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Feng W, Inoue R, Kuwata T, Niikura N, Fujii S, Kumaki N, Honda K, Xu LA, Goetz A, Gaule P, Cogswell J, Rimm DL, McGee R. Assessment of the Impact of Alternative Fixatives on HER2 Detection in Breast Cancer and Gastric Cancer Tumor Specimens. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:339-345. [PMID: 37093713 PMCID: PMC10155692 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The type of fixative used for preserving tumor specimens can significantly impact the performance of the immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays used for assessing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. This study reports the prevalence of the use of alternative fixatives other than the guideline-recommended 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) during HER2 testing in a real-world setting. The effects of alternative fixatives [20% NBF and 10% unbuffered formalin (UBF) fixatives] on HER2 testing of breast cancer (BC) and gastric cancer (GC) cell lines and tissues are also assessed. Overall, 117,636 tumor samples received at a central laboratory from >8000 clinical trial sites across 60 countries were reviewed to determine the prevalence of alternative fixative usage. To investigate the impact of alternative fixatives, 27 cell lines (21 BC and 6 GC) and 76 tumor tissue samples (50 BC and 26 GC) were fixed in 10% NBF, 20% NBF, or 10% UBF, and evaluated for HER2 status by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Real-world data showed that 9195 (7.8%) tumor samples were preserved using an alternative fixative. In cell lines, overall percentage agreement, negative percentage agreement, and positive percentage agreement among the 3 fixatives were 100%. In tumor tissues, the agreement among 10% NBF, 20% NBF, and 10% UBF ranged between 94.7% and 96.6% for negative percentage agreement and 90.9% for overall percentage agreement compared with a range of 58.3% to 66.7% for positive percentage agreement. These results suggest that alternative fixatives may have the potential to convert HER2 status in tissues from positive to negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Feng
- Clinical Biomarkers and Translational Sciences
| | - Ryotaku Inoue
- Translational Science Department I, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Services, National Cancer Center Hospital East
| | | | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan and Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Nobue Kumaki
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tokai University
- Deparment of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Ishehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kokichi Honda
- Translational Science Department I, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo
| | - Li-An Xu
- Hematology Early Oncology Development and Precision Medicine Biostatistics and Data Management, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ
| | - Aaron Goetz
- Global Anatomic Pathology/Histology, Labcorp Drug Development, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Patricia Gaule
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - David L. Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert McGee
- Global Anatomic Pathology/Histology, Labcorp Drug Development, Indianapolis, IN
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Guo J, Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Zhou Q, Xu LA. GbFLSa overexpression negatively regulates proanthocyanin biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1093656. [PMID: 36875575 PMCID: PMC9975577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1093656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites with extensive pharmacological functions. Ginkgo biloba L. (ginkgo) has attracted extensive attention because of its high flavonoid medicinal value. However, little is understood about ginkgo flavonol biosynthesis. Herein, we cloned the full-length gingko GbFLSa gene (1314 bp), which encodes a 363 amino acid protein that has a typical 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-Fe(II) oxygenase region. Recombinant GbFLSa protein with a molecular mass of 41 kDa was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The protein was localized to the cytoplasm. Moreover, proanthocyanins, including catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin and gallocatechin, were significantly less abundant in transgenic poplar than in nontransgenic (CK) plants. In addition, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase expression levels were significantly lower than those of their CK counterparts. GbFLSa thus encodes a functional protein that might negatively regulate proanthocyanin biosynthesis. This study helps elucidate the role of GbFLSa in plant metabolism and the potential molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Forest Breeding Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Rong H, Huang B, Han X, Wu K, Xu M, Zhang W, Yang F, Xu LA. Pedigree reconstruction and genetic analysis of major ornamental characters of ornamental crabapple (Malus spp.) based on paternity analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14093. [PMID: 35982151 PMCID: PMC9388634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornamental crabapple is an important woody ornamental plant in the Northern Hemisphere. Its flowers, fruits, leaves and tree habit are all important ornamental characters. As there has been no research on the selection of superior parents and phenotypic variation, new varieties of ornamental crabapple are mainly selected from open-pollination progeny. In order to explore the transmission rule of ornamental traits between parents and offspring of crabapple, and to provide a basis for the selection of hybrid parents for directional breeding, 14 pairs of SSR markers were used in this study for paternity analysis of 384 offspring from 4 female parents crossed with 91 candidate male parents. And 273 offspring (71.1%) were matched with only the father at a 95% strict confidence level. We reconstructed 7 full-sib families (number of progeny ≥ 10) on the basis of the paternity analysis results. Genetic analysis of characters in the full-sib families revealed that green leaves and white flowers were dominant traits. All the hybrid offspring from the white flower (♀) × non-white flower (♂) cross produced white flowers, while 7.04% produced non-white flowers when both parents had white flowers. The results showed that white flowers might be a dominant qualitative trait in crabapple, while the depth of red was a quantitative trait. The genetic characteristics of green and non-green leaves and the depth of red of the peel were similar to flower color. Compared with the upright and spreading traits, the weeping trait was recessive. Some progeny showed an earlier blooming period, indicating the possibility of breeding for blooming period. Our findings are important for parent screening and improving the breeding efficiency of new varieties in ornamental crabapple hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Rong
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Han
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Qingdao Municipal Supervision Consulting CO., LTD, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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Shen TF, Huang B, Xu M, Zhou PY, Ni ZX, Gong C, Wen Q, Cao FL, Xu LA. The reference genome of camellia chekiangoleosa provides insights into camellia evolution and tea oil biosynthesis. Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhab083. [PMID: 35039868 PMCID: PMC8789033 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oil extracted from Camellia seeds is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and secondary metabolites beneficial to human health. However, no oil-tea tree genome has yet been published, which is a major obstacle to investigating the heredity improvement of oil-tea trees. Here, using both Illumina and PicBio sequencing technologies, we present the first chromosome-level genome sequence of the oil-tea tree species Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu. (CCH). The assembled genome consists of 15 pseudochromosomes with a genome size of 2.73 Gb and a scaffold N50 of 185.30 Mb. At least 2.16 Gb of the genome assembly consists of repetitive sequences, and the rest involves a high-confidence set of 64 608 protein-coding gene models. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the CCH genome underwent a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event shared across the Camellia genus at ~57.48 MYA and a γ-WGT event shared across all core eudicot plants at ~120 MYA. Gene family clustering revealed that the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis have undergone rapid expansion. Furthermore, we determined the expression patterns of oleic acid accumulation- and terpenoid biosynthesis-associated genes in six tissues. We found that these genes tend to be highly expressed in leaves, pericarp tissues, roots, and seeds. The first chromosome-level genome of oil-tea trees will provide valuable resources for determining Camellia evolution and utilizing the germplasm of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-fei Shen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peng-yan Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhou-xian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chun Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Fu-liang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Xin Y, Wu Y, Han X, Xu LA. Overexpression of the Ginkgo biloba WD40 gene GbLWD1-like improves salt tolerance in transgenic Populus. Plant Sci 2021; 313:111092. [PMID: 34763876 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
