Healthcare professionals’ perceptions on barriers and facilitators to DMARD use in rheumatoid arthritis

Background

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the cornerstone of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. However, the full benefits of DMARDs are often not realized because many patients are sub-optimally adherent to their medication. In order to optimize adherence, it is essential that healthcare professionals (HCPs) understand patients’ barriers and facilitators for medication use. Insight in these barriers and facilitators may foster the dialogue about adequate medication use between HCPs and patients. What HCPs perceive as barriers and facilitators has, so far, scarcely been investigated. This study aimed to identify the perceptions of HCPs on patients’ barriers and facilitators that might influence their adherence.

Methods

This qualitative study was performed using semi structured in-depth interviews with HCPs. An interview guide was used, based on an adjusted version of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Thematic analysis was conducted to identify factors that influence barriers and facilitators to DMARD use according to HCPs.

Results

Fifteen HCPs (5 rheumatologists, 5 nurses and 5 pharmacists) were interviewed. They mentioned a variety of factors that, according to their perceptions, influence DMARD adherence in patients with RA. Besides therapy-related factors, such as (onset of) medication effectiveness and side-effects, most variation was found within patient-related factors and reflected patients’ beliefs, ways of coping, and (self-management) skills toward medication and their condition. In addition, factors related to the condition (e.g., level of disease activity), healthcare team and system (e.g., trust in HCP), and social and economic context (e.g. support, work shifts) were reported.

Conclusions

This study provided insights in HCPs’ perceptions of the barriers and facilitators to DMARD use patients with RA. Most factors that were mentioned were patient-related and potentially modifiable. When physicians understand patients’ perceptions on medication use, adherence to DMARDs can probably be optimized in patients with RA leading to more effectiveness of treatment outcomes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07459-0.

Ranking facilitators and barriers of medication adherence by patients with inflammatory arthritis: a maximum difference scaling exercise

Introduction

Facilitators and barriers of adherence to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been identified by patients with inflammatory arthritis earlier. However, the relative importance from the patients’ perspective of these factors is unknown. Knowledge on this ranking might guide the development of interventions and may facilitate targeted communication on adherence. This study aims to examine 1) the relative importance patients attach to facilitators and barriers for DMARDs adherence, and 2) the relationship between patient characteristics and ranking of these factors.

Methods

One hundred twenty-eight outpatients with inflammatory arthritis; (60% female, mean age 62 years (SD = 12), median disease duration 15 years, IQR (7, 23) participated in a Maximum Difference scaling exercise and ranked 35 items based upon previously identified facilitators and barriers to medication adherence. Hierarchical Bayes estimation was used to compute mean Rescaled Probability Scores (RPS; 0–100) (i.e. relative importance score). Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was used to examine a possible association between patients’ characteristics (i.e. age, sex and educational level) and ranking of the items.

Results

The three most important items ranked by patients were: Reduction of symptoms formulated as “Arthritis medications help to reduce my symptoms” (RPS = 7.30, CI 7.17–7.44), maintaining independence formulated as “I can maintain my independence as much as possible” (RPS = 6.76, CI 6.54–6.97) and Shared decision making formulated as “I can decide –together with my physician- about my arthritis medications” (RPS = 6.48, CI 6.24–6.72). No associations between patient characteristics and ranking of factors were found.

Conclusions

Reducing symptoms, maintaining independency and shared decision making are patients’ most important factors for DMARDs adherence. This knowledge might guide the development of interventions and may facilitate communication between health professionals and their patients on medication adherence.

Prognostic factors associated with early gout flare recurrence in patients initiating urate-lowering therapy during an acute gout flare

Lowering serum urate levels below the threshold for crystal formation with urate-lowering therapy (ULT) has been associated with a lower risk for gout flare reoccurrences. However, gout patients on ULT still commonly suffer from recurring gout flares. The purpose of this study was to explore prognostic factors associated with gout flare recurrence within the first 3 months, in gout patients starting ULT during an acute gout flare. Post-hoc analysis of trial data on acute gout patients randomized to either gout flare standard of care or anakinra treatment were used, including baseline demographic, laboratory, clinical, and patient-reported variables, as well as 3-month follow-up data on gout flare recurrences. Only patients starting ULT at baseline were included. Using variable selection based on clinical relevance, univariate, and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were done to examine predictors of gout flare reoccurrence. A total of 75 patients were included in this study, of which 36 (48%) experienced a gout flare ≤ 3 months post baseline. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that CRP levels > 30 mg/L (OR 9.47) and lack of prophylaxis when starting ULT (OR 11.56) were independently associated with gout flare recurrence. Similar results were found for the univariate regression analyses. Our results show that CRP levels > 30 mg/L and lack of prophylaxis when starting ULT were prognostic factors for early gout flare reoccurrence in patients starting ULT during an acute gout flare. KEY POINTS: • Gout flare recurrences were common within the first 3 months after starting urate-lowering therapy in gout patients. • Intake of prophylaxis when starting ULT had a strong protective effect on gout flare recurrences. • C-reactive protein level > 30 mg/L was an additional prognostic factor for early (≤ 3 months) gout flare reoccurrence in patients starting ULT during an acute gout flare.

