1
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Sevenich L, Heiland DH. [Tumor-host cell interaction in the microenvironment: new target points for treatment?]. Nervenarzt 2024; 95:104-110. [PMID: 38180512 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary brain tumors and metastases in the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by their unique microenvironment, which interacts with neuronal structures and influences structural and adaptive immunity. OBJECTIVE How significant are various tumor-host interactions from a prognostic and therapeutic perspective? MATERIAL AND METHOD A literature search was carried out for relevant articles on the topic: microenvironment glioblastoma or metastasis through PubMed and Medline. RESULTS Modern high-throughput methods, such as spatial and single-cell resolution molecular characterization of tumors and their microenvironment enable a detailed mapping of changes and adaptation of individual cells within the microenvironment of tumors; however, treatment approaches based on altered tumor-host cell interactions, such as immune modeling, cell-based treatment methods or checkpoint inhibition have so far not shown any significant advantages for survival. CONCLUSION A deeper understanding of the complex immune landscape and the microenvironment of metastases of the CNS and intracerebral tumors is essential to optimize future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Institut für Tumorbiologie und experimentelle Therapie, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
- Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Medical Center, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland.
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Universität Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- Partner Site Freiburg, Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung, Freiburg, Deutschland.
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2
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Kurz SC, Stammberger A, Rosahl SK, Abrey LE, Albert NL, von Baumgarten L, Gempt J, Grosu AL, Leidgens V, McLean A, Renovanz M, Schwarzenberger J, Sevenich L, Urbanic Purkart T, Combs SE, Tabatabai G, Hegi M, Nowosielski M. Towards more Diversity in Neuro-oncology Leadership-the DivINe Initiative. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:2302-2304. [PMID: 37738478 PMCID: PMC10708925 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia C Kurz
- Department of Neurology & Interdisciplinary Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Steffen K Rosahl
- Health and Medical University, Campus Helios Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anca-L Grosu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna McLean
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirjam Renovanz
- Department of Neurology & Interdisciplinary Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tadeja Urbanic Purkart
- Department of Neurology and Department of Radiology—Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Neuroradiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Department of Neurology & Interdisciplinary Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Hegi
- Laboratory of Brain Tumour Biology and Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martha Nowosielski
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Möckl A, Sevenich L. Take my breath away: TAM-ing anti-cancer immunity in hypoxic niches. Immunity 2023; 56:1704-1706. [PMID: 37557077 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major driver of tumor aggressiveness and therapy resistance in GBM. In this issue of Immunity, Sattiraju et al. functionally link hypoxia with diminished anti-cancer immunity caused by sequestration of immunosuppressive TAMs and CTLs in pseudopalisades in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Möckl
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Geissler M, Jia W, Kiraz EN, Kulacz I, Liu X, Rombach A, Prinz V, Jussen D, Kokkaliaris KD, Medyouf H, Sevenich L, Czabanka M, Broggini T. The Brain Pre-Metastatic Niche: Biological and Technical Advancements. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10055. [PMID: 37373202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, particularly brain metastasis, continues to puzzle researchers to this day, and exploring its molecular basis promises to break ground in developing new strategies for combatting this deadly cancer. In recent years, the research focus has shifted toward the earliest steps in the formation of metastasis. In this regard, significant progress has been achieved in understanding how the primary tumor affects distant organ sites before the arrival of tumor cells. The term pre-metastatic niche was introduced for this concept and encompasses all influences on sites of future metastases, ranging from immunological modulation and ECM remodeling to the softening of the blood-brain barrier. The mechanisms governing the spread of metastasis to the brain remain elusive. However, we begin to understand these processes by looking at the earliest steps in the formation of metastasis. This review aims to present recent findings on the brain pre-metastatic niche and to discuss existing and emerging methods to further explore the field. We begin by giving an overview of the pre-metastatic and metastatic niches in general before focusing on their manifestations in the brain. To conclude, we reflect on the methods usually employed in this field of research and discuss novel approaches in imaging and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Geissler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Weiyi Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Emine Nisanur Kiraz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ida Kulacz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adrian Rombach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vincent Prinz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Jussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Konstantinos D Kokkaliaris
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hind Medyouf
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Czabanka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Broggini
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Strecker M, Wlotzka K, Strassheimer F, Roller B, Ludmirski G, König S, Röder J, Opitz C, Alekseeva T, Reul J, Sevenich L, Tonn T, Wels W, Steinbach J, Buchholz C, Burger M. AAV-mediated gene transfer of a checkpoint inhibitor in combination with HER2-targeted CAR-NK cells as experimental therapy for glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2127508. [PMID: 36249274 PMCID: PMC9559045 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2127508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common primary brain tumor, which is characterized by low immunogenicity of tumor cells and prevalent immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Targeted local combination immunotherapy is a promising strategy to overcome these obstacles. Here, we evaluated tumor-cell specific delivery of an anti-PD-1 immunoadhesin (aPD-1) via a targeted adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) as well as HER2-specific NK-92/5.28.z (anti-HER2.CAR/NK-92) cells as components for a combination immunotherapy. In co-culture experiments, target-activated anti-HER2.CAR/NK-92 cells modified surrounding tumor cells and bystander immune cells by triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of PD-L1. Tumor cell-specific delivery of aPD-1 was achieved by displaying a HER2-specific designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) on the AAV surface. HER2-AAV mediated gene transfer into GB cells correlated with HER2 expression levels, without inducing anti-viral responses in transduced cells. Furthermore, AAV-transduction did not interfere with anti-HER2.CAR/NK-92 cell-mediated tumor cell lysis. After selective transduction of HER2+ cells, aPD-1 expression was detected at the mRNA and protein level. The aPD-1 immunoadhesin was secreted in a time-dependent manner, bound its target on PD-1-expressing cells and was able to re-activate T cells by efficiently disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Moreover, high intratumoral and low systemic aPD-1 concentrations were achieved following local injection of HER2-AAV into orthotopic tumor grafts in vivo. aPD-1 was selectively produced in tumor tissue and could be detected up to 10 days after a single HER2-AAV injection. In subcutaneous GL261-HER2 and Tu2449-HER2 immunocompetent mouse models, administration of the combination therapy significantly prolonged survival, including complete tumor control in several animals in the GL261-HER2 model. In summary, local therapy with aPD-1 encoding HER2-AAVs in combination with anti-HER2.CAR/NK-92 cells may be a promising novel strategy for GB immunotherapy with the potential to enhance efficacy and reduce systemic side effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.I. Strecker