WD40 transcription factors are an ancient protein family whose members play important roles in plant growth and stress resistance. In this study, a new WD40 gene was cloned from Ginkgo biloba L. via the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. This gene was 824 bp in length and encoded 109 amino acids. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that this transcription factor was most similar to the LWD1 protein, and it was thus named GbLWD1-like. This gene was expressed mainly in the leaves, followed by the roots. Phenotypic analysis showed that the transgenic plants grew better, were taller, and had significantly more roots than the control check (CK) plants. Moreover, the transgenic plants were more tolerant to salt stress than the CK plants. After 11 days of salt treatment, all the leaves of the CK plants had dried up and fallen off, whereas in the transgenic lines, only the edges of the bottom leaves had turned yellow. Under salt stress, the expression levels of some genes related to salt tolerance were higher in the transgenic plants than in the CK plants. This study suggests that the GbLWD1-like gene may be related to the growth potential and improved salt tolerance of plants and may play an important role in the response to adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China; Research Center for Pomology, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xin Han
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Huang S, Chen C, Xu M, Wang G, Xu LA, Wu Y. Overexpression of Ginkgo BBX25 enhances salt tolerance in Transgenic Populus. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 167:946-954. [PMID: 34555668 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
B-box (BBX) genes play important roles in plant growth, light morphogenesis, and environmental stress responses. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is known as a living fossil species that has a strong ability to adapt to environmental changes and tolerate harsh conditions. In this study, we chose this species to investigate the function of the GbBBX25 gene. We isolated the BBX gene from ginkgo and named it GbBBX25; this gene consists of an 819 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes 273 amino acids with two B-box domains but no CCT domain. GbBBX25 was localized in only the nucleus. The expression of GbBBX25 transcripts was observed in the leaves and was significantly enhanced under salt stress conditions. To further verify its function, we overexpressed the GbBBX25 gene in Populus davidiana × Populus bolleana and found that the transgenic Populus had greater soluble sugar levels and higher peroxidase (POD) activity in response to salt stress than nontransgenic (NT) Populus. Five genes related to salt stress were induced in transgenic plants with significantly higher expression levels than those in NT plants. This finding suggests that GbBBX25 improves the salt adaptation abilities of transgenic Populus and provides a scientific basis for related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Caihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Science, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Mengxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Guibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Li-An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; Research Center for Pomology, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Xu LA. Overexpression of GbF3'5'H1 Provides a Potential to Improve the Content of Epicatechin and Gallocatechin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204836. [PMID: 33092253 PMCID: PMC7594021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. (ginkgo) have important medicinal uses due to their antioxidant, antitumor, and blood circulation-promoting effects. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo remain elusive. Flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) is an important enzyme in flavonoid synthesis. We detected a novel differentially expressed GbF3′5′H1 gene homologous to the F3′5′H enzyme involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway through transcriptome sequencing. In this study, we characterized this gene, performed an expression analysis, and heterologously overexpressed GbF3′5′H1 in Populus. Our results showed that GbF3′5′H1 is abundant in the leaf and highly expressed during April. We also found four metabolites closely related to flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, the contents of 4′,5-dihydroxy-7-glucosyloxyflavanone, epicatechin, and gallocatechin were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in nontransgenic plants. Our findings revealed that the GbF3′5′H1 gene functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoid-related metabolites, suggesting that GbF3′5′H1 represents a prime candidate for future studies (e.g., gene-editing) aiming to optimize ginkgo flavonoid production, especially that of flavan-3-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
- Research Center for Pomology, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qian Hu Hou Cun No.1, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.W.); (Y.X.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7882
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Ni Z, Han X, Yang Z, Xu M, Feng Y, Chen Y, Xu LA. Integrative analysis of wood biomass and developing xylem transcriptome provide insights into mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis in wood formation of Pinus massoniana. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1926-1937. [PMID: 32898541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is an important renewable energy source as an excellent new battery fuel and ideal substitutes for the petrochemical industry. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lignin biosynthesis in wood formation of P. massoniana remains unexplored. Thus, an integrative analysis of wood biomass and the developing xylem transcriptome was performed to identify genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. A total of 1624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, consisting of 797 upregulated and 827 downregulated genes (MaxG vs MinG). Additionally, 122 candidate genes and 17 DEGs were successfully annotated to the lignin biosynthesis pathway. All upregulated MYB and NAC genes were regulators of secondary cell wall formation. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analyses shown that 9 lignin biosynthesis-related genes and 7 transcription factor-encoding genes were upregulated (MaxG vs MinG), which indicated that the downregulation of lignin biosynthesis-related genes might be the possible causes of growth retardation and dwarf phenotype in some P. massoniana individuals. The identification of lignin biosynthesis-related genes can provide valuable genetic basis and resource for further researches on molecular mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis and contribute to the future investigations of bioengineering and synthetic biology to regulate lignin content in wood formation for the pulp and wood utilization industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xin Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhangqi Yang
- Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yuanheng Feng
- Guangxi Institute of Forestry Science, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China
| | - Yabin Chen
- Wuyi National Forest Farm Fujian Province, 808 Waihuan East Road, Zhangping 364400, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Perl AE, Cortes JE, Ganguly S, Khaled SK, Krämer A, Martinelli G, Russell NH, Chang KC, Kato K, Yan Y, Xu LA, Korkhov S, Günnel T, Sumi H, Lesegretain A, Berisha F, Mires D, Benzohra A, Isoyama T, Santos CD, Levis MJ. Abstract 784: Effect of co-mutations and FLT3-ITD variant allele frequency (VAF) on response to quizartinib or salvage chemotherapy (SC) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: We evaluated the impact of baseline (BL) co-mutations and FLT3-ITD VAF on overall survival (OS) and response (composite complete remission [CRc]) to quizartinib and SC in the phase III QuANTUM-R trial.
Methods: We analyzed 37 recurrently mutated genes in AML in BL samples from 304 patients (pts) (83% of ITT population) with R/R FLT3-ITD-positive AML using next-generation sequencing and a customized Archer® Core Myeloid panel. Positive mutation status was defined as ≥1 mutation detected in the gene region using a VAF cutoff of 2.7%. FLT3-ITD VAF was measured by the Navigate BioPharma FLT3 Mutation Assay (polymerase chain reaction-based, VAF cutoff of 3%). Low and high FLT3-ITD VAF were defined as ≤25% and >25%, respectively.
Results: In addition to FLT3-ITD, the prevalence of key BL co-mutations were 59.9% for DNMT3Amut and 55.3% for NPM1mut. Pts with DNMT3Amut treated with quizartinib had significantly longer OS vs SC (6.3 and 5.4 mos, respectively; hazard ratio [HR], 0.652), p<.05). Pts with NPM1mut treated with quizartinib had a higher CRc rate than with SC, but similar OS (5.1 vs 4.7 mos, respectively; HR, 0.954, p=.82). Pts with NPM1wt/DNMT3Amut treated with quizartinib had the highest CRc rate and longest median OS (9.0 and 4.5 mos, respectively; HR, 0.239, p=.003). OS benefit with quizartinib relative to SC was more pronounced among pts with high FLT3-ITD VAF than low FLT3-ITD VAF. The OS benefit with quizartinib in pts with NPM1wt/DNMT3Amut was maintained in both low and high FLT3-ITD VAF groups. Similarly, for other DNMT3A/NPM1 co-permutations, OS in both low and high FLT3-ITD VAF groups was consistent with OS in the co-mutation group.
Conclusions: Key co-mutations identified here potentially affect treatment response and OS with quizartinib vs SC. Our results suggest that molecular subsets of R/R AML pts may particularly derive clinical benefit from quizartinib.