A retrospective analysis of medication prescription records for determining the levels of compliance and persistence to urate-lowering therapy for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia in The Netherlands

Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is a recommended life-long treatment for gout patients. However, despite these recommendations, recurrent gout attacks are commonly observed in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to assess the levels of compliance and persistence to ULT in The Netherlands, in order to reflect on the current gout care delivered by health professionals. Anonymous prescription records were obtained from IQVIA's Dutch retrospective longitudinal prescription database, containing ULT dispensing data for allopurinol, febuxostat, and benzbromarone from November 2013 to July 2017. Compliance to ULT was determined by calculating the proportion of days covered (PDC) over 12 months. Persistence over 12 months was evaluated by determining the time to discontinuation, without surpassing a refill gap of > 30 days. Association of PDC and persistence with age, gender, and first prescriber were examined using beta regression- and cox-regression models, respectively. There were 45,654 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 51.7% of the patients had a ULT coverage of ≥ 80% of the days in 1 year (PDC ≥ 0.80), and 42.7% of the patients were still persistent after 1 year. Men, older patients, and patients whose first prescriber was a rheumatologist were more persistent and had a higher PDC. Our results show that medication adherence to ULT after 1 year is suboptimal, considering that current guidelines recommend ULT as a life-long treatment. Future studies addressing the reasons for treatment cessation and improving treatment adherence seem warranted.

Long-term disease and patient-reported outcomes of a continuous treat-to-target approach in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis in daily clinical practice

Patients in real life may differ from those in clinical trials. The aim of this study is to report 5-year outcomes of a continuous treat-to-target (T2T) approach in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in daily clinical practice. In the Dutch RhEumatoid Arthritis Monitoring cohort, all patients with a clinical diagnosis of RA were treated according to a protocolled T2T strategy, aimed at 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) < 2.6. Outcomes were percentages of patients in distinct levels of disease activity, mean course of DAS28 and prevalence of sustained (drug-free) remission. Also, data on functional disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) and health-related quality of life (Short-Form 36) were examined. Mean DAS28 improved from 4.93 (95% CI 4.81-5.05) at baseline to 2.49 (95% CI 2.35-2.63) after 12 months and remained stable thereafter. Percentages of patients at 12 months with DAS28 < 2.6 (remission), DAS28 ≥ 2.6 and ≤ 3.2 (low disease activity), DAS28 > 3.2 and ≤ 5.1 (moderate disease activity) and DAS28 > 5.1 (high disease activity) were 63, 16, 18 and 3%, respectively. Sustained remission (DAS28 < 2.6 during ≥ 6 months) was observed at least once in 84% of the patients and drug-free remission (DAS28 < 2.6 during ≥ 6 months after withdrawal of all disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) in 36% of the patients. Functional disability and health-related quality of life significantly improved during the first 24 weeks. Continuous application of T2T in real-life RA patients leads to favourable disease- and patient-related outcomes.

Determinants of Perceived Health Nonimprovement in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With Favorable Treatment Outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between achieving favorable clinical outcomes and patients' perceived change in overall health status after 12 months of treat-to-target in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to identify determinants of subjective nonimprovement.

METHODS

Baseline and 12-month data of patients included in the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring remission induction cohort study with at least a moderate response (by European League Against Rheumatism criteria) after 1 year were selected for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with nonimproved perceived overall health status at 12 months.

RESULTS

At 12 months, 75 of 210 patients (35%) did not consider their health to have improved despite having achieved favorable clinical outcomes. Relative change from baseline in pain (Wald = 20.20; P < 0.01) and fatigue (Wald = 5.58; P = 0.02) was independently associated with nonimproved perceived overall health status. The results were similar when only patients with ≤1 swollen joint were analyzed. An improvement of 55% in pain measured on a visual analog scale was found to discriminate reasonably well between patients who considered their health to have improved versus patients who did not, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.61-0.78).

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that clinical improvements do not equate with improved subjective health for all patients. The association of nonimprovement with changes in pain and fatigue suggest that it might be worthwhile to monitor and address pain and fatigue in addition to and independently of disease activity in early RA.

Initial combination therapy versus step-up therapy in treatment to the target of remission in daily clinical practice in early rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from the DREAM registry

BACKGROUND

Treat to target (T2T) is widely accepted as the standard of care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been shown to be more effective than traditional routine care. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two T2T strategies in patients with early RA: a step-up approach starting with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy (cohort I) versus an initial disease-modifying antirheumatic drug combination approach (cohort II).

METHODS

A total of 128 patients from cohort II were case-control-matched with 128 patients from cohort I on gender, age, and baseline disease activity. Twelve-month follow-up data were available for 121 patients in both cohorts. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients having reached at least one 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) score <2.6 (remission) during 12 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes were time until remission was achieved and mean DAS28 scores at 6- and 12-month follow-up.

RESULTS

After 12 months of follow-up, remission was reached at least once in 77.3 % of the patients in cohort II versus 71.9 % in cohort I (P = 0.31). Median time until first remission was 17 weeks in cohort II versus 27 weeks in cohort I (P = 0.04). A significant time by strategy interaction was found in mean DAS28 scores. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in mean DAS28 scores between both cohorts at 6 months (P = 0.04), but not at 12 months (P = 0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

The initial combination strategy resulted in a comparable remission rate after 1 year but a significantly shorter time until remission. At 6 months, mean DAS28 scores were lower in patients with initial combination treatment than in those with step-up therapy. At 12 months, no significant differences remained in mean DAS28 scores or the proportion of patients in remission.

