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Mukhopadhyay D, Bandyopadhyay M, Tyagi H, Patel K. Advancement of Langmuir probe-based laser photo-detachment technique for negative ion density measurement in a high-power helicon plasma source. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:043006. [PMID: 38683055 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In the pursuit of precise diagnostics for measuring negative ion density in a helicon plasma source (HPS), a new approach utilizing a radio frequency (RF) broadband transformer-based Langmuir probe is developed specifically for laser photo-detachment (LPD) analysis. This inductively coupled LPD technique is useful for high power RF systems in which capacitive RF noise is in the same scale as the pulsed photo-detachment signal. The signal acquired by this transformer-based probe is compared against the conventional Langmuir probe-based LPD technique, revealing a remarkable enhancement in signal fidelity through an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved by the RF broadband transformer methodology. In addition, the localized hydrogen negative ion density measurements obtained through this probe are harmoniously aligned with the line-averaged negative ion density derived from the cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. These concurrence measurements highlight the RF broadband transformer-based approach's accuracy in capturing localized negative ion density during helicon mode operation in an HPS setup. Furthermore, the correlation of negative ion density values with RF input exhibits a consistent trend in tandem with background plasma density. Notably, both CRDS and LPD measurements ascertain negative ion densities ranging from ∼5 to 6×1016 m-3 under an RF power of 500-700 W and a pressure of 8 × 10-3 mbar, all under the influence of a 55 G axial magnetic field. These specific parameters represent the optimal operational configuration for effective negative ion production with the present experimental HPS setup. Due to its better SNR, the RF broadband transformer-based Langmuir probe emerges as a useful tool for LPD diagnostics, particularly in the presence of pervasive RF noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mukhopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
- ITER-India Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - H Tyagi
- ITER-India Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - K Patel
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
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Kabiraj A, Mallik G, Dash PP, Kumari P, Bandyopadhyay M, Rath S. Observation of non-equilibrium fluctuation in the shear-stress-driven hemoglobin aggregates. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2023; 46:131. [PMID: 38123828 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium fluctuations caused by the rearrangement of hemoglobin molecules into an aggregate state under shear stress have been investigated experimentally. The flow response under the shear stress (σ) corroborates the presence of contrasting aggregate and rejuvenation states governed by entropy production and consumption events. From the time-dependent shear rate fluctuation studies of aggregate states, the probability distribution function (PDF) of the rate of work done is observed to be spread from negative to positive values with a net positive mean. The PDFs follow the steady-state fluctuation theorem, even at a smaller timescale than that desired by the theorem. The behavior of the effective temperature (Teff) that emerges from a non-equilibrium fluctuation and interconnects with the structural restrictions of the aggregate state of our driven system is observed to be within the boundary of the thermodynamic uncertainty. The increase in Teff with the applied σ illustrates a phenomenal nonlinear power flux-dependent aggregating behavior in a classic bio-molecular-driven system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kabiraj
- Nanostructure and Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - G Mallik
- Nanostructure and Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - P P Dash
- Nanostructure and Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - P Kumari
- Nanostructure and Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Statistical Mechanics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - S Rath
- Nanostructure and Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.