TableCRc, %Median OS, monthsQuizartinibSCQuizartinibSCHR95% CIITT Population (N = 367)a48276.24.70.760.58-0.98Single Gene Analyses (n = 304)bDNMT3Amut (n = 182)52376.35.40.6520.44-0.97DNMT3Awt (n = 122)40246.04.60.8490.53-1.37NPM1mut (n = 168)48395.14.70.9540.63-1.44NPM1wt (n = 136)47218.55.10.4850.31-0.76TET2mut (n = 98)34326.22.90.6640.38-1.16TET2wt (n = 206)54306.35.40.7280.51-1.05CEBPAmut (n = 46)44428.58.71.9220.80-4.62CEBPAwt (n = 258)48296.24.50.6130.45-0.84IDH1/2mut (n = 49)32275.53.70.4270.20-0.92IDH1/2wt (n = 255)51316.55.10.750.54-1.04Double Gene Analyses (n = 304)NPM1wt/DNMT3Amut (n = 44)61279.04.50.2390.09-0.61NPM1mut/DNMT3Amut (n = 138)50405.45.40.8370.52-1.34FLT3-ITD VAF AnalysesFLT3-ITD high VAF50195.53.90.6890.51-0.93FLT3-ITD low VAF43467.96.10.8570.53-1.40FLT3-ITD VAF Analyses in Selected MutationsDNMT3Amut high VAF53215.82.70.6260.40-0.98DNMT3Amut low VAF526910.26.40.7370.36-1.51NPM1wt/DNMT3Amut high VAF6409.01.50.01790.002-0.16NPM1wt/DNMT3Amut low VAF555011.36.20.3720.11-1.23aN = 367; quizartinib, n = 245; SC, n = 122bBaseline bone marrow samples were available and viable from 304 of 367 pts in the ITT population
Citation Format: Alexander E. Perl, Jorge E. Cortes, Siddhartha Ganguly, Samer K. Khaled, Alwin Krämer, Giovanni Martinelli, Nigel H. Russell, Ken C. Chang, Kazunobu Kato, Yuhu Yan, Li-An Xu, Sergey Korkhov, Tobias Günnel, Hiroyuki Sumi, Arnaud Lesegretain, Flora Berisha, Derek Mires, Aziz Benzohra, Takeshi Isoyama, Cedric Dos Santos, Mark J. Levis. Effect of co-mutations and FLT3-ITD variant allele frequency (VAF) on response to quizartinib or salvage chemotherapy (SC) in relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Perl
- 1Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Alwin Krämer
- 5Universität Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- 6Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola (FC), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Yuhu Yan
- 8Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ
| | - Li-An Xu
- 8Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark J. Levis
- 12The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Huang B, Rong H, Ye Y, Ni Z, Xu M, Zhang W, Xu LA. Transcriptomic analysis of flower color variation in the ornamental crabapple (Malus spp.) half-sib family through Illumina and PacBio Sequel sequencing. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 149:27-35. [PMID: 32035250 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental crabapple is an important woody ornamental plant with flower colors ranging from white to pink to red, and the degree of redness is directly related to the anthocyanin content. To explore the molecular mechanism leading to the variation in flower color in ornamental crabapple, transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina and PacBio Sequel platforms revealed the difference in gene expression between the petals of plants with white and red flowers in the half-sib family. In total, the analysis identified 603 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 449 upregulated and 154 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the DEGs showed that the oxidation-reduction process and catalytic activity were more active in red petals, and most of the DEGs were involved in secondary metabolite synthesis and plant hormone signaling. Among the 603 DEGs, 10 were enriched as structural genes. Transcription factors related to anthocyanin synthesis and five genes related to anthocyanin transport and degradation were highly expressed in red petals. In addition, this study found that five AUX gene signals were differentially expressed in the two petal types. The discovery of these DEGs indicates that plant endogenous hormones also exert a regulatory effect on flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Hao Rong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Youju Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Zhouxian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Wangxiang Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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11
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Ye Y, Wang J, Wang W, Xu LA. ARF family identification in Tamarix chinensis reveals the salt responsive expression of TcARF6 targeted by miR167. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8829. [PMID: 32219037 PMCID: PMC7085291 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important transcription factors (TFs) that are differentially expressed in response to various abiotic stresses. The important roles of ARFs and small RNA-ARF pathways in mediating plant growth and stress responses have emerged in several recent studies. However, no studies on the involvement of ARFs in tamarisk trees, which are resistant to salinity, have been conducted. In this study, systematic analysis revealed 12 TcARF genes belonging to five different groups in Tamarix chinensis. The microRNA response elements of miR160, which belongs to group I and miR167, which belongs to group III, were conserved in terms of their location and sequence. Moreover, digital gene expression profiles suggested that a potential miR167 target gene, TcARF6, was rapidly expressed in response to salt stress. Cloning of TcARF6 revealed that TcARF6 could be an activation TF with a glutamine-rich region and expression pattern analysis revealed that the expression of TcARF6 was significantly downregulated specifically in the roots. A significant negative correlation in the expression pattern of tch-miR167/TcARF6 indicated that this module may play a key role in the response to salt stress. Overall, these results provide basic information on the posttranscriptional regulation of TcARF6 for future investigations of the T. chinensis salt-stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youju Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Ni Z, Ye Y, Xu M, Xu LA. Comparison among three methods for obtaining chloroplast genome sequences from the conifer Pinus massoniana. Genomics 2020; 112:2459-2466. [PMID: 32014522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast genome (CPG) is a powerful tool for phylogenetic studies. Many CPGs have been determined using NGS. However, the large nuclear-genome and difficult CPG-DNA separation in conifers limit their application in related research. In this study, three methods (PCR + Sanger, PCR + HiSeq, cpDNA+HiSeq) for obtaining the CPGs of Pinus massoniana were compared for sequence accuracy, time and cost. PCR + Sanger obtained the most accurate CPGs with advantages in cost (3.08$/kb) and time (2-3 days); PCR + HiSeq generated some DNA fragments with low depth, and the SNPs false-positive-rate (0.44) and sequencing error-rate (0.0265) of this method were higher than those of the cpDNA+HiSeq. Moreover, the cost (~6.17$/kb) and time (4-5 weeks) would significantly increase when HiSeq sequencing were outsourced to sequencing service company. Thus, for the study of intraspecific and interspecies variation in CPGs, CPG sequences can be obtained by comprehensive methods to bridge the method shortcomings. Scuh as sequence accuracy, cost and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhouXian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - YouJu Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
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Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Xu LA. Overexpression of the GbF3' H1 Gene Enhanced the Epigallocatechin, Gallocatechin, and Catechin Contents in Transgenic Populus. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:998-1006. [PMID: 31910001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. leaves are a flavonoid resource for the pharmaceutical industry. The flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) is a key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the role of F3'H in flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism is unclear. In this study, we characterized and functionally analyzed the ginkgo F3'H gene GbF3'H1 that encodes a protein of 520 amino acids. Expression profiling showed that GbF3'H1 was highly expressed in the leaves of ginkgo in September. Subcellular localization showed that GbF3'H1 occurred predominately in the cytoplasm. Transgenic poplars overexpressing GbF3'H1 had more red pigmentation in leaves than did wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the concentrations of epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, and catechin in the downstream products synthesized by flavonoids were significantly higher in the transgenic plants than in the WT plants. These results indicate that the overexpression of GbF3'H1 enhances flavonoid production in transgenic plants and provides new insights into flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Tongli Wang
