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Schellenberg D, Gabos Z, Duimering A, Debenham BJ, Fairchild A, Huang F, Rowe L, Severin DM, Giuliani M, Bezjak A, Lok BH, Raman S, Chung P, Zhao Y, Ho C, Lock MI, Louie A, Lefresne S, Carolan H, Liu MC, Yau V, Ye AY, Olson RA, Mou B, Mohamed IG, Petrik DW, Dosani M, Pai HH, Valev B, Gaede S, Warner A, Palma DA. Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Oligo-Progressive Cancers: Results of the Randomized Phase II STOP Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:S58. [PMID: 37784530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) In the metastatic setting, there is uncertain benefit to localized eradication of one or more lesions that are progressing despite systemic therapy. This randomized phase II trial examined if patients with ≤5 sites of oligoprogression benefited from the addition of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) to standard of care (SOC) systemic therapy. MATERIALS/METHODS Eligibility criteria included age ≥18 years, ECOG performance status 0-2, and oligoprogressive disease, defined as 1-5 lesions actively progressing while on systemic therapy. Patients were required to have at least 3 months of disease stability/response on systemic therapy prior to oligoprogression. After stratifying by type of systemic therapy (cytotoxic vs. non-cytotoxic), patients were randomized 2:1 to SABR to all progressing lesions plus SOC (SABR arm) vs. SOC alone (SOC arm). The trial began exclusive to non-small cell lung cancer but did not meet accrual goals and was expanded in 2019 to include all non-hematologic malignancies. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), lesional control, quality of life (QOL), toxicity, and duration of current systemic agent post-SABR. RESULTS Between February 2017 and June 2021, 90 patients with 125 oligoprogressive metastases were enrolled across 8 Canadian institutions, with 59 patients randomized to SABR and 31 to SOC. Median age was 67 years (IQR: 61-73 years) and 39 (43%) were female. The most common primary sites were lung (44% of patients), genitourinary (23%) and breast (13%), with the most common oligo-progressive locations being lung (43%), bone (19%), lymph nodes (14%), and liver (13%). In the SABR arm, the most common fractionations were 35 Gy/5 (38% of lesions) and 50 Gy/5 (18%). Protocol adherence in the SOC arm was suboptimal: 3 patients (10%) withdrew immediately after randomization, and 7 additional patients (23%) received high-dose or ablative therapies. Median follow-up was 31 months. There was no difference in PFS between arms (median PFS 8.4 months in the SABR arm vs. 4.3 months in the SOC arm; however, the curves cross and 2-year PFS was 9% vs. 24% respectively, p = 0.91). Median OS was 31.2 months vs. 27.4 months, respectively (p = 0.22). Lesional control with SABR was 71% vs. 39% with SOC (p = 0.002). Median duration of post-randomization first-line systemic therapy was 10.3 months vs. 7.6 months, respectively (p = 0.71). Treatment was well-tolerated with 2 (3.4%) grade 3 treatment-related toxicities in the SABR arm and no grade 4/5 related events in either arm. QOL did not differ between arms. CONCLUSION Despite being a well-tolerated treatment providing superior lesional control, SABR for oligoprogression did not improve PFS or OS. Results may have been impacted by withdrawals and desire for ablative treatments on the SOC arm, and this lack of equipoise may make accrual to phase III trials difficult, although larger studies in select sub-populations are desired. (NCT02756793).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z Gabos
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - F Huang
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L Rowe
- Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - D M Severin
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M Giuliani
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Bezjak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B H Lok
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Raman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Y Zhao
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - C Ho
- BC Cancer - Fraser Valley, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - M I Lock
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Louie
- Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, TORONTO, ON, Canada
| | - S Lefresne
- BC Cancer Vancouver, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - M C Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, BC Cancer - Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - V Yau
- BC Cancer - Centre for the North, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - A Y Ye
- University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - R A Olson
- BC Cancer - Prince George, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - B Mou
- BC Cancer - Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - M Dosani
- BC Cancer - Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - H H Pai
- BC Cancer - Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - B Valev
- BC Cancer - Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - S Gaede
- Department of Medical Physics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Warner
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - D A Palma
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Arnqvist G, Rowe L. Ecology, the pace-of-life, epistatic selection and the maintenance of genetic variation in life-history genes. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4713-4724. [PMID: 37386734 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary genetics has long struggled with understanding how functional genes under selection remain polymorphic in natural populations. Taking as a starting point that natural selection is ultimately a manifestation of ecological processes, we spotlight an underemphasized and potentially ubiquitous ecological effect that may have fundamental effects on the maintenance of genetic variation. Negative frequency dependency is a well-established emergent property of density dependence in ecology, because the relative profitability of different modes of exploiting or utilizing limiting resources tends to be inversely proportional to their frequency in a population. We suggest that this may often generate negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) on major effect loci that affect rate-dependent physiological processes, such as metabolic rate, that are phenotypically manifested as polymorphism in pace-of-life syndromes. When such a locus under NFDS shows stable intermediate frequency polymorphism, this should generate epistatic selection potentially involving large numbers of loci with more minor effects on life-history (LH) traits. When alternative alleles at such loci show sign epistasis with a major effect locus, this associative NFDS will promote the maintenance of polygenic variation in LH genes. We provide examples of the kind of major effect loci that could be involved and suggest empirical avenues that may better inform us on the importance and reach of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Swedish Collegium of Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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De Lisle SP, Rowe L. Condition dependence and the paradox of missing plasticity costs. Evol Lett 2023; 7:67-78. [PMID: 37033877 PMCID: PMC10078974 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractPhenotypic plasticity plays a key role in adaptation to changing environments. However, plasticity is neither perfect nor ubiquitous, implying that fitness costs may limit the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in nature. The measurement of such costs of plasticity has proved elusive; decades of experiments show that fitness costs of plasticity are often weak or nonexistent. Here, we show that this paradox could potentially be explained by condition dependence. We develop two models differing in their assumptions about how condition dependence arises; both models show that variation in condition can readily mask costs of plasticity even when such costs are substantial. This can be shown simply in a model where plasticity itself evolves condition dependence, which would be expected if costly. Yet similar effects emerge from an alternative model where trait expression itself is condition-dependent. In this more complex model, the average condition in each environment and genetic covariance in condition across environments both determine when costs of plasticity can be revealed. Analogous to the paradox of missing trade-offs between life history traits, our models show that variation in condition can mask costs of plasticity even when costs exist, and suggest this conclusion may be robust to the details of how condition affects trait expression. Our models suggest that condition dependence can also account for the often-observed pattern of elevated plasticity costs inferred in stressful environments, the maintenance of genetic variance in plasticity, and provides insight into experimental and biological scenarios ideal for revealing a cost of phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Corresponding author: Department of Environmental and Life Science, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, Karlstad 651 88, Sweden.
