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Salzberg LI, Martos AAR, Lombardi L, Jermiin LS, Blanco A, Byrne KP, Wolfe KH. A widespread inversion polymorphism conserved among Saccharomyces species is caused by recurrent homogenization of a sporulation gene family. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010525. [PMID: 36441813 PMCID: PMC9731477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces genomes are highly collinear and show relatively little structural variation, both within and between species of this yeast genus. We investigated the only common inversion polymorphism known in S. cerevisiae, which affects a 24-kb 'flip/flop' region containing 15 genes near the centromere of chromosome XIV. The region exists in two orientations, called reference (REF) and inverted (INV). Meiotic recombination in this region is suppressed in crosses between REF and INV orientation strains such as the BY x RM cross. We find that the inversion polymorphism is at least 17 million years old because it is conserved across the genus Saccharomyces. However, the REF and INV isomers are not ancient alleles but are continually being re-created by re-inversion of the region within each species. Inversion occurs due to continual homogenization of two almost identical 4-kb sequences that form an inverted repeat (IR) at the ends of the flip/flop region. The IR consists of two pairs of genes that are specifically and strongly expressed during the late stages of sporulation. We show that one of these gene pairs, YNL018C/YNL034W, codes for a protein that is essential for spore formation. YNL018C and YNL034W are the founder members of a gene family, Centroid, whose members in other Saccharomycetaceae species evolve fast, duplicate frequently, and are preferentially located close to centromeres. We tested the hypothesis that Centroid genes are a meiotic drive system, but found no support for this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letal I. Salzberg
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexandre A. R. Martos
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Lombardi
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lars S. Jermiin
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin P. Byrne
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth H. Wolfe
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Hanson SJ, Cinnéide EÓ, Salzberg LI, Wolfe KH, McGowan J, Fitzpatrick DA, Matlin K. Genomic diversity, chromosomal rearrangements, and interspecies hybridization in the Ogataea polymorpha species complex. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:jkab211. [PMID: 34849824 PMCID: PMC8496258 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha has long been a useful system for recombinant protein production, as well as a model system for methanol metabolism, peroxisome biogenesis, thermotolerance, and nitrate assimilation. It has more recently become an important model for the evolution of mating-type switching. Here, we present a population genomics analysis of 47 isolates within the O. polymorpha species complex, including representatives of the species O. polymorpha, Ogataea parapolymorpha, Ogataea haglerorum, and Ogataea angusta. We found low levels of nucleotide sequence diversity within the O. polymorpha species complex and identified chromosomal rearrangements both within and between species. In addition, we found that one isolate is an interspecies hybrid between O. polymorpha and O. parapolymorpha and present evidence for loss of heterozygosity following hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - Eoin Ó Cinnéide
- School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Letal I Salzberg
- School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kenneth H Wolfe
- School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jamie McGowan
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - David A Fitzpatrick
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Kate Matlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
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McClean D, Friman V, Finn A, Salzberg LI, Donohue I. Coping with multiple enemies: pairwise interactions do not predict evolutionary change in complex multitrophic communities. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre McClean
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Univ. of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences Univ. of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Alain Finn
- Dept of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Letal I. Salzberg
- Smurfit Inst. of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Ian Donohue
- Dept of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Ireland
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Lombardi L, Salzberg LI, Cinnéide EÓ, O’Brien C, Butler G. Large-scale generation of mutant strains in Candida parapsilosis using CRISPR-Cas9. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Botella E, Devine SK, Hubner S, Salzberg LI, Gale RT, Brown ED, Link H, Sauer U, Codée JD, Noone D, Devine KM. PhoR autokinase activity is controlled by an intermediate in wall teichoic acid metabolism that is sensed by the intracellular PAS domain during the PhoPR-mediated phosphate limitation response of Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:1242-59. [PMID: 25315493 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The PhoPR two-component signal transduction system controls one of the major responses to phosphate limitation in Bacillus subtilis. When activated it directs expression of phosphate scavenging enzymes, lowers synthesis of the phosphate-rich wall teichoic acid (WTA) and initiates synthesis of teichuronic acid, a non-phosphate containing replacement anionic polymer. Despite extensive knowledge of this response, the signal to which PhoR responds has not been identified. Here we report that one of the main functions of the PhoPR two-component system in B. subtilis is to monitor WTA metabolism. PhoR autokinase activity is controlled by the level of an intermediate in WTA synthesis that is sensed through the intracellular PAS domain. The pool of this intermediate generated by WTA synthesis in cells growing under phosphate-replete conditions is sufficient to inhibit PhoR autokinase activity. However WTA synthesis is lowered upon phosphate limitation by the combined effects of PhoP ∼ P-mediated activation of tuaA-H transcription and repression of tagAB. These transcriptional changes combine to lower the level of the inhibitory WTA metabolite thereby increasing PhoR autokinase activity. This amplifies the PHO response with full induction being achieved ∼ 90 min after the onset of phosphate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Botella