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry , The University of British Columbia , Vancouver V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Yue Xin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , 159 Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , China
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Cai H, Yang C, Liu S, Qi H, Wu L, Xu LA, Xu M. MiRNA-target pairs regulate adventitious rooting in Populus: a functional role for miR167a and its target Auxin response factor 8. Tree Physiol 2019; 39:1922-1936. [PMID: 31504994 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a plant to form roots from its non-root tissues is ecologically advantageous during rapid adaptation to a changing environment. Although this biological phenomenon has been widely utilized for cuttings in many economically important agronomic and tree species, its genetic and developmental mechanisms have been poorly understood. In this study, we conducted an association analysis of small RNAs, the degradome and the transcriptome of adventitious rooting in poplar softwood cuttings, which revealed that 373 miRNA-target pairs were detected. Of these, 72 significantly differentially expressed targets were screened as likely to modulate adventitious root (AR) development, in conjunction with plant hormone signal transduction. Poplar miR167a and its targets PeARF6s and PeARF8s were subjected to functional verification of their ability to mediate plant growth and hormone signal transduction. Overexpression of miR167a inhibited target transcripts and improved lateral root (LR) development in poplar, while overexpressing PeARF8.1mut increased AR numbers and slightly inhibited LR development. Taken together, these results suggest that miR167a-PeARF8.1 modules play crucial roles in regulating AR and LR development in poplar and improve the adaptation of poplar to more complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Sian Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haoran Qi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Qu Y, Bi C, He B, Ye N, Yin T, Xu LA. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the MADS-box gene family in Salix suchowensis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8019. [PMID: 31720123 PMCID: PMC6842560 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that participate in various plant growth and development processes, particularly floral organogenesis. To date, MADS-box genes have been reported in many species, the completion of the sequence of the willow genome provides us with the opportunity to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the willow MADS-box gene family. Here, we identified 60 willow MADS-box genes using bioinformatics-based methods and classified them into 22 M-type (11 Mα, seven Mβ and four Mγ) and 38 MIKC-type (32 MIKCc and six MIKC*) genes based on a phylogenetic analysis. Fifty-six of the 60 SsMADS genes were randomly distributed on 19 putative willow chromosomes. By combining gene structure analysis with evolutionary analysis, we found that the MIKC-type genes were more conserved and played a more important role in willow growth. Further study showed that the MIKC* type was a transition between the M-type and MIKC-type. Additionally, the number of MADS-box genes in gymnosperms was notably lower than that in angiosperms. Finally, the expression profiles of these willow MADS-box genes were analysed in five different tissues (root, stem, leave, bud and bark) and validated by RT-qPCR experiments. This study is the first genome-wide analysis of the willow MADS-box gene family, and the results establish a basis for further functional studies of willow MADS-box genes and serve as a reference for related studies of other woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Qu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changwei Bi
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Ye
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongming Yin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Chen C, Zheng Y, Zhong Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Xu LA, Xu M. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:550. [PMID: 30041601 PMCID: PMC6057064 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum camphora has been cultivated as an economically important tree for its medicinal and aromatic properties. Selective breeding has produced Cinnamomum plants for special uses, including spice strains with characteristic flavors and aromas and high-potency medicinal cultivars. The molecular biology underlying terpenoid biosynthesis is still unexplored. RESULTS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the differences in contents and compositions of essential oil terpenoids in linalool- and borneol-type chemotypes of C. camphora. The data revealed that the essential oils consist primarily of monoterpenes with only very minor quantities of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes and that the essential oil differs in different chemotypes of C. camphora, with higher yields of (-)-borneol from the borneol-type than from the linalool-type. To study the terpenoid biosynthesis of signature compounds of the major monoterpenes, we performed RNA sequencing to profile the leaf transcriptomes of the two chemotypes of C. camphora. A total of 23.76 Gb clean data was generated from two chemotypes and assembled into 156,184 unigenes. The total length, average length, N50 and GC content of unigenes were 155,645,929 bp, 997 bp, 1430 bp, and 46.5%, respectively. Among them, 76,421 unigenes were annotated by publicly available databases, of which 67 candidate unigenes were identified to be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in C. camphora. A total of 2863 unigenes were identified to be differentially expression between borneol-type and linalool-type, including 1714 up-regulated and 1149 down-regulated unigenes. Most genes encoding proteins involved in terpenoid precursor MVA and MEP pathways were expressed in similar levels in both chemotypes of C. camphora. In addition, 10 and 17 DEGs were significantly enriched in the terpene synthase activity and oxidoreductase activity terms of their directed acyclic graphs (DAG), respectively. Three monoterpene synthase genes, TPS14-like1, TPS14-like2 and TPS14-like3 were up-regulated in the borneol-type compared to the linalool-type, and their expression levels were further verified using quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a global overview of gene expression patterns related to terpenoid biosynthesis in C. camphora, and could contribute to a better understanding of the differential accumulation of terpenoids in different C. camphora chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihui Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Yongda Zhong
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yangfang Wu
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Zhiting Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Ni Z, Zhou P, Xu M, Xu LA. Development and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers for Pinus massoniana and their application in Pinus (Pinaceae) species. J Genet 2018; 97:e53-e59. [PMID: 29967312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pinus massoniana is one of the important afforestation and pioneer tree species, which is widely distribute in southern China. Chloroplast simple sequence repeat markers (cpSSRs) have been widely used in studies of tree genetics, phylogenetic and breeding. We sequenced the whole chloroplast genome sequences of P. massoniana using PCR and Sanger sequencing. A total of 71 cpSSRs were identified, among which mononucleotide repeats were predominant (70.42%). Seventeen primer pairs were developed and amplification tests were conducted with 15 P. massoniana individuals. Also, cross-species amplification tests were conducted among 15 individuals per Pinus species, including P. elliottii, P. bungeana, P. armandii, P. caribaea, P. tabulaeformis, P. taiwanensis and P. yunnanensis which revealed polymorphic information content ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 and average of haploid diversity (h) ranging from 0.29 to 0.63. In addition, the polymorphic cpSSRs were useful in distinguishing the sampled pine species, and could be powerful tool in phylogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxian Ni