Patient-centred care in established rheumatoid arthritis

Review of the evidence on patient-centred care (PCC) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shows that involving the patient as an individual - with unique needs, concerns and preferences - has a relevant impact on treatment outcomes (safety, effectiveness and costs). This approach empowers patients to take personal responsibility for their treatment. Because clinicians are only able to interact personally with their patients just a few hours per year, patients with a chronic condition such as RA should be actively involved in the management of their disease. To stimulate this active role, five different PCC activities can be distinguished: (1) patient education, (2) patient involvement/shared decision-making, (3) patient empowerment/self-management, (4) involvement of family and friends and (5) physical and emotional support. This article reviews the existing knowledge on these five PCC activities in the context of established RA management, especially focused on opportunities to increase medication adherence in established RA.

Foot and ankle joint kinematics in rheumatoid arthritis cannot only be explained by alteration in walking speed

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) manifests itself in the foot and ankle of RA patients. The foot and ankle joint kinematics of these patients differ from that of healthy subjects. However, the factors that lead to these differences are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of walking speed and the disease process on foot and ankle joint kinematics of RA subjects. Gait recordings of 23 RA and 14 age-matched healthy subjects were performed and their foot and ankle joint kinematics were analysed during the stance phase of the gait cycle. Stance phase characteristics of the group of RA subjects and of the group of healthy subjects were compared. The healthy subjects walked at 100% (Vc), 75% (V75) and 50% (V50) of their comfortable walking speed. In a multi-level linear model significant differences between the two groups due to the factors walking speed and the disease process were analysed. The ankle dorsi-flexion, medial arch and hallux abduction motion at single-stance and toe-off were only influenced by the walking speed. The hallux maximum flexion at toe-off and the midfoot supination at single-stance were influenced by both the walking speed and the disease process. The hindfoot eversion motion at single-stance was only influenced by the disease process. In conclusion, the reduction of walking speed of RA subjects compared to healthy subjects does not explain all of the observed foot and ankle kinematics differences.

Methotrexate bioavailability

The clinical relevance of the concept of bioavailability rests on two main principles. First, that measurement of the active component at the site of action is generally not possible and, secondly, that a relationship exists between on the one hand efficacy and/or safety and on the other hand concentration of the active compound or its active metabolite(s) in the systemic circulation. Applying these principles to the current knowledge on methotrexate (MTX), it is clear that bioavailability of MTX is an important parameter for optimal dosing. In this manuscript the current knowledge on MTX bioavailability is reviewed. This review reveals that bioavailability of MTX in higher oral doses is decreased, most probably by limitation of absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. It is suggested that higher doses can be given either by splitting the oral dose or by parenteral administration. Both will result in improved bioavailability as compared with one higher oral dose. However, larger, prospective studies directly comparing the efficacy and safety of the splitted oral dose strategy and the switch to parenteral MTX are needed.

Cost-of-illness of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

OBJECTIVE

To assess, quantify and summarise the cost of illness of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) from the societal perspective.

METHODS

Original studies reporting costs of RA or AS were searched systematically. Both cost-of-illness studies and economic evaluations of therapies were included. Studies were appraised for patient and study characteristics, type of costs and actual costs. Reported costs were aggregated by cost categories and overall mean costs were summarised by cost domain (healthcare, patient and family, and productivity costs).

RESULTS

Overall mean costs of RA (euro14,906 per year) were above that of AS (euro9,374 per year), while the relative distribution of costs over cost domains was approximately similar. For both diseases, productivity costs based on the human cost approach were 3 to 10 times higher than the friction costs and accounted for more than half the total costs of both diseases.

CONCLUSION

Productivity costs constitute the largest part of the total cost-off-illness of RA and AS reflecting the high burden of the disease on work participation. Although total and direct costs of illness in RA were higher than in AS, the average age of AS patients was 10 years lower and therefore, lifetime costs associated with AS may actually be equal or higher.

Participation in online patient support groups endorses patients' empowerment

OBJECTIVE

Although much has been expected of the empowering effect of taking part in online patient support groups, there is no direct evidence thus far for the effects of participation on patient empowerment. Hence our exploring to what extent patients feel empowered by their participation in online support groups, and which processes that occur in these groups are related to the empowering outcomes.

METHODS

An online questionnaire was completed by 528 individuals who were active in online groups for patients with breast cancer, fibromyalgia and arthritis.

RESULTS

The respondents felt empowered in several ways by their participation. The empowering outcomes that were experienced to the strongest degree were 'being better informed' and 'enhanced social well-being'. No significant differences in empowering outcomes between diagnostic groups were found. The empowering outcomes could only be predicted in a modest way by the processes that took place in the online support groups.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that participation in online support groups can make a valuable contribution to the empowerment of patients.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Health care providers should acquaint their patients with the existence of online support groups and with the benefits that participation in these groups can offer.

Influence of age on the outcome of antitumour necrosis factor alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective:

To investigate the influence of age on the effectiveness and tolerance of antitumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods:

730 patients of the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) register were categorised into three groups according to their age at initiation of anti-TNFα therapy (<45, 45–65 and >65 years). Effectiveness of anti-TNFα therapy was primarily assessed by longitudinal analysis of the DAS28 during the first 12 months of treatment.