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K. Wlotzka
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F. Strassheimer
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - B. Roller
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - G. Ludmirski
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S. König
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J. Röder
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C. Opitz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T. Alekseeva
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J. Reul
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Langen, Germany
| | - L. Sevenich
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - T. Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - W.S. Wels
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J.P. Steinbach
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C.J. Buchholz
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M.C. Burger
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Klemm F, Möckl A, Salamero-Boix A, Alekseeva T, Schäffer A, Schulz M, Niesel K, Maas RR, Groth M, Elie BT, Bowman RL, Hegi ME, Daniel RT, Zeiner PS, Zinke J, Harter PN, Plate KH, Joyce JA, Sevenich L. Compensatory CSF2-driven macrophage activation promotes adaptive resistance to CSF1R inhibition in breast-to-brain metastasis. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:1086-1101. [PMID: 35121879 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment-targeted therapies are emerging as promising treatment options for different cancer types. Tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs) represent an abundant nonmalignant cell type in brain metastases and have been proposed to modulate metastatic colonization and outgrowth. Here we demonstrate that targeting TAMs at distinct stages of the metastatic cascade using an inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), BLZ945, in murine breast-to-brain metastasis models leads to antitumor responses in prevention and intervention preclinical trials. However, in established brain metastases, compensatory CSF2Rb-STAT5-mediated pro-inflammatory TAM activation blunted the ultimate efficacy of CSF1R inhibition by inducing neuroinflammation gene signatures in association with wound repair responses that fostered tumor recurrence. Consequently, blockade of CSF1R combined with inhibition of STAT5 signaling via AC4-130 led to sustained tumor control, a normalization of microglial activation states and amelioration of neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klemm
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aylin Möckl
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Salamero-Boix
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tijna Alekseeva
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäffer
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Schulz
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Niesel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roeltje R Maas
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Groth
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benelita T Elie
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roy T Daniel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pia S Zeiner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
Macrophages not only represent an integral part of innate immunity but also critically contribute to tissue and organ homeostasis. Moreover, disease progression is accompanied by macrophage accumulation in many cancer types and is often associated with poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Given their critical role in modulating tumor immunity in primary and metastatic brain cancers, macrophages are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Different types of macrophages infiltrate brain cancers, including (i) CNS resident macrophages that comprise microglia (TAM-MG) as well as border-associated macrophages and (ii) monocyte-derived macrophages (TAM-MDM) that are recruited from the periphery. Controversy remained about their disease-associated functions since classical approaches did not reliably distinguish between macrophage subpopulations. Recent conceptual and technological advances, such as large-scale omic approaches, provided new insight into molecular profiles of TAMs based on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize insight from recent studies highlighting similarities and differences of TAM-MG and TAM-MDM at the molecular level. We will focus on data obtained from RNA sequencing and mass cytometry approaches. Together, this knowledge significantly contributes to our understanding of transcriptional and translational programs that define disease-associated TAM functions. Cross-species meta-analyses will further help to evaluate the translational significance of preclinical findings as part of the effort to identify candidates for macrophage-targeted therapy against brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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Strassheimer F, Strecker MI, Alekseeva T, Macas J, Demes MC, Mildenberger IC, Tonn T, Wild PJ, Sevenich L, Reiss Y, Harter PN, Plate KH, Wels WS, Steinbach JP, Burger MC. OS12.6.A Combination therapy of CAR-NK-cells and anti-PD-1 results in high efficacy against advanced-stage glioblastoma in a syngeneic mouse model and induces protective anti-tumor immunity in vivo. Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab180.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Checkpoint inhibitors as well as adoptive cell therapy hold promise for cancer therapy and encouraging treatment responses have already been demonstrated in different cancer indications. Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Standard therapy has very limited efficacy in the majority of patients. Analysis of the GB microenvironment (TME) has shown prominent immunosuppressive features, including expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and increased frequency of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells. While the surrounding brain is HER2-negative, GB are frequently HER2-positive, suggesting HER2 as a promising target for adoptive immunotherapy. Previous results from mouse glioma models showed efficacy of CAR-NK cells (NK-92/5.28.z) targeted against HER2 as monotherapy with early stage but not with advanced-stage tumors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The murine glioma cell line GL261 was transfected with human HER2. Tumor cells were implanted either subcutaneously or orthotopically into C57BL/6 mice and treated either with HER2-specific NK-92/5.28.z cells alone or in combination with an anti-PD-1 antibody. Effects on tumor growth and survival were determined. Lymphocyte infiltration and immunosuppressive TME were characterized via highplex multi-color flow cytometry (FACS Symphony) and IHC (Phenoptics). Furthermore, gene expression profiles of tumor-infiltrating cells were determined via bulk RNAseq (NanoString).