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Ni Z, Zhou P, Xu M, Xu LA. Development and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers for Pinus massoniana and their application in Pinus (Pinaceae) species. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Chen C, Zheng Y, Liu S, Zhong Y, Wu Y, Li J, Xu LA, Xu M. The complete chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora and its comparison with related Lauraceae species. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3820. [PMID: 28948105 PMCID: PMC5609524 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum camphora, a member of the Lauraceae family, is a valuable aromatic and timber tree that is indigenous to the south of China and Japan. All parts of Cinnamomum camphora have secretory cells containing different volatile chemical compounds that are utilized as herbal medicines and essential oils. Here, we reported the complete sequencing of the chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora using illumina technology. The chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora is 152,570 bp in length and characterized by a relatively conserved quadripartite structure containing a large single copy region of 93,705 bp, a small single copy region of 19,093 bp and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 19,886 bp. Overall, the genome contained 123 coding regions, of which 15 were repeated in the IR regions. An analysis of chloroplast sequence divergence revealed that the small single copy region was highly variable among the different genera in the Lauraceae family. A total of 40 repeat structures and 83 simple sequence repeats were detected in both the coding and non-coding regions. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that Calycanthus is most closely related to Lauraceae, both being members of Laurales, which forms a sister group to Magnoliids. The complete sequence of the chloroplast of Cinnamomum camphora will aid in in-depth taxonomical studies of the Lauraceae family in the future. The genetic sequence information will also have valuable applications for chloroplast genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihui Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sian Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongda Zhong
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for State Forestry Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Ni Z, Ye Y, Bai T, Xu M, Xu LA. Complete Chloroplast Genome of Pinus massoniana (Pinaceae): Gene Rearrangements, Loss of ndh Genes, and Short Inverted Repeats Contraction, Expansion. Molecules 2017; 22:E1528. [PMID: 28891993 PMCID: PMC6151703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast genome (CPG) of Pinus massoniana belonging to the genus Pinus (Pinaceae), which is a primary source of turpentine, was sequenced and analyzed in terms of gene rearrangements, ndh genes loss, and the contraction and expansion of short inverted repeats (IRs). P. massoniana CPG has a typical quadripartite structure that includes large single copy (LSC) (65,563 bp), small single copy (SSC) (53,230 bp) and two IRs (IRa and IRb, 485 bp). The 108 unique genes were identified, including 73 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. Most of the 81 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) identified in CPG were mononucleotides motifs of A/T types and located in non-coding regions. Comparisons with related species revealed an inversion (21,556 bp) in the LSC region; P. massoniana CPG lacks all 11 intact ndh genes (four ndh genes lost completely; the five remained truncated as pseudogenes; and the other two ndh genes remain as pseudogenes because of short insertions or deletions). A pair of short IRs was found instead of large IRs, and size variations among pine species were observed, which resulted from short insertions or deletions and non-synchronized variations between "IRa" and "IRb". The results of phylogenetic analyses based on whole CPG sequences of 16 conifers indicated that the whole CPG sequences could be used as a powerful tool in phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhouXian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - YouJu Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Tiandao Bai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Abstract
Background Phoebe chekiangensis is a rare tree species that is only distributed in south-eastern China. Although this species is famous for its excellent wood properties, it has not been extensively studied at the molecular level. Results Here, the transcriptome of P. chekiangensis was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology, and 75,647 transcripts with 48,011 unigenes were assembled and annotated. In addition, 162,938 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were predicted and 25 were further validated using the Sanger method. Conclusion The currently available SNP prediction software packages showed low levels of correspondence when compared. The transcriptome and SNPs will contribute to the exploration of P. chekiangensis genetic resources and the understanding of its molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingang Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.,Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouxian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Liu S, Xuan L, Xu LA, Huang M, Xu M. Molecular cloning, expression analysis and subcellular localization of four DELLA genes from hybrid poplar. Springerplus 2016; 5:1129. [PMID: 27478746 PMCID: PMC4951394 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) signaling regulates diverse aspects of plant growth and developmental processes. The DELLA repressors of GA signaling are named for an N-terminal conserved DELLA domain. In this study, four genes encoding DELLA proteins, PeRGA1, PeRGA2, PeGAI1 and PeGAI2, were isolated and characterized in poplar. A gene structural analysis revealed that the DELLA genes were all intron-free. Multiple protein sequence alignments revealed that these proteins contained seven highly conserved domains: the DELLA domain, the TVHYNP domain, leucine heptad repeat I (LHR I), the VHIID domain, leucine heptad repeat II (LHR II), the PFYRE domain, and the SAM domain. Temporal expression patterns of these genes were profiled during the adventitious root development of poplar. The four DELLA genes were expressed in root, stem and leaf in a dynamic manner. The subcellular localization demonstrated that these DELLA genes were mainly localized to the nucleus. These results suggest that the four DELLA genes may play diverse regulatory roles in the adventitious root, stem and leaf development of poplar, and contribute to improving our understanding of conserved and divergent aspects of DELLA proteins that restrain GA signaling in various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Lei Xuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China.,Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Minren Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Ghosh S, Sands BE, Dryden G, Hébuterne X, Leong RW, Bressler B, Ullman T, Lakatos PL, Reinisch W, Xu LA, Luo A. Eldelumab [Anti-IP-10] Induction Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2b Study. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:418-28. [PMID: 26721935 PMCID: PMC4946756 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 [IP-10] mediates immune cell trafficking from the circulation to the inflamed colon and decreases gut epithelial cell survival. IP-10 expression is increased in patients with ulcerative colitis [UC]. We report efficacy and safety results from a dose-ranging induction study of eldelumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to IP-10, in moderately to severely active UC. METHODS A total of 252 adults with UC [Mayo score ≥ 6 and endoscopic subscore ≥ 2] were randomised 1:1:1 to placebo or eldelumab 15 or 25 mg/kg administered intravenously on Days 1 and 8 and every other week thereafter. The primary endpoint was clinical remission [Mayo score ≤ 2; no individual subscale score > 1] at Week 11. Key secondary endpoints included Mayo score clinical response and mucosal healing at Week 11. RESULTS Neither eldelumab 15 or 25 mg/kg resulted in significant increases vs placebo in the proportion of patients achieving Week 11 clinical remission. Remission and response rates were 17.6% and 47.1% with eldelumab 25mg/kg, 13.1% and 44.0% with eldelumab 15mg/kg, and 9.6% and 31.3% with placebo. Clinical remission and response rates were higher in anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-naïve patients treated with eldelumab compared with placebo. Eldelumab treatment was well tolerated and no immunogenicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS The primary endpoint was not achieved with induction treatment with eldelumab 15 or 25 mg/kg in patients with UC. Trends towards clinical remission and response were observed in the overall population and were more pronounced in anti-TNF naïve patients. Eldelumab safety signals were consistent with those reported previously [ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01294410].