Results:

Improvement in disease activity and physical functioning was significantly less in elderly patients, correcting for relevant confounders. Elderly patients reached the EULAR categories of good responders and remission less often than younger patients. Drug survival, co-medication use and tolerance were comparable between the three age groups.

Conclusion:

Anti-TNFα therapy significantly reduced disease activity in all age groups of patients; however, it appeared less effective in elderly compared with younger RA patients.

A randomised controlled trial on the efficacy and tolerability with dose escalation of allopurinol 300-600 mg/day versus benzbromarone 100-200 mg/day in patients with gout

OBJECTIVES

To compare the efficacy and tolerability of allopurinol 300-600 mg/day versus benzbromarone 100-200 mg/day used to attain a target serum urate concentration (sUr) < or =0.30 mmol/l (5 mg/dl).

METHODS

A randomised, controlled, open-label, multicentre trial in gout patients with renal function defined as a calculated creatinine clearance > or =50 ml/min. Patients were treated with 300 mg allopurinol or 100 mg benzbromarone once a day (stage 1). If sUr < or =0.30 mmol/l was not attained after 2 months, the dose was doubled to allopurinol 300 mg twice a day or benzbromarone 200 mg once a day (stage 2). The primary end point was treatment success in either of the two stages, defined as clinical tolerability and attainment of biochemical target sUr.

RESULTS

Sixty-five patients were enrolled in stage 1; 36 received allopurinol and 29 received benzbromarone. Fifty-five patients (85%) were analysed at stage 1: the success rates were 8/31 (26%) and 13/25 (52%), respectively, and the difference was -0.26 (95% CI from -0.486 to -0.005), p = 0.049. At stage 2, the success rates were 21/27 (78%) and 18/23 (78%), respectively, and the difference was -0.005 (95% CI from -0.223 to 0.220), p = 1.00. Two patients stopped receiving allopurinol and three stopped receiving benzbromarone because of adverse drug reactions.

CONCLUSIONS

Increasing the allopurinol dose from 300 to 600 mg/day and the benzbromarone dose from 100 to 200 mg/day according to the target sUr produced significantly higher success rates (both 78% successful in attaining sUr < or =0.30 mmol/l). No significant differences in treatment success between benzbromarone and allopurinol were found after dose escalation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ISRCTN49563848).

Efficacy and tolerability of urate-lowering drugs in gout: a randomised controlled trial of benzbromarone versus probenecid after failure of allopurinol

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of allopurinol as the first-choice antihyperuricaemic treatment for gout, and compare the efficacy and tolerability of benzbromarone and probenecid as second-choice treatment.

METHODS

Prospective, multicentre, open-label, two-stage randomised controlled trial in gout patients with normal renal function. Enrolled patients were given 300 mg allopurinol for 2 months (stage 1). Those patients who could not tolerate allopurinol or who did not attain the target serum urate concentration (sUr) < or=0.30 mmol/l (5.0 mg/dl), which was defined as successful, were randomised to benzbromarone 200 mg/day or probenecid 2 g/day for another 2 months (stage 2).

RESULTS

96 patients were enrolled in stage 1. 82 patients (85%) were eligible for the analysis at the end of stage 1: there was a mean (SD) decrease in sUr concentration of 35 (11)% from baseline; 20 patients (24%) attained target sUr < or=0.30 mmol/l; and 9 patients (11%) stopped allopurinol because of adverse drug reactions. 62 patients were enrolled in stage 2. 27 patients received benzbromarone (3 patients not eligible for analysis) and 35 received probenecid (4 patients not eligible for analysis). Treatment with benzbromarone was successful in 22/24 patients (92%) and with probenecid in 20/31 patients (65%) (p = 0.03 compared with benzbromarone). Compared with baseline values, there was a mean (SD) decrease of sUr concentration of 64 (9)% with benzbromarone and 50 (7)% with probenecid (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study showed that allopurinol 300 mg/day has a poor efficacy and tolerability profile when used to attain a biochemical predefined target level of sUr < or =0.30 mmol/l, following 2 months of treatment. In stage 2, benzbromarone 200 mg/day was more effective and better tolerated than probenecid 2 g/day.

[The diagnostic accuracy of anti-citrullin antibody assessment in the diagnosis of patients suspected of rheumatoid arthritis by a general practitioner]

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether assessment of antibodies directed against citrullin provides additional value in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in general practice.

DESIGN

Retrospective.

METHODS

In a 6-month period in 2004 (May-December), all sera sent to our laboratory for assessment of rheumatoid factor (RF-IgM), were also analysed for the presence of antibodies directed against citrullinated fibrinogen (anti-citrullin). We analysed 691 sera sent in by general practitioners using a homemade assay. To determine the disease classification, general practitioners were asked to provide information pertaining to the American College of Rheumatology disease classification criteria. The response was 97.6%. For patients who were referred to a rheumatologist in the last 2 years (December 2004-December 2006), the diagnosis of the rheumatologist was also considered in the analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 28 patients (4%) were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Only 25% of these patients were positive for anti-citrullin, and only 25% were positive for RF-IgM. These 2 groups only partially overlapped. The positive and negative predictive values of anti-citrullin were 36 and 96%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The presence of anti-citrullin provided no additional value compared to rheumatoid factor in classifying RA in a general practice population.

The effectiveness and medication costs of three anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis from prospective clinical practice data

AIM

to evaluate the effects of adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab on disease activity, functional ability and quality of life and the medication costs in a naturalistic design.