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Armisén D, Viala S, da Rocha Silva Cordeiro I, Crumière AJJ, Hendaoui E, Le Bouquin A, Duchemin W, Santos E, Toubiana W, Vargas-Lowman A, Floriano CFB, Polhemus DA, Wang YH, Rowe L, Moreira FFF, Khila A. Transcriptome-based phylogeny of the semi-aquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) reveals patterns of lineage expansion in a series of new adaptive zones. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6767906. [PMID: 36269732 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Key innovations enable access to new adaptive zones and are often linked to increased species diversification. As such, innovations have attracted much attention, yet their concrete consequences on the subsequent evolutionary trajectory and diversification of the bearing lineages remain unclear. Water striders and relatives (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) represent a monophyletic lineage of insects that transitioned to live on the water-air interface and that diversified to occupy ponds, puddles, streams, mangroves and even oceans. This lineage offers an excellent model to study the patterns and processes underlying species diversification following the conquest of new adaptive zones. However, such studies require a reliable and comprehensive phylogeny of the infraorder. Based on whole transcriptomic datasets of 97 species and fossil records, we reconstructed a new phylogeny of the Gerromorpha that resolved inconsistencies and uncovered strong support for previously unknown relationships between some important taxa. We then used this phylogeny to reconstruct the ancestral state of a set of adaptations associated with water surface invasion (fluid locomotion, dispersal and transition to saline waters) and sexual dimorphism. Our results uncovered important patterns and dynamics of phenotypic evolution, revealing how the initial event of water surface invasion enabled multiple subsequent transitions to new adaptive zones on the water surfaces. This phylogeny and the associated transcriptomic datasets constitute highly valuable resources, making Gerromorpha an attractive model lineage to study phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Armisén
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Séverine Viala
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Antonin Jean Johan Crumière
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elisa Hendaoui
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Augustin Le Bouquin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Wandrille Duchemin
- Center for Scientific Computing (sciCORE), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Santos
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - William Toubiana
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aidamalia Vargas-Lowman
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Dan A Polhemus
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817 USA
| | - Yan-Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | | | - Abderrahman Khila
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Abstract
Sexual selection has the potential to decrease mean fitness in a population through an array of costs to nonsexual fitness. These costs may be offset when sexual selection favors individuals with high nonsexual fitness, causing the alignment of sexual and natural selection. We review the many laboratory experiments that have manipulated mating systems aimed at quantifying the net effects of sexual selection on mean fitness. These must be interpreted in light of population history and the diversity of ways manipulations have altered sexual interactions, sexual conflict, and sexual and natural selection. Theory and data suggest a net benefit is more likely when sexually concordant genetic variation is enhanced and that ecological context can mediate the relative importance of these different effects. Comparative studies have independently examined the consequences of sexual selection for population/species persistence. These provide little indication of a benefit, and interpreting these higher-level responses is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Howard D. Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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6
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Patel K, Rowe L, Schott E, Zgela T, Ning H, Turkbey B, Choyke P, Lindenberg L, Pinto P, Wood B, Sowalsky A, Shih J, Salerno K, Citrin D. A Phase I Trial of Highly Conformal, Hypofractionated Post Prostatectomy Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Patel S, Amanie J, Murtha A, Rowe L, Easaw J, Young K, Vos L, Ghosh S, Roa W. A Randomized Trial of Short-Course Versus Conventional Radiotherapy With Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide in Patients 18 to 70 Years of Age With Glioblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Arnqvist G, Grieshop K, Hotzy C, Rönn J, Polak M, Rowe L. Direct and indirect effects of male genital elaboration in female seed beetles. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211068. [PMID: 34229496 PMCID: PMC8261210 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of coevolution between male genitalia and female traits remains incomplete. This is perhaps especially true for genital traits that cause internal injuries in females, such as the spiny genitalia of seed beetles where males with relatively long spines enjoy a high relative fertilization success. We report on a new set of experiments, based on extant selection lines, aimed at assessing the effects of long male spines on females in Callosobruchus maculatus. We first draw on an earlier study using microscale laser surgery, and demonstrate that genital spines have a direct negative (sexually antagonistic) effect on female fecundity. We then ask whether artificial selection for long versus short spines resulted in direct or indirect effects on female lifetime offspring production. Reference females mating with males from long-spine lines had higher offspring production, presumably due to an elevated allocation in males to those ejaculate components that are beneficial to females. Remarkably, selection for long male genital spines also resulted in an evolutionary increase in female offspring production as a correlated response. Our findings thus suggest that female traits that affect their response to male spines are both under direct selection to minimize harm but are also under indirect selection (a good genes effect), consistent with the evolution of mating and fertilization biases being affected by several simultaneous processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Grieshop
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cosima Hotzy
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rönn
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michal Polak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala University, 752 38 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Punzalan D, Fang JT, Chen W, Rowe L. Divergence in life history and behaviour between hybridizing Phymata ambush bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Life-history variation plays a central role in evolutionary and ecological processes and might be especially pertinent to divergence in closely related species. We investigated differences in life history in a pair of parapatric species of ambush bugs (Phymata) and a putative hybrid population. Despite the evidence of gene flow among these species, we found clear divergence between these parapatric populations for a suite of juvenile and adult life-history traits, including components of fitness. The higher latitude species was also less active, suggestive of potential divergence in dispersal. Increased melanism was correlated with longevity in one species, although it was unclear whether this relationship was causal. Observed differences in the life history between species were consistent with expectations of high-latitude species putting a premium on early or rapid development and increased reproductive rates. However, these results were not consistent with ‘pace-of-life syndromes’ at the species level. Individuals from the putative hybrid zone exhibited intermediate values for most traits, although they had slower development and reduced mobility, consistent with some previous work suggesting natural selection via hybrid breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Punzalan