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Sandborn
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Frédéric Colombel
- Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bruce E. Sands
- Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerald Dryden
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xavier Hébuterne
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Hôpital de l’Archet, Nice, France
| | - Rupert W. Leong
- Concord Hospital, Gastroenterology and Liver Services, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Bressler
- Division of Gastroenterology, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Ullman
- Dr Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter L. Lakatos
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and McMaster University, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Li-An Xu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Allison Luo
- Formerly of Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
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24
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Motzer RJ, Escudier B, McDermott DF, George S, Hammers HJ, Srinivas S, Tykodi SS, Sosman JA, Procopio G, Plimack ER, Castellano D, Choueiri TK, Gurney H, Donskov F, Bono P, Wagstaff J, Gauler TC, Ueda T, Tomita Y, Schutz FA, Kollmannsberger C, Larkin J, Ravaud A, Simon JS, Xu LA, Waxman IM, Sharma P. Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1803-13. [PMID: 26406148 PMCID: PMC5719487 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1510665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4260] [Impact Index Per Article: 473.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor, was associated with encouraging overall survival in uncontrolled studies involving previously treated patients with advanced renal-cell carcinoma. This randomized, open-label, phase 3 study compared nivolumab with everolimus in patients with renal-cell carcinoma who had received previous treatment. METHODS A total of 821 patients with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma for which they had received previous treatment with one or two regimens of antiangiogenic therapy were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to receive 3 mg of nivolumab per kilogram of body weight intravenously every 2 weeks or a 10-mg everolimus tablet orally once daily. The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points included the objective response rate and safety. RESULTS The median overall survival was 25.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.8 to not estimable) with nivolumab and 19.6 months (95% CI, 17.6 to 23.1) with everolimus. The hazard ratio for death with nivolumab versus everolimus was 0.73 (98.5% CI, 0.57 to 0.93; P=0.002), which met the prespecified criterion for superiority (P≤0.0148). The objective response rate was greater with nivolumab than with everolimus (25% vs. 5%; odds ratio, 5.98 [95% CI, 3.68 to 9.72]; P<0.001). The median progression-free survival was 4.6 months (95% CI, 3.7 to 5.4) with nivolumab and 4.4 months (95% CI, 3.7 to 5.5) with everolimus (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.03; P=0.11). Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 19% of the patients receiving nivolumab and in 37% of the patients receiving everolimus; the most common event with nivolumab was fatigue (in 2% of the patients), and the most common event with everolimus was anemia (in 8%). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with previously treated advanced renal-cell carcinoma, overall survival was longer and fewer grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred with nivolumab than with everolimus. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb; CheckMate 025 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01668784.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hans J. Hammers
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Scott S. Tykodi
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | | | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Howard Gurney
- Westmead Hospital and Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Petri Bono
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John Wagstaff
- South West Wales Cancer Institute and Swansea University College of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Thomas C. Gauler
- University Hospital Essen of University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabio A. Schutz
- Hospital Sao Jose, Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alain Ravaud
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Hôpital Saint André, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Li-An Xu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ
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Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is considered to be a living fossil that can be used to understand the ancient evolutionary history of gymnosperms, but little attention has been given to the study of its population genetics, molecular phylogeography, and genetic resources assessment. Chloroplast simple sequence repeat (cpSSR) markers are powerful tools for genetic studies of plants. In this study, a total of 30 perfect cpSSRs of Ginkgo were identified and characterized, including di-, tri, tetra-, penta-, and hexanucleotide repeats. Fifteen of 21 designed primer pairs were successfully amplified to yield specific polymerase chain reaction products from 16 Ginkgo cultivars. Polymorphic cpSSRs were further applied to determine the genetic variation of 116 individuals in 5 populations of G. biloba. The results showed that 24 and 76% genetic variation existed within and among populations of this species, respectively. These polymorphic and monomorphic cpSSR markers can be used to trace the origin and evolutionary history of Ginkgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - L A Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - F L Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - H J Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - F X Yu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Genetic Improvement, Research Institute for Bioresources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
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Wang ZW, Jiang C, Wen Q, Wang N, Tao YY, Xu LA. Deep sequencing of the Camellia chekiangoleosa transcriptome revealed candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Gene 2014; 538:1-7. [PMID: 24462969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Camellia chekiangoleosa is an important species of genus Camellia. It provides high-quality edible oil and has great ornamental value. The flowers are big and red which bloom between February and March. Flower pigmentation is closely related to the accumulation of anthocyanin. Although anthocyanin biosynthesis has been studied extensively in herbaceous plants, little molecular information on the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of C. chekiangoleosa is yet known. In the present study, a cDNA library was constructed to obtain detailed and general data from the flowers of C. chekiangoleosa. To explore the transcriptome of C. chekiangoleosa and investigate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, a 454 GS FLX Titanium platform was used to generate an EST dataset. About 46,279 sequences were obtained, and 24,593 (53.1%) were annotated. Using Blast search against the AGRIS, 1740 unigenes were found homologous to 599 Arabidopsis transcription factor genes. Based on the transcriptome dataset, nine anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes (PAL, CHS1, CHS2, CHS3, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT) were identified and cloned. The spatio-temporal expression patterns of these genes were also analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The study results not only enrich the gene resource but also provide valuable information for further studies concerning anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Long Pan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Long Pan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Purdue-NWAFU Joint Research Center, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Jiangxi Forestry Academy, Plant Bio-tech Key Laboratory for Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Na Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Long Pan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Long Pan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, 159# Long Pan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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Mease P, Strand V, Shalamberidze L, Dimic A, Raskina T, Xu LA, Liu Y, Smith J. A phase II, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of BMS945429 (ALD518) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:1183-9. [PMID: 22328739 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a key role in the inflammatory cascade in rheumatoid arthritis. BMS945429 is a humanised, monoclonal antibody that potently binds IL-6. OBJECTIVE To conduct aphase II study to determine the efficacy and safety of BMS945429 in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. METHODS Patients were randomised 1:1:1:1 to BMS945429 (80, 160 or 320 mg; administered intravenously) or placebo plus methotrexate during this 16-week, double-blind trial. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of patients with a 20% improvement in American College of Rheumatology responses (ACR20) at week 12. Additional end points included ACR50 and ACR70 responses and 28-joint Disease Activity Scores (DAS28). RESULTS Of 127 randomised and treated patients, 116 completed the trial. ACR20 responders at week 12 were 81% (80 mg; p<0.0001 vs placebo), 71% (160 mg; p=0.0005 vs placebo), 82% (320 mg; p<0.0001 vs placebo) and 27% (placebo), respectively. By week 16, 14% (80 mg), 28% (160 mg) and 44% (320 mg) of BMS945429 patients were in DAS28 remission (DAS28 score <2.6). Statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were reported in all active treatment groups. Administration of BMS945429 was associated with increases in liver enzymes and in serum cholesterol. There were no serious infections, infusion reactions or apparent immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS In this phase II study, BMS945429 was associated with rapid and significant improvements in disease activity and HRQoL in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mease
- Division of Rheumatology Research, Swedish Medical Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Huang F, Xu LA, Khambata-Ford S. Correlation between gene expression of IGF-1R pathway markers and cetuximab benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1156-66. [PMID: 22294722 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined potential correlations between markers related to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway and clinical benefit from the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression profiles for 70 pretreatment specimens from metastatic lesions of patients with chemorefractory mCRC receiving cetuximab monotherapy were analyzed using 74 predefined Gene-Chip probesets representing 33 unique IGF-1R pathway markers to determine correlations with progression-free survival (PFS) and disease control rate. RESULTS Higher IGF-1R, higher GRB(7), and lower INSIG(2) expression were associated with longer PFS with cetuximab in univariate analyses, particularly in patients with wild-type K-Ras tumors: median, 122 versus 60 days (P = 0.01), 122 versus 57 days (P = 0.011), and 57 versus 156 days (P < 0.0001), favoring higher IGF-1R, higher GRB(7), and lower INSIG(2) expression, respectively. Lower IGF-1 expression was associated with a PFS benefit with cetuximab, whereas lower IGFBP(3) and INSR expression levels showed trends for a PFS benefit. Lower INSIG(2) expression (vs. higher expression) was associated with greater PFS in the high epiregulin-expressing group (P = 0.001), but not in the low-expressing cohort suggesting an effect independent from the previously reported effect of epiregulin expression. Lower INSIG(2) expression was also associated with higher disease control rate in the overall population (51.4% vs. 11.4%; P = 0.001) and wild-type K-Ras subset (76.2% vs. 18.2%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that markers of the IGF-1R pathway may play a role in predicting benefit from cetuximab therapy in mCRC. Additional clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Rd., Room E1.293, Princeton, NJ 08453, USA.
