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Martínez-Orts M, Pujals S. Responsive Supramolecular Polymers for Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4077. [PMID: 38612886 PMCID: PMC11012635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymers are ordered nanosized materials that are held together by non-covalent interactions (hydrogen-bonding, metal-ligand coordination, π-stacking and, host-guest interactions) and can reversibly undergo self-assembly. Their non-covalent nature endows supramolecular polymers with the ability to respond to external stimuli (temperature, light, ultrasound, electric/magnetic field) or environmental changes (temperature, pH, redox potential, enzyme activity), making them attractive candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. To date, supramolecular research has largely evolved in the development of smart water-soluble self-assemblies with the aim of mimicking the biological function of natural supramolecular systems. Indeed, there is a wide variety of synthetic biomaterials formulated with responsiveness to control and trigger, or not to trigger, aqueous self-assembly. The design of responsive supramolecular polymers ranges from the use of hydrophobic cores (i.e., benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide) to the introduction of macrocyclic hosts (i.e., cyclodextrins). In this review, we summarize the most relevant advances achieved in the design of stimuli-responsive supramolecular systems used to control transport and release of both diagnosis agents and therapeutic drugs in order to prevent, diagnose, and treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
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Cañada FJ, Canales Á, Valverde P, de Toro BF, Martínez-Orts M, Phillips PO, Pereda A. Conformational and Structural characterization of carbohydrates and their interactions studied by NMR. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1147-1172. [PMID: 34225601 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210705154046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, either free or as glycans conjugated with other biomolecules, participate in many essential biological processes. Their apparent simplicity in terms of chemical functionality hides an extraordinary diversity and structural complexity. Deeply deciphering at the atomic level their structures is essential to understand their biological function and activities, but it is still a challenging task in need of complementary approaches and no generalized procedures are available to address the study of such complex, natural glycans. The versatility of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) often makes it the preferred choice to study glycans and carbohydrates in solution media. The most basic NMR parameters, namely chemical shifts, coupling constants and nuclear Overhauser effects, allow defining short or repetitive chain sequences and characterize their structures and local geometries either in the free state or when interacting with other biomolecules, rendering additional information on the molecular recognition processes. The increased accessibility to carbohydrate molecules extensively or selectively labeled with 13C boosts the resolution and detail that analyzed glycan structures can reach. In turn, structural information derived from NMR, complemented with molecular modeling and theoretical calculations can also provide dynamic information on the conformational flexibility of carbohydrate structures. Furthermore, using partially oriented media or paramagnetic perturbations, it has been possible to introduce additional long-range observables rendering structural information on longer and branched glycan chains. In this review, we provide examples of these studies and an overview of the recent and most relevant NMR applications in the glycobiology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cañada
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, C.P. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Valverde
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Orts
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, C.P. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Oquist Phillips
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Pereda
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Weiss M, Ott D, Karagiannis T, Weishaupt M, Niemietz M, Eller S, Lott M, Martínez-Orts M, Canales Á, Razi N, Paulson JC, Unverzagt C. Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of N-Glycans with a β1,4-Galactosylated Bisecting GlcNAc Motif. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3212-3215. [PMID: 32597008 PMCID: PMC7723014 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), a rare modification of biantennary complex N‐glycans lead to a β1,4‐galactosylated bisecting GlcNAc branch. We found that the bisecting GlcNAc on a biantennary core‐fucosylated N‐glycan was enzymatically galactosylated under stringent reaction conditions. Further optimizations led to an efficient enzymatic approach to this particular modification for biantennary substrates. Notably, tri‐ and tetra‐antennary complex N‐glycans were not converted by bovine galactosyltransferase. An N‐glycan with a galactosylated bisecting GlcNAc was linked to a lanthanide binding tag. The pseudo‐contact shifts (PCS) obtained from the corresponding Dy‐complex were used to calculate the conformational preferences of the rare N‐glycan. Besides two extended conformations only a single folded conformation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiss
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dimitri Ott
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Theodoros Karagiannis
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Weishaupt
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mathäus Niemietz
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Steffen Eller
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marie Lott
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mónica Martínez-Orts
- Dpto. Química Orgánica I, Fac. Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Dpto. Química Orgánica I, Fac. Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nahid Razi
- Depts. of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Depts. of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- University of Bayreuth, Bioorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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