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia T Fang
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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De Lisle SP, Punzalan D, Rollinson N, Rowe L. Extinction and the temporal distribution of macroevolutionary bursts. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:380-390. [PMID: 33205504 PMCID: PMC7983991 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic evolution through deep time is slower than expected from microevolutionary rates. This is the paradox of stasis. Previous models suggest stasis occurs because populations track adaptive peaks that remain relatively stable on million‐year intervals, raising the equally perplexing question of why these large changes are so rare. Here, we consider the possibility that peaks can move more rapidly than populations can adapt, resulting in extinction. We model peak movement with explicit population dynamics, parameterized with published microevolutionary estimates. Allowing extinction greatly increases the parameter space of peak movements that yield the appearance of stasis observed in real data through deep time. Extreme peak displacements, regardless of their frequency, will rarely result in an equivalent degree of trait evolution because of extinction. Thus, larger peak displacements will rarely be inferred using trait data from extant species or observed in fossil records. Our work highlights population ecology as an important contributor to macroevolutionary dynamics, presenting an alternative perspective on the paradox of stasis, where apparent constraint on phenotypic evolution in deep time reflects our restricted view of the subset of earth's lineages that were fortunate enough to reside on relatively stable peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Punzalan
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Zhang VM, Punzalan D, Rowe L. Climate change has different predicted effects on the range shifts of two hybridizing ambush bug ( Phymata, Family Reduviidae, Order Hemiptera) species. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12036-12048. [PMID: 33209268 PMCID: PMC7664010 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A universal attribute of species is that their distributions are limited by numerous factors that may be difficult to quantify. Furthermore, climate change-induced range shifts have been reported in many taxa, and understanding the implications of these shifts remains a priority and a challenge. Here, we use Maxent to predict current suitable habitat and to project future distributions of two closely related, parapatrically distributed Phymata species in light of anthropogenic climate change. LOCATION North America. TAXON Phymata americana Melin 1930 and Phymata pennsylvanica Handlirsch 1897, Family: Reduviidae, Order: Hemiptera. METHODS We used the maximum entropy modeling software Maxent to identify environmental variables maintaining the distribution of two Phymata species, Phymata americana and Phymata pennsylvanica. Species occurrence data were collected from museum databases, and environmental data were collected from WorldClim. Once we gathered distribution maps for both species, we created binary suitability maps of current distributions. To predict future distributions in 2050 and 2070, the same environmental variables were used, this time under four different representative concentration pathways: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5; as well, binary suitability maps of future distributions were also created. To visualize potential future hybridization, the degree of overlap between the two Phymata species was calculated. RESULTS The strongest predictor to P. americana ranges was the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, while precipitation of the driest month and mean temperature of the warmest quarter were strong predictors of P. pennsylvanica ranges. Future ranges for P. americana are predicted to increase northwestward at higher CO2 concentrations. Suitable ranges for P. pennsylvanica are predicted to decrease with slight fluctuations around range edges. There is an increase in overlapping ranges of the two species in all future predictions. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These evidences for different environmental requirements for P. americana and P. pennsylvanica account for their distinct ranges. Because these species are ecologically similar and can hybridize, climate change has potentially important eco-evolutionary ramifications. Overall, our results are consistent with effects of climate change that are highly variable across species, geographic regions, and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TorontoMississaugaONCanada
| | - David Punzalan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCCanada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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Sanghera K, Kim J, Ghosh S, McDonald M, Ong A, Koul R, Dubey A, Ahmed S, Quon H, Yee D, Sivananthan G, Danielson B, Rowe L, Rose J, Hunter W, Usmani N. Interim Analysis of a Phase II Multi-institution Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial the PREMIUM trial (PREvention of Metabolic Syndrome and Increased weight Using Metformin concurrent to ADT and EBRT for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Reilly JR, Artz DR, Biddinger D, Bobiwash K, Boyle NK, Brittain C, Brokaw J, Campbell JW, Daniels J, Elle E, Ellis JD, Fleischer SJ, Gibbs J, Gillespie RL, Gundersen KB, Gut L, Hoffman G, Joshi N, Lundin O, Mason K, McGrady CM, Peterson SS, Pitts-Singer TL, Rao S, Rothwell N, Rowe L, Ward KL, Williams NM, Wilson JK, Isaacs R, Winfree R. Crop production in the USA is frequently limited by a lack of pollinators. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200922. [PMID: 33043867 PMCID: PMC7423660 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the world's crops depend on pollinators, so declines in both managed and wild bees raise concerns about food security. However, the degree to which insect pollination is actually limiting current crop production is poorly understood, as is the role of wild species (as opposed to managed honeybees) in pollinating crops, particularly in intensive production areas. We established a nationwide study to assess the extent of pollinator limitation in seven crops at 131 locations situated across major crop-producing areas of the USA. We found that five out of seven crops showed evidence of pollinator limitation. Wild bees and honeybees provided comparable amounts of pollination for most crops, even in agriculturally intensive regions. We estimated the nationwide annual production value of wild pollinators to the seven crops we studied at over $1.5 billion; the value of wild bee pollination of all pollinator-dependent crops would be much greater. Our findings show that pollinator declines could translate directly into decreased yields or production for most of the crops studied, and that wild species contribute substantially to pollination of most study crops in major crop-producing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Reilly