RESULTS
Combined treatment with NK-92/5.28.z cells and anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade resulted in synergistic effects, with tumor regression and long-term survival observed even in advanced-stage tumor bearing mice. Analysis of the TME showed changes in lymphocyte infiltration and increased expression of exhaustion markers in tumor and immune upon combined treatment with NK-92/5.28.z cells and anti-PD-1 antibody resulting in an altered TME. Both, PD-1 and Lag-3 expression are highly upregulated on tumor infiltrating T cells. Total infiltrating lymphocytes show a rather cytotoxic phenotype up combination treatment with NK-92/5.28.z cells and anti-PD-1 antibody
CONCLUSION
Our data demonstrate that efficacy of NK-92/5.28.z cells can be enhanced by combination with checkpoint blockade, resulting in successful treatment of advanced tumors refractory to NK-92/5.28.z monotherapy. Furthermore, the combination therapy induced a cytotoxic rather than immunosuppressive TME, leading to a primed immune system. To translate the concept of CAR-NK-cell therapy plus checkpoint inhibition to a clinical setting, we are adding a combination therapy cohort to our ongoing phase I clinical study (CAR2BRAIN; NCT03383978).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Strassheimer
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M I Strecker
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - T Alekseeva
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Macas
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M C Demes
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - I C Mildenberger
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - T Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - P J Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Y Reiss
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - P N Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K H Plate
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - W S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J P Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M C Burger
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Neurooncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Schulz M, Alekseeva T, Anthes J, Macas J, Michels B, Möckl A, Niesel K, Salamero-Boix A, Stein S, Farin H, Plate KH, Reiss Y, Rödel F, Sevenich L. OTME-6. Deep sequencing reveals heterogeneity of brain metastasis-associated macrophages and microglia and uncovers their cell type-specific functions within the tumor microenvironment. Neurooncol Adv 2021. [PMCID: PMC8265016 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab070.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Macrophages represent a highly plastic cell type,indispensable for tissue and organ homeostasis, as well as innate immunity. Basic and translational research attributed tumor-promoting functions to macrophages, and their presence is often associated to poor patient prognosis and therapy resistance. While brain-resident macrophages, the so-called microglia (MG), represent the major immune cell type in the parenchyma under normal conditions, primary and metastatic brain tumors induce the recruitment of different immune cell types from the periphery, including monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Controversy remained about the redundancy of disease-associated molecular signatures and functions. The identification of markers that reliably distinguish brain-resident from blood-borne tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) allowed the interrogation of molecular traits of different TAM populations in mouse and human brain tumors.
Using RNA-Seq, we demonstrated that TAMs rapidly acquire disease-associated transcriptional programs upon initial tumor infiltration, while gene expression remained stable during different stages of BrM progression. Across different BrM models, disease-associated transcriptional changes revealed lineage-specific, non-redundant functions of TAM populations, which was further reflected by cell type-specific occupation of different niches within the BrM microenvironment. Furthermore, we observed dose- and cell type-specific immune modulatory effects of whole brain radiotherapy on myeloid cells in BrM leading to a transient loss of disease-associated transcriptional programs predominately in blood-borne myeloid populations. This effect can at least in part be attributed to a replenishment of the recruited macrophage pool. This observation was further supported by scRNA-Seq analyses revealing higher heterogeneity of TAM-MDM compared to TAM-MG under treatment-naïve conditions and in response to radiotherapy.
Together, our results point towards the phenotypic plasticity of TAMs, especially MDMs, and the contribution of each compartment in instigating cancer-associated inflammation or the establishment of an immuno-suppressive TME. While TAM-MG exert functions related to pro-inflammatory responses, TAM-MDM are rather involved in tissue repair and regulation of adaptive immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- Biological Science Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Jandranka Macas
- Institute of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Michels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium /German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Salamero-Boix
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- Biological Science Faculty, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Henner Farin
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium /German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Institute of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Institute of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
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10
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Niesel K, Schulz M, Anthes J, Alekseeva T, Macas J, Salamero-Boix A, Möckl A, Oberwahrenbrock T, Lolies M, Stein S, Plate KH, Reiss Y, Rödel F, Sevenich L. The immune suppressive microenvironment affects efficacy of radio-immunotherapy in brain metastasis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13412. [PMID: 33755340 PMCID: PMC8103101 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in brain metastases is characterized by high myeloid cell content associated with immune suppressive and cancer-permissive functions. Moreover, brain metastases induce the recruitment of lymphocytes. Despite their presence, T-cell-directed therapies fail to elicit effective anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we seek to evaluate the applicability of radio-immunotherapy to modulate tumor immunity and overcome inhibitory effects that diminish anti-cancer activity. Radiotherapy-induced immune modulation resulted in an increase in cytotoxic T-cell numbers and prevented the induction of lymphocyte-mediated immune suppression. Radio-immunotherapy led to significantly improved tumor control with prolonged median survival in experimental breast-to-brain metastasis. However, long-term efficacy was not observed. Recurrent brain metastases showed accumulation of blood-borne PD-L1+ myeloid cells after radio-immunotherapy indicating the establishment of an immune suppressive environment to counteract re-activated T-cell responses. This finding was further supported by transcriptional analyses indicating a crucial role for monocyte-derived macrophages in mediating immune suppression and regulating T-cell function. Therefore, selective targeting of immune suppressive functions of myeloid cells is expected to be critical for improved therapeutic efficacy of radio-immunotherapy in brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Niesel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julian Anthes