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Yellin M, Paliienko I, Balanescu A, Ter-Vartanian S, Tseluyko V, Xu LA, Tao X, Cardarelli PM, Leblanc H, Nichol G, Ancuta C, Chirieac R, Luo A. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human anti-CXCL10 monoclonal antibody, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1730-9. [PMID: 22147649 DOI: 10.1002/art.34330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CXCL10 (also known as interferon-γ-inducible 10-kd protein [IP-10]) is a chemokine that potentially plays a role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human, anti-CXCL10 (anti-IP-10) monoclonal antibody, in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to methotrexate (MTX). METHODS Patients with active RA receiving stable doses of MTX (10-25 mg weekly) were randomized to receive intravenous doses of 10 mg/kg MDX-1100 (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35) every other week. The primary end point was the proportion of patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (achieving an ACR20 response) on day 85, and patients were followed up for safety to day 141. RESULTS The ACR20 response rate was significantly higher among MDX-1100-treated patients than among placebo-treated patients (54% versus 17%; P = 0.0024). Statistically significant differences in the ACR20 response rate between treatments were observed starting on day 43 (P < 0.05). The ACR50 and ACR70 response rates on day 85 did not differ between the groups. Overall, 51.4% of MDX-1100-treated patients and 30.3% of placebo-treated patients experienced at least 1 adverse event (AE). No study drug-related serious AEs were reported. CONCLUSION MDX-1100 was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical efficacy in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to MTX. This is the first study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a chemokine inhibitor in RA and supports the notion of a potential role of IP-10 in the immunopathogenesis of RA.
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Huang F, Xu LA, Khambata-Ford S. Abstract 2697: Analysis of the correlation between gene expression of IGF-pathway components and benefit from cetuximab (Erbitux™) in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is considerable evidence showing cross-talk between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) pathways. This analysis was carried out to examine the correlation between the gene expression levels of IGF pathway components and the clinical benefit from the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients; and to look for the factors contributing to non-benefit from cetuximab in K-Ras wild type (WT) patients, further seeking the treatment options for this sub-population.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Gene expression profiling data for the components of IGF pathway and K-Ras mutational status are available from 70 pre-treatment tumor biopsies from patients with refractory mCRC receiving cetuximab monotherapy (Khambata-Ford et al., 2007).
RESULTS: In this cohort of mCRC, patients with tumors expressing high level of IGF-IR or GRB7 were associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) with cetuximab than patients with low expression levels of these genes. In addition, patients with tumors that express low level of insulin inducible gene 2 (INSIG2), insulin receptor (INSR), IGF-1 or IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) were found to have a longer PFS and higher disease control rate than patients with high expression levels of these genes. For example, median PFS was 115 days in INSIG2 low-expressing tumors and 58 days in INSIG2 high-expressing tumors (log-rank p=0.0029, hazard ratio=0.45); and the disease control rate was 51.4% and 11.4%, respectively, for patients with INSIG2 low-expressing tumors vs. INSIG2 high-expressing tumors (Fisher exact p=0.0006). Furthermore, among patients with K-Ras WT tumors, a significant difference in disease control rate was observed for INSIG2 low- and high-expressing tumors (76.2 % vs. 18.2 %, Fisher exact p=0.0002). Additionally, patients with K-Ras WT tumors that have a high gene expression of IGF-1R had a significantly higher disease control rate (62.5%) than patients with low expression (26.3%) (Fisher exact p=0.03) and longer PFS (log-rank p= 0.01, hazard ratio=2.45, and median PFS, 122 days vs. 60 days, respectively).
CONCLUSION: A statistically significant association was observed between the gene expression of some key components of the IGF pathway and benefit from cetuximab in mCRC. In patients with K-Ras WT tumors, high expression of IGF-1R and GRB7 are potential predictive factors for clinical benefit whereas low expression of IGF-1 and INSIG2 are potential predictive factors for resistance to cetuximab. Our data suggest that IGF pathway plays an important role in benefit from the anti-EGFR therapy cetuximab, and that targeting IGF-1R/IR may prove valuable treatment option in K-Ras WT mCRC patients that not benefit from cetuximab.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2697.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- 1Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ
| | - Li-An Xu
- 1Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ
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Khambata-Ford S, Harbison CT, Hart LL, Awad M, Xu LA, Horak CE, Dakhil S, Hermann RC, Lynch TJ, Weber MR. Analysis of potential predictive markers of cetuximab benefit in BMS099, a phase III study of cetuximab and first-line taxane/carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:918-27. [PMID: 20100958 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab is efficacious in multiple tumor types. Patient selection with markers predictive of benefit may enhance its therapeutic index. This retrospective, correlative analysis of the phase III trial BMS099 of cetuximab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was conducted to identify molecular markers for the selection of patients most likely to benefit from cetuximab. METHODS In BMS099, 676 chemotherapy-naïve patients with stage IIIB (pleural effusion) or stage IV NSCLC of any histology or EGFR expression status were randomly assigned to taxane/carboplatin (T/C) with or without cetuximab. Biomarkers analyzed included K-Ras and EGFR mutations by direct sequencing, EGFR protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and EGFR gene copy number by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Relationships between biomarker status and progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and overall response rate (ORR) were assessed by log-rank tests per treatment arm for treatment-specific effects and across the total evaluable population. Results Tumor samples were available from 225 randomly assigned patients. K-Ras mutations were found in 17% of evaluable patients (35 of 202 patients), EGFR mutations were found in 10% (17 of 166 patients), EGFR positivity by IHC was found in 89% (131 of 148 patients), and FISH positivity was found in 52% (54 of 104 patients). No significant associations were found between biomarker status and PFS, OS, and ORR in the treatment-specific analyses. CONCLUSION In contrast with colorectal cancer, and within the limitations of the data set, efficacy parameters did not appear to correlate with K-Ras mutation status or with any of the EGFR-related biomarkers evaluated. Additional exploratory analyses are essential to identify predictive markers and to optimize patient selection for cetuximab therapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Khambata-Ford
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Rd, 3B-2.06, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Baselga J, Zambetti M, Llombart-Cussac A, Manikhas G, Kubista E, Steger GG, Makhson A, Tjulandin S, Ludwig H, Verrill M, Ciruelos E, Egyhazi S, Xu LA, Zerba KE, Lee H, Clark E, Galbraith S. Phase II genomics study of ixabepilone as neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 27:526-34. [PMID: 19075286 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.14.2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ixabepilone as neoadjuvant therapy for invasive breast cancer not amenable to breast conservation surgery. Gene expression studies were undertaken using genes that were identified as potentially associated with sensitivity/resistance to ixabepilone in prior preclinical investigations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with invasive breast cancer >or= 3 cm were eligible. Ixabepilone 40 mg/m(2) was administered as a 3-hour intravenous infusion on day 1 of a 21-day cycle for four or fewer cycles. RESULTS One hundred sixty-one patients were treated. The overall complete pathologic response (pCR) rate was 18% in breast and 29% in estrogen receptor (ER) -negative patients. Gene expression data were available for 134 patients. ER gene expression (ER1) was inversely related to pCR in breast and had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 37% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 92%. A 10-gene penalized logistic regression (PLR) model developed from 200 genes predictive of ixabepilone sensitivity in preclinical experiments included ER and tau and had higher PPV (45%) and comparable NPV (89%) to ER1. Grade 3 to 4 adverse events (AEs) were reported for 32% of patients. Except for neutropenia and leukopenia, all grade 3 to 4 AEs occurred in <or= 3% of patients. Reversible peripheral neuropathy was experienced by 3% of patients. CONCLUSION ER, microtubule-associated protein tau, and a 10-gene PLR model that included ER were identified as predictors of ixabepilone-induced pCR. RESULTS indicate an inverse relation between ER expression levels and ixabepilone sensitivity. Neoadjuvant ixabepilone demonstrated promising activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with invasive breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Baselga
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
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Wang XD, Reeves K, Luo FR, Xu LA, Lee F, Clark E, Huang F. Identification of candidate predictive and surrogate molecular markers for dasatinib in prostate cancer: rationale for patient selection and efficacy monitoring. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R255. [PMID: 18047674 PMCID: PMC2258199 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-11-r255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dasatinib is a potent, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib. To aid the clinical development of dasatinib in prostate cancer, we utilized preclinical models to identify potential molecular markers for patient stratification and efficacy monitoring. RESULTS Using gene expression profiling, we first identified 174 genes whose expression was highly correlated with in vitro sensitivity of 16 cell lines and, thus, considered as candidate efficacy predictive markers. Among these are important prostatic cell lineage markers, cytokeratin 5, androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen. Our results indicate that 'basal type' cell lines with high expression of cytokeratin 5 and low expression of androgen receptor or prostate specific antigen are sensitive to dasatinib. To identify markers as surrogates for biological activity, we treated cell lines with dasatinib and identified genes whose expression was significantly modulated by the drug. Ten genes, including that encoding urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), were found to not only be potential efficacy markers but also to have reduced expression upon dasatinib treatment. The down-regulation of uPA by dasatinib was drug-specific and correlated with the sensitivity of cell lines to dasatinib. Furthermore, EphA2, a target of dasatinib, was found to be a sensitivity biomarker. CONCLUSION Using the gene expression profiling approach and preclinical models, we have identified prostatic biomarkers that are associated with sensitivity to dasatinib. This study has provided a basis for clinical evaluation of a potential dasatinib efficacy signature in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-De Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA.