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - D. R. Artz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - D. Biddinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, PA 17307, USA
| | - K. Bobiwash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6Canada
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2Canada
| | - N. K. Boyle
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - C. Brittain
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J. Brokaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
| | - J. W. Campbell
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Sidney, MT 59270, USA
| | - J. Daniels
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - E. Elle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6Canada
| | - J. D. Ellis
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - S. J. Fleischer
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J. Gibbs
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2Canada
| | - R. L. Gillespie
- Agriculture and Natural Resource Program, Wenatchee Valley College, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - K. B. Gundersen
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - L. Gut
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - G. Hoffman
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - N. Joshi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - O. Lundin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Mason
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - C. M. McGrady
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - T. L. Pitts-Singer
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - S. Rao
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
| | - N. Rothwell
- Northwest Michigan Horticultural Research Center, Michigan State University, Traverse City, MI 49684, USA
| | - L. Rowe
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - K. L. Ward
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, CA 95389, USA
| | - N. M. Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J. K. Wilson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - R. Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - R. Winfree
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Boughey P, Jones C, Williams V, Rowe L, Marchant A, Lacey E, Evans B, Morcam C, Webb N, Davies R, Smith E, Shankland H, Leopold N, Harris W, Hudson C, Edwards R. Integrated care of older people (iCOP): an service delivering comprehensive geriatric assessment on the acute assessment unit at Singleton Hospital. Physiotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2020.03.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Krauze AV, Megan M, Theresa CZ, Peter M, Shih JH, Tofilon PJ, Rowe L, Gilbert M, Camphausen K. The addition of Valproic acid to concurrent radiation therapy and temozolomide improves patient outcome: a Correlative analysis of RTOG 0525, SEER and a Phase II NCI trial. Cancer Stud Ther 2020; 5. [PMID: 34621499 PMCID: PMC8494241 DOI: 10.31038/cst.2020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES Valproic Acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic agent with HDACi (histone deacetylase inhibitor) activity shown to radiosensitize glioblastoma (GBM) cells. We evaluated the addition of VPA to standard radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) in an open-label, phase II study (NCI-06-C-0112). The intent of the current study was to compare our patient outcomes with modern era standard of care data (RTOG 0525) and general population data (SEER 2006-2013). MATERIALS/METHODS 37 patients with newly diagnosed GBM were treated in a phase II NCI trial with daily VPA (25 mg/kg) in addition to concurrent RT and TMZ (2006 - 2013) and 411 patients with newly diagnosed GBM were treated in the standard TMZ dose arm of RTOG 0525 (2006 - 2008). Using the SEER database, adult patients (age > 15) with diagnostic codes 9440-9443 (third edition (IDC-O-3) diagnosed between 2006 - 2013 were identified and 6083 were included in the analysis. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS and PFS. The effect of patient characteristics and clinical factors on OS and PFS was analyzed using univariate analysis and a Cox regression model. A landmark analysis was performed to correlate recurrence to OS and conditional probabilities of surviving an additional 12 months at diagnosis, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months were calculated for both the trial data and the SEER data. RESULTS Updated median OS in the NCI cohort was 30.9m (22.2- 65.6m), compared to RTOG 0525 18.9m (16.8-20.3m) (p= 0.007) and the SEER cohort of 11m. Median PFS in the NCI cohort was 11.1m (6.6 - 49.6m) compared to RTOG 0525 with a median PFS of 7.5m (6.9-8.2m) (p = 0.004). Younger age, class V RPA and MGMT status were significant for PFS in both the NCI cohort and the RTOG 0525 cohort, in addition KPS was also significant for OS. In comparison to RTOG 0525, the population in the NCI cohort had a more favorable KPS and RPA, and a higher proportion of patients receiving bevacizumab after protocol therapy however with the exception of RPA (V) (8% vs 18%) (0.026), the effects of these factors on PFS and OS were not significantly different between the two cohorts. CONCLUSION Previously reported improvements in PFS and OS with the addition of VPA to concurrent RT and TMZ in the NCI phase II study were confirmed by comparison to both a trial population receiving standard of care (RTOG 0525) and a contemporary SEER cohort. These results provide further justification of a phase III trial of VPA/RT/TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Krauze
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mackey Megan
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cooley-Zgela Theresa
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mathen Peter
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J H Shih
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Rowe
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gilbert
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Rollinson N, Nilsson-Örtman V, Rowe L. Density-dependent offspring interactions do not explain macroevolutionary scaling of adult size and offspring size. Evolution 2019; 73:2162-2174. [PMID: 31487043 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most life forms exhibit a correlated evolution of adult size (AS) and size at independence (SI), giving rise to AS-SI scaling relationships. Theory suggests that scaling arises because relatively large adults have relatively high reproductive output, resulting in strong density-dependent competition in early life, where large size at independence provides a competitive advantage to juveniles. The primary goal of our study is to test this density hypothesis, using large datasets that span the vertebrate tree of life (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Our secondary goal is to motivate new hypotheses for AS-SI scaling by exploring how subtle variation in life-histories among closely related species is associated with variation in scaling. Our phylogenetically informed comparisons do not support the density hypothesis. Instead, exploration of AS-SI scaling among life-history variants suggests that steeper AS-SI scaling slopes are associated with evolutionary increases in size at independence. We suggest that a positive association between size at independence and juvenile growth rate may represent an important mechanism underlying AS-SI scaling, a mechanism that has been underappreciated by theorists. If faster juvenile growth is a consequence of evolutionary increases in size at independence, this may help offset the cost of delayed maturation, leading to steeper AS-SI scaling slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Viktor Nilsson-Örtman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, 752 38, Sweden