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tijna Alekseeva
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jadranka Macas
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Salamero-Boix
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aylin Möckl
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timm Oberwahrenbrock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Lolies
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Vasiljeva O, Sevenich L, Reinheckel T. Analyzing the Role of Proteases in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis Using Primary Cells from Transgenic Oncomice. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2294:275-293. [PMID: 33742409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1350-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that progression and metastasis of solid cancers is driven by the interaction of oncogene-transformed cancer cells and non-malignant host cells in the tumor stroma. In this process, the immune system contributes a complex set of highly important pro- and antitumor effects, which are not readily recapitulated by commonly used xenograft cancer models in immunodeficient mice.Therefore, we provide protocols for isolation of primary tumor cells from the MMTV-PymT mouse model for metastasizing breast cancer and their resubmission to congenic immunocompetent mice by orthotopic transplantation into the mammary gland or different routes of injection to induce organ-specific experimental metastasis, including intravenous, intracardiac, and caudal artery injection of tumor cells. Moreover, we describe protocols for sensitive detection and quantification of the metastatic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- CytomX Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Schulz M, Michels B, Niesel K, Stein S, Farin H, Rödel F, Sevenich L. Cellular and Molecular Changes of Brain Metastases-Associated Myeloid Cells during Disease Progression and Therapeutic Response. iScience 2020; 23:101178. [PMID: 32480132 PMCID: PMC7262568 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages represent the most abundant non-cancerous cells in the brain tumor microenvironment with critical functions in disease progression and therapeutic response. To date little is known about genetic programs that drive disease-associated phenotypes of microglia and macrophages in brain metastases. Here we used cytometric and transcriptomic analyses to define cellular and molecular changes of the myeloid compartment at distinct stages of brain metastasis and in response to radiotherapy. We demonstrate that genetic programming of tumor education in myeloid cells occurs early during metastatic onset and remains stable throughout tumor progression. Bulk and single cell RNA sequencing revealed distinct gene signatures in brain-resident microglia and blood-borne monocytes/macrophages during brain metastasis and in response to therapeutic intervention. Our data provide a framework for understanding the functional heterogeneity of brain metastasis-associated myeloid cells based on their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgitta Michels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Niesel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Henner Farin
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Chae WH, Niesel K, Schulz M, Klemm F, Joyce JA, Prümmer M, Brill B, Bergs J, Rödel F, Pilatus U, Sevenich L. Evaluating Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Therapeutic Response of Whole Brain Radiotherapy in a Mouse Model for Breast-to-Brain Metastasis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1324. [PMID: 31828043 PMCID: PMC6890861 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most common intracranial tumor in adults and are associated with poor patient prognosis and median survival of only a few months. Treatment options for brain metastasis patients remain limited and largely depend on surgical resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy. The development and pre-clinical testing of novel therapeutic strategies require reliable experimental models and diagnostic tools that closely mimic technologies that are used in the clinic and reflect histopathological and biochemical changes that distinguish tumor progression from therapeutic response. In this study, we sought to test the applicability of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in combination with MR imaging to closely monitor therapeutic efficacy in a breast-to-brain metastasis model. Given the importance of radiotherapy as the standard of care for the majority of brain metastases patients, we chose to monitor the post-irradiation response by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in combination with MR imaging (MRI) using a 7 Tesla small animal scanner. Radiation was applied as whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) using the image-guided Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP). Here we describe alterations in different metabolites, including creatine and N-acetylaspartate, that are characteristic for brain metastases progression and lactate, which indicates hypoxia, while choline levels remained stable. Radiotherapy resulted in normalization of metabolite levels indicating tumor stasis or regression in response to treatment. Our data indicate that the use of MR spectroscopy in addition to MRI represents a valuable tool to closely monitor not only volumetrical but also metabolic changes during tumor progression and to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of intervention strategies. Adapting the analytical technology in brain metastasis models to those used in clinical settings will increase the translational significance of experimental evaluation and thus contribute to the advancement of pre-clinical assessment of novel therapeutic strategies to improve treatment options for brain metastases patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Hyung Chae
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katja Niesel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Schulz
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of Oncology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Boris Brill