METHODS

All patients from the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring (DREAM) register starting on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-blocking agents for the first time were monitored and assessed by trained research nurses every 3 months. The primary outcome was the Disease Activity Score (DAS28) course over the 12 months follow-up, analysed by linear mixed models. Secondary outcomes were the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), EuroQol five dimensions (EQ-5D) and the Short-Form 36 items (SF36) scores, and medication-related total costs.

RESULTS

The DAS28 and SF-36 physical component scale decreased in all three medication groups over 12 months, but the decrease was larger for adalimumab and etanercept in comparison to infliximab (p<0.001). The analyses of the HAQ and the EQ-5D scores showed the same (non-significant) trend, namely that at 12 months, the functionality and quality of life was better for adalimumab and etanercept patients. With regard to the medication costs, infliximab treatment resulted in significantly higher costs over the follow-up period than treatments with either adalimumab or etanercept. The comparison between adalimumab and etanercept showed a significant difference in the 12-month DAS28 course (p = 0.031). There were no additional indications for differences in effectiveness or costs between adalimumab and etanercept.

CONCLUSION

The evaluation of the effectiveness and costs showed that adalimumab and etanercept are more or less equal and favourable compared to infliximab in the first year of treatment.

Psychometric properties of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI) in a cohort of consecutive Dutch patients with RA starting anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment

OBJECTIVES

To examine the psychometric properties of the self-administered Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI) and its short form (RADAI-SF) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis starting anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment.

METHOD

Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out to test the single-factor structure. Construct validity was examined by correlating RADAI and RADAI-SF scores with Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28). Internal responsiveness was evaluated with the paired t test and the standardised response mean (SRM). External responsiveness was assessed with receiver operating characteristic analysis and the SRM, using the EULAR response criterion as external criterion. Change scores were correlated with changes in DAS28.

RESULTS

At baseline and after 3 months' treatment, respectively, 191 and 171 patients completed the RADAI. The internal consistency of the RADAI and the RADAI-SF was satisfactory. CFAs confirmed the single-factor structure of both RADAI versions, but the short form provided the best model fit. Moderate correlations were found with the DAS28. SRMs of the RADAI and the RADAI-SF were, respectively, 0.76 and 0.80. Both versions had moderate accuracy to distinguish responders from non-responders. Changes scores were moderately correlated with DAS28 change scores.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the RADAI. Omission of the tender joint count (RADAI-SF) produced comparable results and is justified for research purposes. The tender joint count might be useful as additional clinical information in patient management.

Cost-effectiveness of Spa treatment for fibromyalgia: general health improvement is not for free

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the cost-effectiveness of an adjuvant treatment course of spa treatment compared with usual care only in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FM).

METHODS

134 patients with FM, selected from a rheumatology outpatient department and from members of the Dutch FM patient association were randomly assigned to a 2(1/2) week spa treatment course in Tunisia or to usual care only. Results are expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for a 6-month as well as a 12-month time horizon. Utilities were derived form the Short Form 6D (SF-6D) scores and the visual analogue scale (VAS) rating general health. Costs were reported from societal perspective. Mean incremental cost per patient and the incremental cost utility ratio (ICER) were calculated; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using double-sided bootstrapping.

RESULTS

The data of 128 (55 spa and 73 controls) of the 134 patients (96%) could be used for analysis. Improvement in general health was found in the spa group until 6 months of follow-up by both the SF-6D (AUC 0.32 vs 0.30, P < 0.05) and the VAS (AUC 0.23 vs 0.19, P < 0.01). After 1yr no significant between-group differences were found. Mean incremental cost of spa treatment was 1311 Euro per patient (95% CI 369-2439), equalling the cost of the intervention (thalassotherapy including airfare and lodging), or 885 Euro per patient based on a more realistic cost estimate.

CONCLUSIONS

The temporary improvement in quality of life due to an adjuvant treatment course of spa therapy for patients with FM is associated with limited incremental costs per patient.

Under-utilization of gastroprotective drugs in patients with NSAID-related ulcers

OBJECTIVE

To determine the proportion of patients with a risk of NSAID gastropathy receiving adequate gastroprotection.

METHODS

This observational study was performed between November 2001 and December 2003. We selected patients who were hospitalized with perforated and bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers attributable to NSAID use and controls without ulcers. Data were collected on their sociodemographic characteristics, actual and recent medication, comorbidity and medical history. For each patient and control the number of different risk factors associated with NSAID gastropathy was calculated. A composite risk factor (CRF) was obtained from the sum of all separate risk factors.

RESULTS

During the observational period a total of 388 patients using NSAID were included in the study, 104 patient cases and 284 matched community-based controls. The mean CRF was significantly higher in patient cases than in controls (cases mean CRF 3.31 (SD 1.67) and controls mean CRF 2.76 (SD 1.45), p = 0.002). A total of 148 (38%) patients used an adequate preventive strategy. Significant variables for using a preventive strategy were concomitant use of steroids (corrected odds ratio 4.22, 95% CI 2.11 8.47, p < 0.001), a history of gastroduodenal ulcers (corrected odds ratio 2.90, 95% CI 1.51 - 5.56, p = 0.001) and concomitant use of low-dose aspirin (corrected odds ratio 1.96,95% CI 1.18 3.25, p= 0.01). Among patients with 4 or more risk factors associated with NSAID gastropathy, 47% still did not use adequate gastroprotection.