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17
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Salerno K, Graff A, Silver T, Schott E, Shankavaram U, Cooley-Zgela T, Rowe L, Citrin D. Bone Mineral Density Changes in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy and External Beam Radiation Therapy: Hip and Spine Comparison. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Sowalsky A, Turkbey B, Trostel S, Shankavaram U, Carrabba N, Sater H, Lake R, Rowe L, Cooley-Zgela T, Schott E, Zhang H, Pinto P, Wood B, Liu S, Davicioni E, Choyke P, Citrin D. Integrated Radiogenomic Subtyping and Treatment Response of Intermediate and High Risk Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Mandia J, Ning H, Salerno K, Escorcia F, Citrin D, Rowe L. Image Guidance in Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Results of Patterns of Practice Survey. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Mandia J, Ning H, Salerno K, Escorcia F, Citrin D, Rowe L. Bowel and Bladder Reproducibility in Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Results of Patterns of Practice Survey. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Scaife J, Boughey P, Jones C, Williams V, Rowe L, Marchant A, Lacey E, Rees O, Morcam C, Webb N, Davies R, Smith E, Leopold N, Harris W, Hudson C, Edwards R. 20INTEGRATED CARE OF OLDER PEOPLE (ICOP): A NEW SERVICE DELIVERING COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT (CGA) ON THE ACUTE ASSESSMENT UNIT AT SINGLETON HOSPITAL: RESULTS OF 2 PDSA CYCLES. Age Ageing 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afz055.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Scaife
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - P Boughey
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - C Jones
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - V Williams
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - L Rowe
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - A Marchant
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - E Lacey
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - O Rees
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - C Morcam
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - N Webb
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - R Davies
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - E Smith
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - N Leopold
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - W Harris
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - C Hudson
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
| | - R Edwards
- Department of Medicine for Older People, Singleton Hospital
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Jordan N, Das S, Maywald A, King G, Rowe L, Vincent R, Koufariotis V, McElhinney J, Zentner D, Burchill L. How do We Extend the Reach of Cardiac Coaching to Those That Need It Most? – Factors Affecting Recruitment into the HARP Cardiac Coaching Programme at RMH. Heart Lung Circ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Searcy C, Gilbert B, Krkošek M, Rowe L, McCauley S. Positive correlation between dispersal and body size in Green Frogs (Rana clamitans) naturally colonizing an experimental landscape. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dispersers are often assumed to have the mean phenotype observed across the entire metapopulation, despite growing evidence of dispersal–phenotype correlations. We examined three dispersal–phenotype correlations in Green Frogs (Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 = Lithobates clamitans (Latreille, 1801)). Two were in traits that have been previously tied to fitness (body size and body condition), while a third (relative hindlimb length) has been linked to movement performance. We constructed a spatially dispersed array of experimental ponds in close proximity to source ponds known to support Green Frog breeding populations. Over the course of two breeding seasons (four sampling periods), we measured phenotypes of all Green Frogs that had colonized the experimental ponds and a sample of individuals from the source ponds. After only 1 month, a positive correlation was detected between dispersal and body size within the population of dispersers occupying the experimental ponds. After a 2nd month, this positive dispersal – body size correlation was also present when comparing the population of dispersers to the population of nondispersers remaining at the source ponds. Even if generated solely by plasticity, a positive correlation between dispersal and body size (a trait tightly linked to fitness) has the ability to alter metapopulation capacity and thus the probability of regional species persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Searcy
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - B. Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - M. Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - L. Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - S.J. McCauley
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
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Horn A, Smith C, Harmon S, Ning H, Pomper M, Schott E, Cooley-Zgela T, Choyke P, Mena Gonzalez E, Turkbey B, Citrin D, Lindenberg L, Rowe L. Evaluating Patterns of Prostate Cancer Recurrence on 18F-DCFBC PET/CT Imaging in Relationship to RTOG Consensus Post-prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Treatment Volumes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Smith C, Chaurasia A, Harmon S, Rowe L, Greer M, Valle L, Choyke P, Citrin D, Turkbey B. Associations between MRI Findings and Urinary Tract Symptoms after IMRT for Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Sexual conflict can lead to rapid and continuous coevolution between females and males, without any inputs from varying ecology. Yet both the degree of conflict and selection on antagonistic traits are known to be sensitive to local ecological conditions. This leads to the longstanding question: to what extent does variation in ecological context drive sexually antagonistic coevolution? In water striders, there is much information about the impacts of ecological factors on conflict, and about patterns of antagonistic coevolution. However, the connection between the two is poorly understood. Here, we first review the multiple ways in which ecological context might affect the coevolutionary trajectory of the sexes. We then review ecological and coevolutionary patterns in water striders, and connections between them, in light of theory and new data. Our analysis suggests that ecological variation does impact observed patterns of antagonistic coevolution, but highlights significant uncertainty due to the multiple pathways by which ecological factors can influence conflict and its evolutionary outcome. To the extent that water striders are a reasonable reflection of other systems, this observation serves as both an opportunity and a warning: there is much to learn, but gaining insight may be a daunting process in many systems.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Perry
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3XZ, UK
- Jesus College, Oxford OX1 3DW, UK
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada M5S 3B2
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27
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Rundle HD, Rowe L. The contribution of sexual selection to ecological and mutation-order speciation. Evolution 2018; 72:2571-2575. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard D. Rundle
- Department of Biology; University of Ottawa; 30 Marie Curie Priv. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