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Judith Bergs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Schulz M, Salamero-Boix A, Niesel K, Alekseeva T, Sevenich L. Microenvironmental Regulation of Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response in Brain Metastasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1713. [PMID: 31396225 PMCID: PMC6667643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are emerging as key regulators of primary tumor progression, organ-specific metastasis, and therapeutic response. In the era of TME-targeted- and immunotherapies, cancer-associated inflammation has gained increasing attention. In this regard, the brain represents a unique and highly specialized organ. It has long been regarded as an immunological sanctuary site where the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) restricts the entry of immune cells from the periphery. Consequently, tumor cells that metastasize to the brain were thought to be shielded from systemic immune surveillance and destruction. However, the detailed characterization of the immune landscape within border-associated areas of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the meninges and the choroid plexus, as well as the discovery of lymphatics and channels that connect the CNS with the periphery, have recently challenged the dogma of the immune privileged status of the brain. Moreover, the presence of brain metastases (BrM) disrupts the integrity of the BBB and BCB. Indeed, BrM induce the recruitment of different immune cells from the myeloid and lymphoid lineage to the CNS. Blood-borne immune cells together with brain-resident cell-types, such as astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, form a highly complex and dynamic TME that affects tumor cell survival and modulates the mode of immune responses that are elicited by brain metastatic tumor cells. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on heterotypic interactions within the brain metastatic TME and highlight specific functions of brain-resident and recruited cells at different rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. Based on the insight from recent studies, we will discuss new opportunities and challenges for TME-targeted and immunotherapies for BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Salamero-Boix
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katja Niesel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tijna Alekseeva
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Sevenich L. Turning "Cold" Into "Hot" Tumors-Opportunities and Challenges for Radio-Immunotherapy Against Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:163. [PMID: 30941312 PMCID: PMC6433980 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immunotherapies has revolutionized intervention strategies for a variety of primary cancers. Despite this promising progress, treatment options for primary brain cancer and brain metastasis remain limited and still largely depend on surgical resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy. The paucity in the successful development of immunotherapies for brain cancers can in part be attributed to the traditional view of the brain as an immunologically privileged site. The presence of the blood-brain barrier and the absence of lymphatic drainage were believed to restrict the entry of blood-borne immune and inflammatory cells into the central nervous system (CNS), leading to an exclusion of the brain from systemic immune surveillance. However, recent insight from pre-clinical and clinical studies on the immune landscape of brain cancers challenged this dogma. Recruitment of blood-borne immune cells into the CNS provides unprecedented opportunities for the development of tumor microenvironment (TME)-targeted or immunotherapies against primary and metastatic cancers. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that in addition to genotoxic effects, ionizing radiation represents a critical modulator of tumor-associated inflammation and synergizes with immunotherapies in adjuvant settings. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular identity of tumor-associated immune cells in primary and metastatic brain cancers and discusses underlying mechanisms by which ionizing radiation modulates the immune response. Detailed mechanistic insight into the effects of radiation on the unique immune landscape of brain cancers is essential for the development of multimodality intervention strategies in which immune-modulatory effects of radiotherapy are exploited to sensitize brain cancers to immunotherapies by converting immunologically “cold” into “hot” environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Schulz M, Niesel K, Boix AS, Chae WH, Michels B, Schaeffer A, Strecker M, Alekseeva T, Stein S, Farin H, Roedel F, Harter P, Plate K, Sevenich L. Abstract A111: Effects of ionizing radiation on brain metastasis-associated inflammation and its implication for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr18-a111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brain metastases represent the most common intracranial tumor in adults associated with poor prognosis and median survival of only a few months. Despite current success in the development of targeted or immuno-therapies against different cancer entities, those strategies are ineffective against brain metastases. Hence, treatment options for brain metastasis patients largely remain limited to surgical resection and radio- and/or chemotherapy. This paucity can in part be attributed to the immune-privileged status of the brain where the blood brain-barrier restricts the entry of blood-borne immune cells. However, recent insights into the immune landscape of primary brain cancers indicate that tumor progression leads to an infiltration of blood-borne immune cells into the brain. We employ a comprehensive set of experimental brain metastasis models to characterize the immune landscape of brain metastases from different primary cancer entities at distinct disease stages and in response to radiotherapy. Our data indicate that brain metastases induce massive infiltration of myeloid and lymphoid cell populations into the central nervous system. This leads to the establishment of a dynamic and highly complex tumor microenvironment that affects tumor progression and therapy response. Fractionated whole-brain radiotherapy leads to enhanced infiltration of blood-borne myeloid and lymphoid cells. Transcriptome analysis of brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells indicate a switch from a proinflammatory towards an immune-suppressive environment at advanced disease stages. Importantly, radiotherapy was found to induce gene signatures that are associated with proinflammatory innate immune responses that could revert the establishment of an immune-suppressive environment. Consequently, radiotherapy might sensitize brain metastases towards immuno-therapies. Our goal is to identify pathways or molecular targets that are induced by radiotherapy in the tumor microenvironment to overcome resistance against immuno-therapy. In this project, we seek to test strategies to maintain or induce proinflammatory immune responses for improved targeted or immuno-therapies against brain metastasis.