CONCLUSION

Gastroprotective drugs are greatly under-utilized in patients with a risk of NSAID gastropathy.

[Further definition of the role of COX-2 inhibitors and NSAIDs in patients with nociceptive pain]

New information has been reported regarding the effects of cyclo-oxygenase(COX)-2 inhibitors on renal function and cardiac arrhythmia, indicating that the incidence of peripheral oedema, hypertension and renal failure is different for the different selective COX-2 inhibitors. The estimated renal risk due to valdecoxib/parecoxib, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib is essentially unchanged, the risk due to rofecoxib is increased, while the risk due to celecoxib in low dosage is decreased. New data have also been reported on the cardiovascular risk due to cyclo-oxygenase inhibition, indicating that the relative risk due to naproxen, piroxicam, ibuprofen, celecoxib and meloxicam is essentially unchanged while the risk due to indomethacin, diclofenac and rofecoxib is increased. Recent studies show that the cardiovascular risk of etoricoxib is comparable to that ofdiclofenac. For daily practice, the following actions should be taken: (a) determine whether a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor is needed; (b) consider the gastrointestinal as well as the cardiovascular risk profile ofthe patient; (c) if the gastrointestinal risk is above normal, a selective COX-2 inhibitor or a classical NSAID with a proton-pump inhibitor may be used; (d) in patients with renal disease, heart failure or hypertension without arteriosclerosis, the choice is between a classical NSAID, notably naproxen and ibuprofen, and low-dose celecoxib (200 mg per day); (e) in patients with arteriosclerosis in whom secondary cardiovascular prophylaxis with low-dose aspirin is indicated, celecoxib has no added value.

[TNF-blocking drugs and infection; recommendations for daily practice]

Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy is associated with an increased risk of infection. There are sparse data and no evidence-based guidelines on how to deal with this problem in daily practice. However, recommendations can be made based on theoretical considerations and by extrapolating from recommendations for other types ofimmunodeficiency. Before starting anti-TNF therapy, screening for tuberculosis and other possible infections is indicated. During therapy, alertness is required to the increased risk of infection, infections with a more serious clinical course or unusual manifestations and opportunistic infections. Flu vaccination during anti-TNF therapy is indicated. Travel vaccinations with live microbial inocula should not be given.

Can we assess baseline pain and global health retrospectively?

OBJECTIVE

To study the agreement between patients' actual baseline assessments of pain and global health before treatment and retrospective assessments collected 2 weeks after treatment.

METHODS

Data were collected in a prospective study of 200 rheumatology outpatients treated with a local corticosteroid injection. At baseline and 2-week follow-up, localized pain and global health were assessed on 100 mm visual analogue scales. The follow-up questionnaire was extended with a retrospective assessment of pain and global health before treatment.

RESULTS

At follow-up patients slightly overestimated the severity of pain and global health before treatment. Actual and retrospective assessments were adequately correlated (pain: r(r(r(s) = 0.73; global health: r(s) = 0.67). Bland-Altman analysis showed that both pain and global health were characterized by high intra-individual variation between actual and retrospective assessments, with the 95% limits of agreement (-37.3 to 32.3 mm for pain and -49.7 to 37.8 mm for global health) far exceeding proposed values for minimal clinically important differences.

CONCLUSION

Over a 2-week interval, patients' retrospective assessments of baseline pain and global health are fairly accurate and adequately correlated with actual baseline scores. At the group level, retrospective assessments can provide acceptable data on baseline pain and global health. The wide variability between actual and retrospective assessments, however, indicates that even over short time intervals there is poor individual agreement between the two methods.

Validation of a Dutch translation of the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire

OBJECTIVES

To validate a Dutch translation of the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were taken from two randomized clinical trials on Spa treatment and venlafaxine in fibromyalgia (FM). Participants completed the Dutch FIQ and a set of validated questionnaires for general health (RAND-36), depression (Beck depression inventory, BDI), pain (McGill pain questionnaire, MPQ) and fatigue (checklist individual strength, CIS). Internal consistency within the FIQ item 'physical functioning' was studied using Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was studied with intra-class-correlation (ICC) in a subsample of 76 control subjects over a 3 month period without specific intervention. Construct validity was evaluated by correlating the FIQ to other questionnaires. Sensitivity to change was studied using standardized response means (SRM).

RESULTS

The study sample consisted of 213 women and 11 men (mean age 47 yrs, mean disease duration 11 yrs). Cronbach's alpha for the item 'physical functioning' was 0.91, indicating high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was acceptable, with ICC ranging from 0.45 for 'morning tiredness' to 0.71 for 'physical function'. FIQ correlated significantly with the RAND-36, with Spearman's rho ranging from -0.60 to -0.70 for items measuring the same concept. Similar patterns of correlation were seen with MPQ, BDI and CIS. Sensitivity to change was sufficient, with SRM after Spa treatment ranging from 0.3 for 'work days missed' to 0.9 for 'days felt good'. Similar SRM were found in the venlafaxine trial for patients reporting general improvement.

CONCLUSION

The Dutch FIQ is a valid instrument for measuring health status in FM, showing sufficient reliability, construct validity and responsiveness.

Leflunomide in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An analysis of predictors for treatment continuation

AIMS

To determine factors predictive for leflunomide drug survival in an outpatient population with rheumatoid arthritis in a setting of care-as-usual.