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29
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De Lisle SP, Paiva S, Rowe L. Habitat partitioning during character displacement between the sexes. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0124. [PMID: 29925563 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological differences between the sexes are often interpreted as evidence of within-species ecological character displacement (ECD), a hypothesis with almost no direct tests. Here, we experimentally test two predictions that are direct corollaries of ECD between the sexes, in a salamander. First, we find support for the prediction that each sex has a growth rate advantage in the aquatic microhabitat where it is most commonly found. Second, we test the prediction that selection for ECD in the breeding environment may affect partial migration out of this environment. We found that phenotype-dependent migration resulted in a shift in the phenotypic distribution across treatments, with the highest sexual dimorphism occurring among residents at high founding density, suggesting that migration and ECD can both be driven by competition. Our work illustrates how complex patterns of habitat partitioning evolve during ECD between the sexes and suggest ECD and partial migration can interact to effect both ecological dynamics and evolution of sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Paiva
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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30
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. Oxygen Limitation at the Larval Stage and the Evolution of Maternal Investment per Offspring in Aquatic Environments. Am Nat 2018; 191:604-619. [DOI: 10.1086/696857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. Temperature-dependent oxygen limitation and the rise of Bergmann's rule in species with aquatic respiration. Evolution 2018; 72:977-988. [PMID: 29466603 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bergmann's rule is the propensity for species-mean body size to decrease with increasing temperature. Temperature-dependent oxygen limitation has been hypothesized to help drive temperature-size relationships among ectotherms, including Bergmann's rule, where organisms reduce body size under warm oxygen-limited conditions, thereby maintaining aerobic scope. Temperature-dependent oxygen limitation should be most pronounced among aquatic ectotherms that cannot breathe aerially, as oxygen solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature. We use phylogenetically explicit analyses to show that species-mean adult size of aquatic salamanders with branchial or cutaneous oxygen uptake becomes small in warm environments and large in cool environments, whereas body size of aquatic species with lungs (i.e., that respire aerially), as well as size of semiaquatic and terrestrial species do not decrease with temperature. We argue that oxygen limitation drives the evolution of small size in warm aquatic environments for species with aquatic respiration. More broadly, the stronger decline in size with temperature observed in aquatic versus terrestrial salamander species mirrors the relatively strong plastic declines in size observed previously among aquatic versus terrestrial invertebrates, suggesting that temperature-dependent oxygen availability can help drive patterns of plasticity, micro- and macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.,School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Suite 1016V, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
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Valle L, Rowe L, Krauze A, Kaushal A, Arora B, Ning H, Cooley-Zgela T, Schott E, Choyke P, Turkbey B, Citrin D. The Response of Male Erectile Tissues to Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Krauze A, Myrehaug S, Chang M, Holdford D, Smith S, Shih J, Tofilon P, Fine H, Rowe L, Gilbert M, Camphausen K. Does the Addition of Valproic Acid to Concurrent Radiation Therapy and Temozolomide Improve Patient Outcome? Correlative Analysis of RTOG 0525, SEER, and a Phase 2 NCI Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Horn A, Shankavaram U, Madan R, Pinto P, Kaushal A, Krauze A, Rowe L, Schott E, Cooley-Zgela T, Choyke P, Turkbey B, Citrin D. Pretreatment Predictors of Rapid Prostate Lesion Response to Radiation Therapy Measured by Multiparametric MRI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Rowe L, Butman J, Mackey M, Shih J, Ning H, Cooley-Zgela T, Gilbert M, Smart D, Camphausen K, Krauze A. Response Assessment in Glioblastoma: A Clinical Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Elkeeb D, Rowe L, Kohan J, Yu W, Ho G, Salama M, Wada D. LB972 Characterization of collagen in normal and diseased skin using second harmonic generation and two photon excitation microscopy. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Decades of observation in natural plant populations have revealed pervasive phenotypic selection for early flowering onset. This consistent pattern seems at odds with life-history theory, which predicts stabilizing selection on age and size at reproduction. Why is selection for later flowering rare? Moreover, extensive evidence demonstrates that flowering time can and does evolve. What maintains ongoing directional selection for early flowering? Several non-mutually exclusive processes can help to reconcile the apparent paradox of selection for early flowering. We outline four: selection through other fitness components may counter observed fecundity selection for early flowering; asymmetry in the flowering-time-fitness function may make selection for later flowering hard to detect; flowering time and fitness may be condition-dependent; and selection on flowering duration is largely unaccounted for. In this Viewpoint, we develop these four mechanisms, and highlight areas where further study will improve our understanding of flowering-time evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Austen
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3B2, Canada
- Koffler Scientific Reserve at Joker's Hill, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, L7B 1K5, Canada
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Perry JC, Garroway CJ, Rowe L. The role of ecology, neutral processes and antagonistic coevolution in an apparent sexual arms race. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1107-1117. [PMID: 28683517 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Some of the strongest examples of a sexual 'arms race' come from observations of correlated evolution in sexually antagonistic traits among populations. However, it remains unclear whether these cases truly represent sexually antagonistic coevolution; alternatively, ecological or neutral processes might also drive correlated evolution. To investigate these alternatives, we evaluated the contributions of intersex genetic correlations, ecological context, neutral genetic divergence and sexual coevolution in the correlated evolution of antagonistic traits among populations of Gerris incognitus water striders. We could not detect intersex genetic correlations for these sexually antagonistic traits. Ecological variation was related to population variation in the key female antagonistic trait (spine length, a defence against males), as well as body size. Nevertheless, population covariation between sexually antagonistic traits remained substantial and significant even after accounting for all of these processes. Our results therefore provide strong evidence for a contemporary sexual arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Perry