Citation Format: Michael Schulz, Katja Niesel, Anna Salamero Boix, Woon Hyung Chae, Birgitta Michels, Alexander Schaeffer, Maja Strecker, Tijna Alekseeva, Stefan Stein, Henner Farin, Franz Roedel, Patrick Harter, Karlheinz Plate, and Lisa Sevenich. Effects of ionizing radiation on brain metastasis-associated inflammation and its implication for immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katja Niesel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Salamero Boix
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Woon Hyung Chae
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Michels
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Schaeffer
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maja Strecker
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tijna Alekseeva
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Henner Farin
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franz Roedel
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Harter
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Plate
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; Edininger Institute (Institute of Neurology), KGU, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Sevenich L. Brain-Resident Microglia and Blood-Borne Macrophages Orchestrate Central Nervous System Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Brain Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:697. [PMID: 29681904 PMCID: PMC5897444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of different central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. It has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders as well as primary and metastatic brain tumors. Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, are emerging as a central player in regulating key pathways in CNS inflammation. Recent insights into neuroinflammation indicate that blood-borne immune cells represent an additional critical cellular component in mediating CNS inflammation. The lack of experimental systems that allow for discrimination between brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells has previously halted functional analysis of microglia and their blood-borne counterparts in brain malignancies. However, recent conceptual and technological advances, such as the generation of lineage tracing models and the identification of cell type-specific markers provide unprecedented opportunities to study the cellular functions of microglia and macrophages by functional interference. The use of different “omic” strategies as well as imaging techniques has significantly increased our knowledge of disease-associated gene signatures and effector functions under pathological conditions. In this review, recent developments in evaluating functions of brain-resident and recruited myeloid cells in neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancers will be discussed and unique or shared cellular traits of microglia and macrophages in different CNS disorders will be highlighted. Insight from these studies will shape our understanding of disease- and cell-type-specific effector functions of microglia or macrophages and will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention that target aberrant functions of myeloid cells in CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bowman RL, Klemm F, Akkari L, Pyonteck SM, Sevenich L, Quail DF, Dhara S, Simpson K, Gardner EE, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Brennan CW, Tabar V, Gutin PH, Joyce JA. Macrophage Ontogeny Underlies Differences in Tumor-Specific Education in Brain Malignancies. Cell Rep 2016; 17:2445-2459. [PMID: 27840052 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive transcriptional and ontogenetic diversity exists among normal tissue-resident macrophages, with unique transcriptional profiles endowing the cells with tissue-specific functions. However, it is unknown whether the origins of different macrophage populations affect their roles in malignancy. Given potential artifacts associated with irradiation-based lineage tracing, it remains unclear if bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are present in tumors of the brain, a tissue with no homeostatic involvement of BMDMs. Here, we employed multiple models of murine brain malignancy and genetic lineage tracing to demonstrate that BMDMs are abundant in primary and metastatic brain tumors. Our data indicate that distinct transcriptional networks in brain-resident microglia and recruited BMDMs are associated with tumor-mediated education yet are also influenced by chromatin landscapes established before tumor initiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that microglia specifically repress Itga4 (CD49D), enabling its utility as a discriminatory marker between microglia and BMDMs in primary and metastatic disease in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bowman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Florian Klemm
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leila Akkari
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie M Pyonteck
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Surajit Dhara
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenishana Simpson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric E Gardner
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cameron W Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philip H Gutin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sevenich L, Bowman R, Mason S, Quail D, Rapaport F, Elie B, Brogi E, Brastianos P, Hahn W, Holsinger L, Massagué J, Leslie C, Joyce JA. Abstract IA18: A brain metastasis-promoting role for cathepsin S identified from analysis of tumor- and stroma-supplied proteolytic networks. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.chtme14-ia18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer cells in an aggressive primary tumor are adept at exploiting their local tissue microenvironment. In contrast, when metastatic cells leave these favorable surroundings, they must possess or acquire traits that will allow them to survive and colonize foreign, potentially hostile tissue environments. The obstacles that metastasizing tumor cells encounter vary from organ to organ, and are highly influenced by non-cancerous stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment. For example, the blood-brain barrier, composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes, presents a far more formidable structure for tumor cells to penetrate, compared to the fenestrated capillaries in the bone marrow.
While the primary tumor microenvironment has emerged as an important regulator of cancer progression, it is less well understood how different tissue environments influence metastatic processes. We used a dual species-specific microarray platform to uncover tumor-stroma interactions that modulate organ tropism of brain, bone and lung metastasis in animal models of cancer. Among the differentially regulated tumor- and stroma-specific genes, we identified cathepsin S as a novel regulator of breast-to-brain metastasis. In breast cancer patients, high cathepsin S expression at the primary site correlated with decreased brain metastasis-free survival. Both macrophages and tumor cells produce cathepsin S, and only the combined depletion significantly reduced brain metastasis in experimental models in vivo. We show that cathepsin S specifically mediates blood-brain barrier transmigration via proteolytic processing of the junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-B. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin S significantly reduced experimental brain metastasis, supporting its consideration as a therapeutic target for this disease.
