970, Botucatu – São Paulo – Brasil
| | - Claudia Carrara-Augustenborg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Psychology, Center for Theoretical and Empirical Consciousness Studies, Denmark
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Almada LF, Cerqueira LA. A alma e o cérebro: as origens do debate acerca da Psicologia científica no Brasil. revispsi 2010. [DOI: 10.12957/epp.2010.8935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Almada LF. Percursos neurobiológicos do processo de decision-making: o papel das emoções no comportamento humano DOI 10.5752/P.1678-9563.2010v16n1p199. Psi rev 2010. [DOI: 10.5752/p.1678-9563.2010v16n1p199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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