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Jesus College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin J Garroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rowe L, Repasky RR, Palmer AR. SIZE-DEPENDENT ASYMMETRY: FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY VERSUS ANTISYMMETRY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO CONDITION-DEPENDENT SIGNALING. Evolution 2017; 51:1401-1408. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1996] [Accepted: 06/04/1997] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Locke Rowe
- Department of Zoology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Richard R. Repasky
- Department of Zoology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - A. Richard Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Abrams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1987 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Zoology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
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41
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De Lisle SP, Rowe L. Disruptive natural selection predicts divergence between the sexes during adaptive radiation. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3590-3601. [PMID: 28515895 PMCID: PMC5433998 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of sexual dimorphism in ecologically relevant traits, for example, via resource competition between the sexes, is traditionally envisioned to stall the progress of adaptive radiation. An alternative view is that evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism could in fact play an important positive role by facilitating sex-specific adaptation. How competition-driven disruptive selection, ecological sexual dimorphism, and speciation interact during real adaptive radiations is thus a critical and open empirical question. Here, we examine the relationships between these three processes in a clade of salamanders that has recently radiated into divergent niches associated with an aquatic life cycle. We find that morphological divergence between the sexes has occurred in a combination of head shape traits that are under disruptive natural selection within breeding ponds, while divergence among species means has occurred independently of this disruptive selection. Further, we find that adaptation to aquatic life is associated with increased sexual dimorphism across taxa, consistent with the hypothesis of clade-wide character displacement between the sexes. Our results suggest the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism may play a key role in niche divergence among nascent species and demonstrate that ecological sexual dimorphism and ecological speciation can and do evolve concurrently in the early stages of adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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42
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Punzalan D, Rowe L. Concordance between stabilizing sexual selection, intraspecific variation, and interspecific divergence in Phymata. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7997-8009. [PMID: 27878072 PMCID: PMC5108252 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical studies show that lineages typically exhibit long periods of evolutionary stasis and that relative levels of within-species trait covariance often correlate with the extent of between-species trait divergence. These observations have been interpreted by some as evidence of genetic constraints persisting for long periods of time. However, an alternative explanation is that both intra- and interspecific variation are shaped by the features of the adaptive landscape (e.g., stabilizing selection). Employing a genus of insects that are diverse with respect to a suite of secondary sex traits, we related data describing nonlinear phenotypic (sexual) selection to intraspecific trait covariances and macroevolutionary divergence. We found support for two key predictions (1) that intraspecific trait covariation would be aligned with stabilizing selection and (2) that there would be restricted macroevolutionary divergence in the direction of stabilizing selection. The observed alignment of all three matrices offers a point of caution in interpreting standing variability as metrics of evolutionary constraint. Our results also illustrate the power of sexual selection for determining variation observed at both short and long timescales and account for the apparently slow evolution of some secondary sex characters in this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Punzalan
- Department of Natural HistoryRoyal Ontario MuseumTorontoONCanada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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Kwan L, Dobkin AN, Rodd FH, Rowe L. A Potential Cost of Long Genitalia in Male Guppies: the Effects of Current Speed on Reproductive Behaviour. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Adam N. Dobkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - F. Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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44
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Krauze A, Cheng J, Ning H, Hawes M, Mackey M, Zgela TC, Smart D, Citrin D, Rowe L, Camphausen K. Deformable Registration for Estimation of Cumulative Dose and Normal Tissue Complication Probability in Patients Receiving Reirradiation for Recurrent High-Grade Glioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Rowe L, Mackey M, Smart D, Ning H, Gilbert M, Camphausen K, Krauze A. Outcomes and Prognostic Features of Glioblastoma Multiforme in the Temozolomide Era. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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47
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Abstract
Classic ecological theory predicts that the evolution of sexual dimorphism constrains diversification by limiting morphospace available for speciation. Alternatively, sexual selection may lead to the evolution of reproductive isolation and increased diversification. We test contrasting predictions of these hypotheses by examining the relationship between sexual dimorphism and diversification in amphibians. Our analysis shows that the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is associated with increased diversification and speciation, contrary to the ecological theory. Further, this result is unlikely to be explained by traditional sexual selection models because variation in amphibian SSD is unlikely to be driven entirely by sexual selection. We suggest that relaxing a central assumption of classic ecological models-that the sexes share a common adaptive landscape-leads to the alternative hypothesis that independent evolution of the sexes may promote diversification. Once the constraints of sexual conflict are relaxed, the sexes can explore morphospace that would otherwise be inaccessible. Consistent with this novel hypothesis, the evolution of SSD in amphibians is associated with reduced current extinction threat status, and an historical reduction in extinction rate. Our work reconciles conflicting predictions from ecological and evolutionary theory and illustrates that the ability of the sexes to evolve independently is associated with a spectacular vertebrate radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P De Lisle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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48