METHODS

A standard dataset was collected from medical records of consecutive outpatients on leflunomide treatment for rheumatoid arthritis between January 2000 and June 2003. The dataset consisted of patient, disease and treatment characteristics at the start of leflunomide treatment, and data on leflunomide use.

RESULTS

Leflunomide was started in 279 patients and 173 patients (62.0%) withdrew from treatment during follow-up. From univariate analysis, concomitant systemic corticosteroid use [hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) 1.35 (1.00, 1.83)] and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate <35 mm h(-1)[HR 1.38 (1.01, 1.88)] at start of leflunomide were found to be predictive for better leflunomide survival. Furthermore, the attending rheumatologist was correlated with leflunomide drug survival. Hazard ratios varied, depending on the individual rheumatologist, from 0.60 to 2.66. Multivariate analysis suggested attending rheumatologist (HR varying from 0.54 to 2.30 depending on the individual rheumatologist), concomitant systemic corticosteroid use [HR 1.58 (1.14 2.21)] and erythrocyte sedimentation rate <35 mm h(-1)[HR 1.42 (1.03, 1.96)] at start of leflunomide to be associated with leflunomide survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Concomitant systemic corticosteroid use, erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the start of treatment and attending rheumatologist were found to be predictive for leflunomide survival. Information on these predictors at the start of leflunomide therapy may offer information on which patients are at an increased risk of withdrawal from leflunomide. Whether this information leads to optimization of leflunomide treatment outcomes remains to be studied.

Corticosteroid injections reduce size of rheumatoid nodules

BACKGROUND

Symptomatic rheumatoid nodules are frequently surgically treated. Injection with steroids might be an alternative treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

To determine whether injection with triamcinolon acetonide reduces the size of rheumatoid nodules, we randomized twenty patients with symptomatic nodules to either triamcinolon acetonide 40 mg/ml plus lidocaine 2% or lidocaine 1% (placebo). We measured the nodules before injection and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after injection. Possible side effects were recorded.

RESULTS

We found that the volume of the nodules injected with triamcinolon acetonide reduced significantly (p = 0.011), from 130 to 8 mm(3) (median calculated size) at 12 weeks, compared with baseline. Furthermore, at 12 weeks, the difference between the groups was significant (p = 0.03). The median size of the placebo nodules diminished as well, from 358 to 237 mm(3), but this was not significant. Pain at injection was the only side effect, equally distributed in both treatment groups.

CONCLUSION

Injection with triamcinolon acetonide seems to be an alternative for surgery of rheumatoid nodules. No adverse events occurred but the limited sample does not allow definitive conclusions.

Intermittent rises in plasma homocysteine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with higher dose methotrexate

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of higher weekly maintenance dose methotrexate (MTX) (> or =25 mg/week) on plasma homocysteine concentrations in adults with RA.

METHODS

Patients with RA were treated with high doses of MTX with adjuvant folic acid. Plasma homocysteine was determined at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 48 hours after subcutaneous MTX administration. Maximum homocysteine concentrations after MTX administration were compared with baseline concentrations.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients with RA (11 women) were included, with a median age of 61 years (range 31-72) and median disease duration 7 years (range 2-32). Median MTX dose was 30 mg (range 25-40). All patients received folic acid supplementation (5-30 mg/week). Median plasma homocysteine concentration at baseline was 10.1 mumol/l (range 6.6-12.7; normal 6-15). Homocysteine concentrations increased after MTX administration by a median of 2.5 mumol/l (range 0.7-5.1). Median maximum plasma homocysteine was significantly higher than at baseline. Peak homocysteine was reached after 12 hours. No relation between serum folate concentrations and plasma homocysteine concentrations was found.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with RA higher MTX doses with adjuvant folic acid do not increase baseline concentrations of homocysteine. An intermittent significant rise in plasma homocysteine occurs in the 48 hours after MTX administration.

Spa treatment for primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a combination of thalassotherapy, exercise and patient education improves symptoms and quality of life

OBJECTIVES

To study the effect of a combination of thalassotherapy, exercise and patient education in people with fibromyalgia.

METHODS

Patients with fibromyalgia, selected from a rheumatology out-patient department and from members of the Dutch fibromyalgia patient association, were pre-randomized to receive either 2(1/2) weeks of treatment in a Tunisian spa resort, including thalassotherapy, supervised exercise and group education (active treatment) or treatment as usual (control treatment). Primary outcome measure was health-related quality of life, measured with the RAND-36 questionnaire. Secondary measures included the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, tender point score and a 6-min treadmill walk test.

RESULTS

Fifty-eight participants receiving the active treatment reported significant improvement on RAND-36 physical and mental component summary scales. For physical health, differences from the 76 controls were statistically significant after 3 months, but not after 6 and 12 months. A similar pattern of temporary improvement was seen in the self-reported secondary measures. Tender point scores and treadmill walk tests improved more after active treatment, but did not reach significant between-group differences, except for walk tests after 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of thalassotherapy, exercise and patient education may temporarily improve fibromyalgia symptoms and health-related quality of life.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide: serum concentrations predict response to treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Leflunomide is the prodrug of the disease modifying antirheumatic metabolite A77 1726. More than 50% of patients withdraw from leflunomide treatment within one year, mainly because of adverse drug reactions. Therapeutic drug monitoring of A77 1726 may be useful in predicting the efficacy of leflunomide treatment.

