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Ghiani L, Sassu A, Palumbo F, Mercenaro L, Gambella F. In-Field Automatic Detection of Grape Bunches under a Totally Uncontrolled Environment. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3908. [PMID: 34198844 PMCID: PMC8201373 DOI: 10.3390/s21113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
An early estimation of the exact number of fruits, flowers, and trees helps farmers to make better decisions on cultivation practices, plant disease prevention, and the size of harvest labor force. The current practice of yield estimation based on manual counting of fruits or flowers by workers is a time consuming and expensive process and it is not feasible for large fields. Automatic yield estimation based on robotic agriculture provides a viable solution in this regard. In a typical image classification process, the task is not only to specify the presence or absence of a given object on a specific location, while counting how many objects are present in the scene. The success of these tasks largely depends on the availability of a large amount of training samples. This paper presents a detector of bunches of one fruit, grape, based on a deep convolutional neural network trained to detect vine bunches directly on the field. Experimental results show a 91% mean Average Precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ghiani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.G.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Alberto Sassu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.G.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Palumbo
- Intelligent System DEsign and Applications (IDEA) Group, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Luca Mercenaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.G.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Filippo Gambella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 a, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.G.); (A.S.); (L.M.)
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Sassu A, Gambella F, Ghiani L, Mercenaro L, Caria M, Pazzona AL. Advances in Unmanned Aerial System Remote Sensing for Precision Viticulture. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:956. [PMID: 33535445 PMCID: PMC7867093 DOI: 10.3390/s21030956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New technologies for management, monitoring, and control of spatio-temporal crop variability in precision viticulture scenarios are numerous. Remote sensing relies on sensors able to provide useful data for the improvement of management efficiency and the optimization of inputs. unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are the newest and most versatile tools, characterized by high precision and accuracy, flexibility, and low operating costs. The work aims at providing a complete overview of the application of UASs in precision viticulture, focusing on the different application purposes, the applied equipment, the potential of technologies combined with UASs for identifying vineyards' variability. The review discusses the potential of UASs in viticulture by distinguishing five areas of application: rows segmentation and crop features detection techniques; vineyard variability monitoring; estimation of row area and volume; disease detection; vigor and prescription maps creation. Technological innovation and low purchase costs make UASs the core tools for decision support in the customary use by winegrowers. The ability of the systems to respond to the current demands for the acquisition of digital technologies in agricultural fields makes UASs a candidate to play an increasingly important role in future scenarios of viticulture application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Gambella
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.S.); (L.G.); (L.M.); (M.C.); (A.L.P.)
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Petretto GL, Mercenaro L, Urgeghe PP, Fadda C, Valentoni A, Del Caro A. Grape and Wine Composition in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cannonau Explored by GC-MS and Sensory Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010101. [PMID: 33418947 PMCID: PMC7825112 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GC-FID/MS is a powerful technique used to analyze food and beverage aromas. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in grape berries play an important role in determining wine quality and are affected by many factors, such as climate and soil that mainly influence their relative concentrations. Wine aroma is generated by a complex mixture of compounds, and the sensory relevance of individual VOCs is far from elucidated. Herein, the VOC content (free and glycosylated) of Cannonau grape skin and juice and of Cannonau wine collected in different areas of Sardinia is explored. Wine sensory analysis was also carried out and the relationship between sensory attributes and VOCs was investigated. Although Cannonau grapes showed the same VOC fingerprint, great variability was identified between samples, although only the differences in 2-phenylethanol and benzyl alcohol concentration in the grape skins and benzyl alcohol and a terpenoid in grape juice were significantly different according to ANOVA. The correlation between VOC content and the sensory profile highlights the role played by 2-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol in increasing wine sensory complexity.
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Fernandes de Oliveira A, Mercenaro L, Azzena M, Nieddu G. Effects of pre and post-veraison water deficit on Vermentino cluster microclimate and berry composition. BIO Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191304015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of light and thermal microclimate on berry quality of a Vermentino vineyard, managed with deficit irrigation strategies in north-western Sardinia, was analyzed. Two water deficit, pre- (ED) and post-veraison (LD), an irrigation (IC) and a non-irrigation (NC) control treatments were compared during berry development. Grapevine performances were evaluated by analyzing leaf gas exchange, source-sink balance, light and thermal microclimate effects on berry composition. Early and/or late deficit irrigation following a mild to moderate water stress threshold enabled high leaf physiological performances. Though with high stomatal conductance sensitivity to water deficit and anisohydric behavior, this variety exhibited high assimilation rate and quick recovery capacity after enduring moderate and severe water stress. All treatments achieved satisfactory sugar and acidic levels. Berry phenols were higher in LD due to lower canopy coverage and better light conditions compared to IC. Up to mid-ripening, cluster exposure to elevated temperatures negatively influenced phenolic accumulation, mostly in NC and to a lower extent in ED. In the last ripening weeks, total phenols was majorly influenced by light interception.