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Salzberg LI, Powell L, Hokamp K, Botella E, Noone D, Devine KM. The WalRK (YycFG) and σ(I) RsgI regulators cooperate to control CwlO and LytE expression in exponentially growing and stressed Bacillus subtilis cells. Mol Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23199363 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The WalRK (YycFG) two-component system co-ordinates cell wall metabolism with growth by regulating expression of autolysins and proteins that modulate autolysin activity. Here we extend its role in cell wall metabolism by showing that WalR binds to 22 chromosomal loci in vivo. Among the newly identified genes of the WalRK bindome are those that encode the wall-associated protein WapA, the penicillin binding proteins PbpH and Pbp5, the minor teichoic acid synthetic enzymes GgaAB and the regulators σ(I) RsgI. The putative WalR binding sequence at many newly identified binding loci deviates from the previously defined consensus. Moreover, expression of many newly identified operons is controlled by multiple regulators. An unusual feature is that WalR binds to an extended DNA region spanning multiple open reading frames at some loci. WalRK directly activates expression of the sigIrsgI operon from a newly identified σ(A) promoter and represses expression from the previously identified σ(I) promoter. We propose that this regulatory link between WalRK and σ(I) RsgI expression ensures that the endopeptidase requirement (CwlO or LytE) for cell viability is fulfilled during growth and under stress conditions. Thus the WalRK and σ(I) RsgI regulatory systems cooperate to control cell wall metabolism in growing and stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letal I Salzberg
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2. Ireland
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Botella E, Noone D, Salzberg LI, Hokamp K, Devine SK, Fogg M, Wilkinson AJ, Devine KM. High-resolution temporal analysis of global promoter activity in Bacillus subtilis. Methods in Microbiology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-099387-4.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Botella E, Hübner S, Hokamp K, Hansen A, Bisicchia P, Noone D, Powell L, Salzberg LI, Devine KM. Cell envelope gene expression in phosphate-limited Bacillus subtilis cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:2470-2484. [PMID: 21636651 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The high phosphate content of Bacillus subtilis cell walls dictates that cell wall metabolism is an important feature of the PhoPR-mediated phosphate limitation response. Here we report the expression profiles of cell-envelope-associated and PhoPR regulon genes, determined by live cell array and transcriptome analysis, in exponentially growing and phosphate-limited B. subtilis cells. Control by the WalRK two-component system confers a unique expression profile and high level of promoter activity on the genes of its regulon with yocH and cwlO expression differing both qualitatively and quantitatively from all other autolysin-encoding genes examined. The activity of the PhoPR two-component system is restricted to the phosphate-limited state, being rapidly induced in response to the cognate stimulus, and can be sustained for an extended phosphate limitation period. Constituent promoters of the PhoPR regulon show heterogeneous induction profiles and very high promoter activities. Phosphate-limited cells also show elevated expression of the actin-like protein MreBH and reduced expression of the WapA cell wall protein and WprA cell wall protease indicating that cell wall metabolism in this state is distinct from that of exponentially growing and stationary-phase cells. The PhoPR response is very rapidly deactivated upon removal of the phosphate limitation stimulus with concomitant increased expression of cell wall metabolic genes. Moreover expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in sulphur metabolism is significantly altered in the phosphate-limited state with distinct perturbations being observed in wild-type 168 and AH024 (ΔphoPR) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Botella
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Hübner
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Annette Hansen
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paola Bisicchia
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David Noone
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Leagh Powell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Letal I Salzberg
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Devine
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Bisicchia P, Lioliou E, Noone D, Salzberg LI, Botella E, Hübner S, Devine KM. Peptidoglycan metabolism is controlled by the WalRK (YycFG) and PhoPR two-component systems in phosphate-limited Bacillus subtilis cells. Mol Microbiol 2010; 75:972-89. [PMID: 20487291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.07036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis, the WalRK (YycFG) two-component system controls peptidoglycan metabolism in exponentially growing cells while PhoPR controls the response to phosphate limitation. Here we examine the roles of WalRK and PhoPR in peptidoglycan metabolism in phosphate-limited cells. We show that B. subtilis cells remain viable in a phosphate-limited state for an extended period and resume growth rapidly upon phosphate addition, even in the absence of a PhoPR-mediated response. Peptidoglycan synthesis occurs in phosphate-limited wild-type cells at approximately 27% the rate of exponentially growing cells, and at approximately 18% the rate of exponentially growing cells in the absence of PhoPR. In phosphate-limited cells, the WalRK regulon genes yocH, cwlO(yvcE), lytE and ydjM are expressed in a manner that is dependent on the WalR recognition sequence and deleting these genes individually reduces the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis. We show that ydjM expression can be activated by PhoP approximately P in vitro and that PhoP occupies its promoter in phosphate-limited cells. However, iseA(yoeB) expression cannot be repressed by PhoP approximately P in vitro, but can be repressed by non-phosphorylated WalR in vitro. Therefore, we conclude that peptidoglycan metabolism is controlled by both WalRK and PhoPR in phosphate-limited B. subtilis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bisicchia
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abstract
In Bacillus subtilis, antibiotics that impair cell wall synthesis induce a characteristic stress response including the sigma(W) and sigma(M) regulons and the previously uncharacterized yoeB gene. Here we demonstrate that YoeB is a cell wall-associated protein with weak sequence similarity to a noncatalytic domain of class B penicillin-binding proteins. A yoeB-null mutant exhibits an increased rate of autolysis in response to cell wall-targeting antibiotics or nutrient depletion. This phenotype does not appear to be correlated with gross alterations in peptidoglycan structure or levels of autolysins. Promoter dissection experiments define a minimal region necessary for antibiotic-mediated induction of yoeB, and this region is highly conserved preceding yoeB homologs in close relatives of B. subtilis. These results support a model in which induction of YoeB in response to cell envelope stress decreases the activity of autolysins and thereby reduces the rate of antibiotic-dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letal I Salzberg
- Department of Microbiology, 370 Wing Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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