OBJECTIVE

To study the relation between A77 1726 steady state serum concentrations and disease activity using the 28 joint (DAS28) response.

METHODS

Outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis on a stable leflunomide dose for >4 months were included. DAS28 score and adverse drug reactions were recorded. Blood samples were taken for determination of A77 1726 concentrations. The primary end point was the relation of serum A77 1726 concentrations with DAS28 response category.

RESULTS

Serum A77 1726 concentrations were determined in 52 patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.93) (p<0.05). The sensitivity exceeded 99% at concentrations below 16 mg/l. DAS28 values at the point of sampling showed no relation with A77 1726 concentrations (AUC of the ROC curve = 0.50 (0.33 to 0.67) (NS)).

CONCLUSIONS

A77 1726 steady state serum concentrations show a relation with DAS28 response. Determination of serum A77 1726 concentrations in patients with insufficient response to treatment may help when decisions have to be made about continuation of treatment or dose adjustment.

Factors associated with toxicity, final dose, and efficacy of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To study factors associated with toxicity, final dose, and efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

Data were used from a randomised clinical 48 week trial on 411 patients with RA all treated with MTX, comparing folates and placebo. Logistic regression was used to study the relation between baseline variables and various dependent factors, including hepatotoxicity (alanine aminotransferase >/=3 x upper limit of normal), MTX withdrawal, final MTX dose >/=15 mg/week, and MTX efficacy.

RESULTS

Addition of folates to MTX treatment was strongly related to the lack of hepatotoxicity. Next to this, high body mass index was related to the occurrence of hepatotoxicity. Prior gastrointestinal (GI) events and younger age were related to the adverse event, diarrhoea. Hepatotoxicity and GI adverse events were the main reason for MTX withdrawal, which in turn was associated with the absence of folate supplementation, body mass index, prior GI events, and female sex. Renal function (creatinine clearance >/=50 ml/min) was not associated with toxicity. Reaching a final dose of MTX of >/=15 mg/week was related to folate supplementation and the absence of prior GI events. Efficacy of MTX treatment was associated with low disease activity at baseline, male sex, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and lower creatinine clearance.

CONCLUSIONS

MTX toxicity, final dose, and efficacy are influenced by folate supplementation. Baseline characteristics predicting the outcome of MTX treatment are mainly prior GI events, body mass index, sex, use of NSAIDs, and creatinine clearance.

[Fatal miliary tuberculosis during treatment with infliximab]

A 73-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with fever whilst under treatment with infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis. Despite repeated and specific testing, tuberculosis was only diagnosed post mortem. During infliximab therapy, latent tuberculosis can reactivate in subacute form with a possible fatal outcome. For infliximab therapy to be administered safely, the risk that the patient concerned is latently infected with tuberculosis has to be estimated beforehand; if necessary a prophylactic anti-tuberculosis treatment may be given.

Elevated levels of platelet microparticles are associated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Platelets are involved in various thrombotic events, often by means of platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs). It is likely that platelets are also involved in inflammation. Because inflammatory processes play a central role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we sought to determine whether PMPs are present in this disease.

METHODS

This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 19 RA patients and 10 healthy controls. Nine of the patients had active RA (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR] > or =28 mm/hour and/or C-reactive protein [CRP] level > or =28 mg/liter, > or =9 painful joints, and > or =6 swollen joints), and 10 had inactive disease (ESR < or =27 mm/hour, CRP < or =27 mg/liter, no tender joints, and no swollen joints). Platelet counts and PMP numbers were determined using cell counter and flow cytometry, respectively.

RESULTS

Platelet counts in the 3 groups were similar. However, levels of PMPs in RA patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (median 616 versus 118 x 10(6)/liter; P = 0.005). PMP levels were higher in patients with active RA than in those with inactive RA (median 2,104 versus 504 x 10(6)/liter; P > 0.05). Moreover, PMP levels correlated with disease activity (r = 0.67, P = 0.05).

CONCLUSION

PMPs are associated with RA, and PMP levels are correlated with disease activity. Thus, platelets probably play a part in the inflammatory process of RA by means of PMPs. Given the importance of PMPs in cardiovascular diseases, this may be one reason for the enhanced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in RA.

Platelet function is inhibited by non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but not by cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Interaction with platelet function by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is related to the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1). In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), only one of the COX-2-selective NSAIDs (nabumetone) has been demonstrated to spare platelet function partially.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effects of the COX-2-selective inhibitor, meloxicam, with those of the non-selective NSAID, naproxen, on platelet function and thromboxane levels in RA patients.

METHODS

In this randomized, controlled, cross-over trial, 10 RA patients used meloxicam 7.5 mg bid and naproxen 500 mg bid, each during a 2-week period. Washout periods were applied. Before and after each 2-week period of NSAID intake, laboratory studies were performed.

RESULTS

Platelet aggregation was significantly less influenced, thromboxane levels were less inhibited (246 vs 117 pg/ml) and bleeding times were less prolonged with meloxicam than with naproxen (3.2 vs 2.3 min). Moreover, the results of all tests during meloxicam exposure were comparable with baseline values.

CONCLUSION

In RA patients, meloxicam, a representative of the selective COX-2 inhibitors, does not interfere with platelet function and thromboxane levels, in contrast with naproxen (a non-selective COX inhibitor).