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Abstract
Comparative genomics is one of the important research fields in genomics. By comparative genomic studies it was possible to establish a giant genetic system beyond one species which might be significant to tree. Comparative genomics in Salicaceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae and Hamamelidaceae had shown that the organization of genomes remained highly conserved over long evolutionary periods and extensive synteny or collinarity or microcollinarity existed in tree genomes. A total of 13,019 pairs of orthologs were identified between genes in Populus and Arabidopsis using the best bidirectional Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) hits, with an average mutual coverage of these alignments equal to 93%; 11,654 pairs of orthologs had greater than 90% alignment of gene lengths. The progress of comparative genomics in tree species was reviewed and the prospect of this field was discussed, which might be useful to tree genomics in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Gene Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Xu XL, Xu LA, Huan MR, Wang ZR. [Genetic diversity of microsatellites (SSRs) of natural populations of Quercus variabilis]. Yi Chuan 2004; 26:683-8. [PMID: 15640085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity of five Quercus variabilis natural populations in four provinces of China was studied with microsatellite (SSR) markers. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was detected in Q. variabilis species with 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Average number of alleles (A) and effective number of alleles (N(e)) were 8.4375 and 5.9512 respectively. The mean expected heterozygosity (H(e)) was 0.8059 and Nei diversity index (h) was 0.8041. Higher diversity was found with the populations from the central range of the species in contrast to those from peripheral areas and human activities might decrease the genetic diversity of populations. The majority of genetic variation occurred within populations, which could be concluded from the low coefficient of genetic differentiation (F(st)=0.0455). In addition, significant correlation was found between geographical distance and genetic distance. All these results present a basis to the conservation and utilization of genetic diversity of Quercus variabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210 037, China.
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Xu LJ, Xu LA. Ultrasound tomography system used for monitoring bubbly gas/liquid two-phase flow. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 1997; 44:67-76. [PMID: 18244103 DOI: 10.1109/58.585193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper is about a transmission-mode (TM) ultrasound computerized tomography (UCT) system, which is used to monitor a bubbly gas/liquid two-phase flow, a kind of strongly inhomogeneous medium. Because of the high contrast in acoustic impedance distribution of the flow, TM UCT system can only obtain incomplete tomographic projections which depend on the distribution of bubbles in liquid. In order to describe this characteristic, a mathematical model was established. The algorithms used to reconstruct the profile of a distribution of bubbles over a 2-D cross-section of a pipe, for both parallel beam scanning geometry and fan-shape beam scanning geometry, were presented. By using a two-value (0/1) logical back-projection filtering algorithm, a real-time transmission-mode (TM) ultrasound computerized tomography (UCT) system involving fan-shape beam geometry had been developed. Both simulations and experiments showed that the performance of the system was acceptable with an image reconstruction speed of 41.7 frames per second and a data acquisition speed of 667 frames per second if a Pentium/90 compatible computer was used. Finally, possible future improvements of the system were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Xu
- Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Autom., Tianjin Univ
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Xu LA. [Evaluation of the Friedmann visual field analyser in detecting glaucoma damage]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 1989; 25:80-3. [PMID: 2507257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of Friedmann visual field analyser (FVFA) in the detection of early glaucoma, 90 normal eyes were tested to establish the 100% specificity criteria for abnormality. The results by the Friedmann analyser were then compared with those by the tangent perimeter combined with fundal stereophotography of suspect glaucoma disc signs and RNFLD. 40 glaucoma eyes with field defects by the tangent perimeter were all positive by FVFA. Of 80 eyes suspected of glaucoma with elevated IOP and normal tangent perimetry, 20 eyes (25%) showed paracentral relative scotoma by FVFA. 17 (85%) of these 20 eyes demonstrated photographic evidences of glaucoma fundal damage. Thus, early field defects detected by FVFA in glaucoma suspects are likely indicative of glaucoma damage.
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Lee PY, Shao H, Xu LA, Qu CK. The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on intraocular pressure in normotensive human subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988; 29:1474-7. [PMID: 3170119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotensive and other ocular effects were studied for 24 hr after topical application of prostaglandin F2 alpha as the tromethamine salt (PGF2 alpha) in 45 normotensive human subjects. After baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, 62.5 micrograms, 125 micrograms and 250 micrograms of PGF2 alpha dissolved in 50 microliter of saline was applied to one eye of 15 subjects for each dose tested. Contralateral control eyes received 50 microliter of saline. As compared with the IOP of the contralateral control eyes, topical application of 62.5 micrograms PGF2 alpha caused a significant IOP reduction at 1-12 hr, with a maximal IOP reduction of 2.2 mm Hg at 2 hr. Treatment with 125 micrograms of PGF2 alpha lowered IOP significantly at 1-21 hr, with a maximal reduction of 3.1 mm Hg at 9 hr. Administration of 250 micrograms PGF2 alpha produced a significant reduction of IOP, which lasted for at least 24 hr. A maximal IOP reduction of 2.9 mm Hg occurred at 7 hr. Pupillary diameter was not altered. Aqueous flare and anterior chamber cellular response were not seen in any of the eyes of the subjects at any time after topical application of 62.5-250 micrograms PGF2 alpha. The drug caused side effects consisting of reddened skin of lower lid, ocular irritation, conjunctival hyperemia and headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Lee
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Tong Ren Hospital, Capital School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
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