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. Persistent directional selection on body size and a resolution to the paradox of stasis. Evolution 2015; 69:2441-51. [PMID: 26283104 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Directional selection on size is common but often fails to result in microevolution in the wild. Similarly, macroevolutionary rates in size are low relative to the observed strength of selection in nature. We show that many estimates of selection on size have been measured on juveniles, not adults. Further, parents influence juvenile size by adjusting investment per offspring. In light of these observations, we help resolve this paradox by suggesting that the observed upward selection on size is balanced by selection against investment per offspring, resulting in little or no net selection gradient on size. We find that trade-offs between fecundity and juvenile size are common, consistent with the notion of selection against investment per offspring. We also find that median directional selection on size is positive for juveniles but no net directional selection exists for adult size. This is expected because parent-offspring conflict exists over size, and juvenile size is more strongly affected by investment per offspring than adult size. These findings provide qualitative support for the hypothesis that upward selection on size is balanced by selection against investment per offspring, where parent-offspring conflict over size is embodied in the opposing signs of the two selection gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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49
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Olivotto IA, Soo J, Olson RA, Rowe L, French J, Jensen B, Pastuch A, Halperin R, Truong PT. Patient preferences for timing and access to radiation therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:279-86. [PMID: 26300666 DOI: 10.3747/co.22.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient preferences for radiation therapy (rt) access were investigated. METHODS Patients completing a course of rt at 6 centres received a 17-item survey that rated preferences for time of day; day of week; actual, ideal, and reasonable travel times for rt; and actual, ideal, and reasonable times between referral and first oncologic consultation. Patients receiving single-fraction rt or brachytherapy alone were excluded. RESULTS Of the respondents who returned surveys (n = 1053), 54% were women, and 74% had received more than 15 rt fractions. With respect to appointment times, 88% agreed or strongly agreed that rt between 08h00 and 16h30 was preferred; 14%-15% preferred 07h30-08h00 or 16h30-17h00; 10% preferred 17h00-18h00; and 6% or fewer preferred times before 07h30 or after 18h00. A preference not to receive rt before 07h30 or after 18h00 was expressed by 30% or more of the respondents. When days of the week were considered, 18% and 11% would have preferred to receive rt on a Saturday or Sunday respectively; 52% and 55% would have preferred not to receive rt on those days. A travel time of 1 hour or less for rt was reported by 82%, but 61% felt that a travel time of 1 hour or more was reasonable. A first consultation within 2 weeks of referral was felt to be ideal or reasonable by 88% and 73% of patients respectively. CONCLUSIONS An rt service designed to meet patient preferences would make most capacity available between 08h00 and 16h30 on weekdays and provide 10%-20% of rt capacity on weekends and during 07h30-08h00 and 16h30-18h00 on weekdays. Approximately 80%, but not all, of the responding patients preferred a 2-week or shorter interval between referral and first oncologic consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Olivotto
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC; ; University of British Columbia, Division of Radiation Oncology and Developmental Radiotherapeutics, Vancouver, Prince George, Kelowna, and Victoria, BC; ; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - J Soo
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC
| | - R A Olson
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC; ; University of British Columbia, Division of Radiation Oncology and Developmental Radiotherapeutics, Vancouver, Prince George, Kelowna, and Victoria, BC
| | - L Rowe
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC
| | - J French
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC
| | - B Jensen
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC
| | - A Pastuch
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC
| | - R Halperin
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC; ; University of British Columbia, Division of Radiation Oncology and Developmental Radiotherapeutics, Vancouver, Prince George, Kelowna, and Victoria, BC
| | - P T Truong
- BC Cancer Agency, Radiation Therapy Program, Vancouver, Prince George, Surrey, Victoria, Abbotsford, and Kelowna, BC; ; University of British Columbia, Division of Radiation Oncology and Developmental Radiotherapeutics, Vancouver, Prince George, Kelowna, and Victoria, BC
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50
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Rollinson N, Rowe L. The positive correlation between maternal size and offspring size: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1134-1148. [PMID: 26289842 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of investment per offspring (I) is often viewed through the lens of the classic theory, in which variation among individuals in a population is not expected. A substantial departure from this prediction arises in the form of correlations between maternal body size and I, which are observed within populations in virtually all taxonomic groups. Based on the generality of this observation, we suggest it is caused by a common underlying mechanism. We pursue a unifying explanation for this pattern by reviewing all theoretical models that attempt to explain it. We assess the generality of the mechanism upon which each model is based, and the extent to which data support its predictions. Two classes of adaptive models are identified: models that assume that the correlation arises from maternal influences on the relationship between I and offspring fitness [w(I)], and those that assume that maternal size influences the relationship between I and maternal fitness [W(I)]. The weight of evidence suggests that maternal influences on w(I) are probably not very general, and even for taxa where maternal influences on w(I) are likely, experiments fail to support model predictions. Models that assume that W(I) varies with maternal size appear to offer more generality, but the current challenge is to identify a specific and general mechanism upon which W(I) varies predictably with maternal size. Recent theory suggests the exciting possibility that a yet unknown mechanism modifies the offspring size-number trade-off function in a manner that is predictable with respect to maternal size, such that W(I) varies with size. We identify two promising avenues of inquiry. First, the trade-off might be modified by energetic costs that are associated with the initiation of reproduction ('overhead costs') and that scale with I, and future work could investigate what specific overhead costs are generally associated with reproduction and whether these costs scale with I. Second, the trade-off might be modified by virtue of condition-dependent offspring provisioning coupled with metabolic factors, and future work could investigate the proximate cause of, and generality of, condition-dependent offspring provisioning. Finally, drawing on the existing literature, we suggest that maternal size per se is not causatively related to variation in I, and the mechanism involved in the correlation is instead linked to maternal nutritional status or maternal condition, which is usually correlated with maternal size. Using manipulative experiments to elucidate why females with high nutritional status typically produce large offspring might help explain what specific mechanism underlies the maternal-size correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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