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Mercenaro L, Fernandes de Oliveira A, Cocco M, Nieddu G. Yield and grape quality of three red grapevine cultivars ( Vitis vinifera L.) in relation to altimetry. BIO Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment has a great impact on berry composition. In this context we investigated the quality of extremely widespread grape varieties in Sardinia, cvs. Cannonau, Bovale sardo and Monica, cultivated at different altitudes. The work was conducted in a two-year period in two vineyards located respectively at 500 and 700 meters above sea level. Viticultural model and cultivation practices were the same for both vineyards. The following measurements were noted: (i) main phenological phases, (ii) yield and its components, (iii) must quality from veraison to harvest, and (iv) anthocyanin qualitative profiles at harvest. At higher altitude the phenological phases are delayed. Yield was not statistically influenced by altitude. The ripening of the main technological parameters, although similar among the vineyards, suggests that the effects of the different altitude are clear, but they vary according to year and are cultivar dependent. In cv. Cannonau, higher altitude promoted higher total soluble solids. The extractable anthocyanins were not influenced by altitude, although in all tested varieties the higher altitude favored a decrease in the ratio between non-acylated and acylated anthocyanins.
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Porceddu A, Sanna M, Prota VA, Schianchi N, Mercenaro L, Nieddu G, Camiolo S. First Report of Grapevine Asteroid Mosaic-Associated Virus Infecting Grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in Italy. Plant Dis 2018; 102:PDIS03180460PDN. [PMID: 30078366 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-18-0460-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Porceddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Sanna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - V A Prota
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - N Schianchi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - L Mercenaro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - S Camiolo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Mercenaro L, Nieddu G, Porceddu A, Pezzotti M, Camiolo S. Sequence Polymorphisms and Structural Variations among Four Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars Representing Sardinian Agriculture. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1279. [PMID: 28775732 PMCID: PMC5517397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic diversity among grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars that underlies differences in agronomic performance and wine quality reflects the accumulation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small indels as well as larger genomic variations. A combination of high throughput sequencing and mapping against the grapevine reference genome allows the creation of comprehensive sequence variation maps. We used next generation sequencing and bioinformatics to generate an inventory of SNPs and small indels in four widely cultivated Sardinian grape cultivars (Bovale sardo, Cannonau, Carignano and Vermentino). More than 3,200,000 SNPs were identified with high statistical confidence. Some of the SNPs caused the appearance of premature stop codons and thus identified putative pseudogenes. The analysis of SNP distribution along chromosomes led to the identification of large genomic regions with uninterrupted series of homozygous SNPs. We used a digital comparative genomic hybridization approach to identify 6526 genomic regions with significant differences in copy number among the four cultivars compared to the reference sequence, including 81 regions shared between all four cultivars and 4953 specific to single cultivars (representing 1.2 and 75.9% of total copy number variation, respectively). Reads mapping at a distance that was not compatible with the insert size were used to identify a dataset of putative large deletions with cultivar Cannonau revealing the highest number. The analysis of genes mapping to these regions provided a list of candidates that may explain some of the phenotypic differences among the Bovale sardo, Cannonau, Carignano and Vermentino cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mercenaro
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Camiolo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di SassariSassari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Salvatore Camiolo,
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Mercenaro L, Usai G, Fadda C, Nieddu G, del Caro A. Intra-varietal Agronomical Variability in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cannonau Investigated by Fluorescence, Texture and Colorimetric Analysis. S AFR J ENOL VITIC 2016. [DOI: 10.21548/37-1-760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Mulas G, Galaffu MG, Pretti L, Nieddu G, Mercenaro L, Tonelli R, Anedda R. NMR analysis of seven selections of vermentino grape berry: metabolites composition and development. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:793-802. [PMID: 21226517 DOI: 10.1021/jf103285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to study via NMR the unaltered metabolic profile of Sardinian Vermentino grape berry. Seven selections of Vermentino were harvested from the same vineyard. Berries were stored and extracted following an unbiased extraction protocol. Extracts were analyzed to investigate variability in metabolites concentration as a function of the clone, the position of berries in the bunch or growing area within the vineyard. Quantitative NMR and statistical analysis (PCA, correlation analysis, Anova) of the experimental data point out that, among the investigated sources of variation, the position of the berries within the bunch mainly influences the metabolic profile of berries, while the metabolic profile does not seem to be significantly influenced by growing area and clone. Significant variability of the amino acids such as arginine, proline, and organic acids (malic and citric) characterizes the rapid rearrangements of the metabolic profile in response to environmental stimuli. Finally, an application is described on the analysis of metabolite variation throughout the physiological development of berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Mulas
- Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, 07041 Tramariglio-Alghero (SS), Italy
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Fuentes S, Rogers G, Jobling J, Conroy J, Camus C, Dalton M, Mercenaro L. A SOIL-PLANT-ATMOSPHERE APPROACH TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION/FERTIGATION STRATEGY ON GRAPEVINE WATER AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE, GRAPE QUALITY AND YIELD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2008.792.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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