Citation Format: Lisa Sevenich, Robert Bowman, Steve Mason, Daniela Quail, Franck Rapaport, Benelita Elie, Edi Brogi, Priscilla Brastianos, William Hahn, Leslie Holsinger, Joan Massagué, Christina Leslie, Johanna A. Joyce. A brain metastasis-promoting role for cathepsin S identified from analysis of tumor- and stroma-supplied proteolytic networks. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-IA18
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | - Robert Bowman
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | - Steve Mason
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | - Daniela Quail
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | | | - Benelita Elie
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | - Edi Brogi
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
| | | | | | | | - Joan Massagué
- 1Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
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Abstract
Pericellular proteases have long been associated with cancer invasion and metastasis due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components. Recent studies demonstrate that proteases also modulate tumor progression and metastasis through highly regulated and complex processes involving cleavage, processing, or shedding of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and kinases. In this review, we address how cancer cells, together with their surrounding microenvironment, regulate pericellular proteolysis. We dissect the multitude of mechanisms by which pericellular proteases contribute to cancer progression and discuss how this knowledge can be integrated into therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
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Akkari L, Gocheva V, Kester JC, Hunter KE, Quick ML, Sevenich L, Wang HW, Peters C, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Reinheckel T, Joyce JA. Distinct functions of macrophage-derived and cancer cell-derived cathepsin Z combine to promote tumor malignancy via interactions with the extracellular matrix. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2134-50. [PMID: 25274726 PMCID: PMC4180975 DOI: 10.1101/gad.249599.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the process of tumor progression, cancer cells can produce the requisite growth- and invasion-promoting factors and can also rely on noncancerous cells in the tumor microenvironment as an alternative, cell-extrinsic source. However, whether the cellular source influences the function of such tumor-promoting factors remains an open question. Here, we examined the roles of the cathepsin Z (CtsZ) protease, which is provided by both cancer cells and macrophages in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in humans and mice. We found that tumor proliferation was exclusively regulated by cancer cell-intrinsic functions of CtsZ, whereas tumor invasion required contributions from both macrophages and cancer cells. Interestingly, several of the tumor-promoting functions of CtsZ were not dependent on its described catalytic activity but instead were mediated via the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif in the enzyme prodomain, which regulated interactions with integrins and the extracellular matrix. Together, these results underscore the complexity of interactions within the tumor microenvironment and indicate that cellular source can indeed impact molecular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Akkari
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Vasilena Gocheva
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Jemila C Kester
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Karen E Hunter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Marsha L Quick
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA
| | - Christoph Peters
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs University, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura H Tang
- Pathology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Pathology Department, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs University, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York,10065, USA;
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Pyonteck SM, Akkari L, Schuhmacher AJ, Bowman RL, Sevenich L, Quail DF, Olson OC, Quick ML, Huse JT, Teijeiro V, Setty M, Leslie CS, Oei Y, Pedraza A, Zhang J, Brennan CW, Sutton JC, Holland EC, Daniel D, Joyce JA. CSF-1R inhibition alters macrophage polarization and blocks glioma progression. Nat Med 2013; 19:1264-72. [PMID: 24056773 PMCID: PMC3840724 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1610] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) comprises several molecular subtypes including proneural GBM. Most therapeutic approaches targeting glioma cells have failed. An alternative strategy is to target cells in the glioma microenvironment, such as tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs). Macrophages depend upon colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 for differentiation and survival. A CSF-1R inhibitor was used to target TAMs in a mouse proneural GBM model, which dramatically increased survival, and regressed established tumors. CSF-1R blockade additionally slowed intracranial growth of patient-derived glioma xenografts. Surprisingly, TAMs were not depleted in treated mice. Instead, glioma-secreted factors including GM-CSF and IFN-γ facilitated TAM survival in the context of CSF-1R inhibition. Alternatively activated/ M2 macrophage markers decreased in surviving TAMs, consistent with impaired tumor-promoting functions. These gene signatures were associated with enhanced survival in proneural GBM patients. Our results identify TAMs as a promising therapeutic target for proneural gliomas, and establish the translational potential of CSF-1R inhibition for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Pyonteck
- 1] Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA. [2]
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Sevenich L, Mason S, Rapaport F, Massague J, Leslie C, Joyce J. Abstract 2844: Systems biology analysis of tumor and stromal genes in different metastatic microenvironments. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumor, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and colonize these foreign tissue environments. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment.
Our goal is to dissect organ-site specific signatures of tumor-stroma interactions in metastasis. In this approach we devised an experimental and computational strategy to enable the simultaneous analysis of tumor and stromal genes in lesions from three distinct metastatic microenvironments. We took advantage of a recently developed system where organ-site specific metastatic variants were selected in vivo from a parental breast cancer cell line and home to the brain, the bone and the lung in xenografted animals. An important technological advance is the HuMu ProtIn (Protease/Inhibitor) array that was designed to distinguish between human (Hu) and mouse (Mu) gene expression. By using the HuMu ProtIn array we can determine whether differentially expressed proteases and endogenous protease inhibitors are of tumor (human) or stromal (mouse) origin. This allowed us to simultaneously capture the tumor and stromal contributions in intact tumors.
After profiling of brain, bone and lung metastases at different stages of development we employed knock-down and knock-out strategies to experimentally validate the biological relevance of predicted candidate genes including the serine protease Htra1 and the cysteine protease cathepsin S. Cathepsin S represents an interesting example as the expression of tumor-derived cathepsin S decreases during the progression from early to late brain metastasis, whereas the expression of stromal-derived cathepsin S increases over time. Targeting either tumor- or stromal derived cathepsin S did not significantly prolong tumor-free survival, however the combined ablation of tumor- and stromal derived cathepsin S resulted in a dramatic impairment of brain metastasis formation.
This study emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the complex reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and stromal cells with the ultimate goal to improve the predictive value of prognostic evaluation and to develop combination therapies that target the tumor along with its microenvironment.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2844. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2844
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Steve Mason
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Joan Massague
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Johanna Joyce
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Sevenich L, Hagemann S, Stoeckle C, Tolosa E, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Expression of human cathepsin L or human cathepsin V in mouse thymus mediates positive selection of T helper cells in cathepsin L knock-out mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:1674-80. [PMID: 20347002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A genetic deficiency of the cysteine protease cathepsin L (Ctsl) in mice results in impaired positive selection of conventional CD4+ T helper cells as a result of an incomplete processing of the MHC class II associated invariant chain or incomplete proteolytic generation of positively selecting peptide ligands. The human genome encodes, in contrast to the mouse genome, for two cathepsin L proteases, namely cathepsin L (CTSL) and cathepsin V (CTSV; alternatively cathepsin L2). In the human thymic cortex, CTSV is the predominately expressed protease as compared to CTSL or other cysteine cathepsins. In order to analyze the functions of CTSL and CTSV in the positive selection of CD4+ T cells we employed Ctsl knock-out mice crossed either with transgenic mice expressing CTSL under the control of its genuine human promoter or with transgenic mice expressing CTSV under the control of the keratin 14 (K14) promoter, which drives expression to the cortical epithelium. Both human proteases are expressed in the thymus of the transgenic mice, and independent expression of both CTSL and CTSV rescues the reduced frequency of CD4+ T cells in Ctsl-deficient mice. Moreover, the expression of the human cathepsins does not change the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, but the normalization of the frequency of conventional CD4+ T cell in the transgenic mice results in a rebalancing of conventional T cells and regulatory T cells. We conclude that the functional differences of CTSL and CTSV in vivo are not mainly determined by their inherent biochemical properties, but rather by their tissue specific expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 17, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
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Schurigt U, Sevenich L, Vannier C, Gajda M, Schwinde A, Werner F, Stahl A, von Elverfeldt D, Becker AK, Bogyo M, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Trial of the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor JPM-OEt on early and advanced mammary cancer stages in the MMTV-PyMT-transgenic mouse model. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1067-74. [PMID: 18710344 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest proteases of the papain-like cysteine cathepsin family as molecular targets for cancer therapy. Here, we report the treatment of polyoma middle T oncogene-induced breast cancers in mice with the cell-permeable broad-spectrum cysteine cathepsin inhibitor JPM-OEt. Up to 100 mg/kg inhibitor was intraperitoneally injected once per day in two trials on early and advanced cancers. In both trials, transient delays in tumour growth were observed. However, at the endpoint of both experiments no significant differences in tumour weights, histopathology and lung metastasis were found between the inhibitor and the control group. The invasive strand formation of collagen I-embedded tumour cell spheroids generated from primary tumours of inhibitor-treated mice in the early cancer trial could be inhibited in vitro by JPM-OEt; a result arguing against induction of resistance to the inhibitor. Measurement of cysteine cathepsin activities in tissue extracts after intraperitoneal injection of JPM-OEt revealed effective inhibition of cysteine cathepsins in pancreas, kidneys and liver, while activities in mammary cancers and in lungs were not significantly affected. We conclude that the pharmacokinetic properties of JPM-OEt, which result in poor bioavailability, may prohibit its use for stand-alone treatment of solid mammary cancers and their lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Schurigt
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Schurigt U, Sevenich L, Vannier C, Gajda M, Schwinde A, Werner F, Stahl A, von Elverfeldt D, Becker AK, Bogyo M, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Trial of the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor JPM-OEt on early and advanced mammary cancer stages in the MMTV-PyMT-transgenic mouse model. Biol Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.115_bchm.just-accepted] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vasiljeva O, Korovin M, Gajda M, Brodoefel H, Bojic L, Krüger A, Schurigt U, Sevenich L, Turk B, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Reduced tumour cell proliferation and delayed development of high-grade mammary carcinomas in cathepsin B-deficient mice. Oncogene 2008; 27:4191-9. [PMID: 18345026 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Expression levels of the papain-like cysteine protease cathepsin B (Ctsb) have been positively correlated with mammary tumour progression and metastasis; however, its roles in the hallmark processes of malignant growth remain poorly defined. Using Ctsb-deficient mice we investigated tumour cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in the Tg(MMTV-PyMT) mouse mammary cancer model. Absence of Ctsb significantly impaired development of high-grade invasive ductal carcinomas and reduced the metastatic burden in the lungs. Mice lacking Ctsb exhibited reduced cell proliferation in mammary carcinomas and their lung metastases. Notably, intravenous injection of primarily isolated, Ctsb-expressing tumour cells into congenic Ctsb-deficient mice revealed impaired cell proliferation in the resulting experimental lung metastases, providing evidence for the involvement of Ctsb in paracrine regulation of cancer cell proliferation. No Ctsb genotype-dependent difference in tumour cell death was observed in vivo or by treatment of isolated PyMT cancer cells with tumour necrosis factor-alpha. However, cancer cells lacking Ctsb exhibited significantly higher resistance to apoptosis induction by the lysosomotropic agent Leu-Leu-OMe. Thus, our results indicate an in vivo role for Ctsb in promoting cellular anaplasia in mammary cancers and proliferation in lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Vasiljeva
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Sevenich L, Pennacchio LA, Peters C, Reinheckel T. Human cathepsin L rescues the neurodegeneration and lethality in cathepsin B/L double-deficient mice. Biol Chem 2006; 387:885-91. [PMID: 16913838 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) and cathepsin L (CTSL) are two widely expressed cysteine proteases thought to predominantly reside within lysosomes. Functional analysis of CTSL in humans is complicated by the existence of two CTSL-like homologs (CTSL and CTSL2), in contrast to mice, which possess only one CTSL enzyme. Thus, transgenic expression of human CTSL in CTSL-deficient mice provides an opportunity to study the in vivo functions of this human protease without interference by its highly related homolog. While mice with single-gene deficiencies for murine CTSB or CTSL survive without apparent neuromuscular impairment, murine CTSB/CTSL double-deficient mice display degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and neurons of the cerebral cortex, resulting in severe hypotrophy, motility defects, and lethality during their third to fourth week of life. Here we show that expression of human CTSL through a genomic transgene results in widespread expression of human CTSL in the mouse that is capable of rescuing the lethality found in CTSB/CTSL double-deficient animals. Human CTSL is expressed in the brain of these compound mutants, predominantly in neurons of the cerebral cortex and in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, where it appears to prevent neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin und Zellforschung, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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