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Bag NI, Sahu M, Paul B, Das R, Bandyopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya M, Maity S. Knowledge, Attitude and Level of Involvement of Married Males in Family Planning. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2022; 20:128-135. [PMID: 37017154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Background There is an age-old notion that family planning is women's responsibility disregarding the fact that men have equal responsibility in fertility regulation. Although male involvement is getting more recognition, studies on men's role in family planning are very few in the number in this part of the world. Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and level of male involvement in family planning and to find out the factors associated with male involvement by contraceptive usage. Method A community based cross-sectional study was done from May to July 2021 among 165 currently married male, who had at least one child, living in Singur district of West Bengal. Cluster sampling method was done to select study participants and data were collected by pre-designed pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression was applied and data were analysed applying SPSS software. Result Only 36.4% participants were directly involved in family planning either by using condom or by withdrawal method but 65.5% participants were indirectly involved in family planning through spousal communication either by approving contraceptive use to their spouse or by decision making regarding family planning. Moreover, barrier of contraceptives usage were side effect (27%) and fear of impotence (25.5%). Male involvement was significantly associated with participant's education [AOR (95% CI= 3.63 (1.45-9.05)], caste [AOR (95% CI= 7.06 (2.55-19.51)], number of living children [AOR (95%CI= 5.01(1.95-12.87)], desire for more child [AOR (95% CI=0.34 (.13-.87)] and attitude on family planning [AOR (95% CI= 3.55 (1.41-8.94)]. Conclusion This study identified the prevailing gender norms in rural areas. Advocacy for male involvement in family planning by health personnel during counselling of eligible couples should help in increasing contraceptive coverage in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Bag
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Sahu
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - B Paul
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - R Das
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Bhattacharyya
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - S Maity
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Bandyopadhyay M, Singh MJ, Pandya K, Bhuyan M, Tyagi H, Bharathi P, Shah S, Chakraborty AK. Overview of diagnostics on a small-scale RF source for fusion (ROBIN) and the one planned for the diagnostic beam for ITER. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:023504. [PMID: 35232154 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
India is responsible for the supply of diagnostic neutral beam systems for ITER to diagnose its helium ash during the deuterium-tritium plasma phase using the charge exchange recombination spectroscopy technique. Considering the many first of its kind in terms of technologies and beam development aspects, ITER Indian domestic agency has adopted a strategy of developing the technology and beam experimentation in parallel. On the beam development front three test beds, namely, the ROBIN (Rf Operated Beam source in India for Negative ion research), the TWIN (TWo rf driver-based Indigenously built Negative ion source), and the INTF (INdian Test Facility) are presently in their various phases of operation, optimization, and setting up at IPR, respectively. Experiments related to plasma production, beam production, and acceleration up to 30 keV in volume and surface mode have been performed on ROBIN. The maximum negative hydrogen ion current density to a tune of 27 mA/cm2 is obtained in the surface mode with Cs injection. Optimal source performance requires optimal surface conditions, minimum impurities, careful characterization of the plasma, cesium feed and its redistribution, and optimal wall temperatures of the surfaces of the plasma box and the plasma grid. A combination of probe, optical, vacuum, laser based, electrical, and calorimetric diagnostic measurements enables such a control. At ROBIN, the above diagnostics are being used regularly. The operational and diagnostic experiences on ROBIN shall provide the desired experience and database for operations of TWIN and INTF in the coming years. A large number of conventional and advanced diagnostic techniques are used for plasma and beam characterization. These diagnostics are suitable not only to detect and understand the plasma but also for studies related to impurity evolution. The temporal evolution of impurities significantly impacts the plasma and beam properties. The studies help in establishing correlations between physical parameters and operational parameters to optimize the source performance ensuring adequate safety and investment protection. This paper will present a brief overview of various diagnostics implemented, lessons learned, and the results obtained from ROBIN. In addition, an outline of the diagnostics planned for INTF based on the experience and understandings developed during the present experiments on ROBIN and TWIN and considering the requirements of large systems shall be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bandyopadhyay
- ITER India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - M J Singh
- ITER India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - K Pandya
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - M Bhuyan
- ITER India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - H Tyagi
- ITER India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - P Bharathi
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sejal Shah
- ITER India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
| | - A K Chakraborty
- ITER India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, 382428 Gandhinagar, India
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Borah D, Chattopadhyay A, Bandyopadhyay M, Deka A. Design of tomographic diagnostic system for Indian Test Facility (INTF) neutral beam injector. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Joshi J, Yadav A, Joshi K, Singh D, Patel H, Ulahannan S, Vinaykumar A, Girish M, Khan M, Manohar, Singh M, Bandyopadhyay M, Chakraborty A. Manufacturing experience and commissioning of large size (volume >180 m3) UHV class vacuum vessel for Indian test facility (INTF) for neutral beam. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mukhopadhyay D, Pandey A, Bandyopadhyay M, Tyagi H, Yadav R, Chakraborty A. Quantification of atomic hydrogen anion density in a permanent magnet based helicon ion source (HELEN) by using pulsed ring down spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:083103. [PMID: 31472659 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a permanent magnet-based helicon plasma source (HELEN) is characterized as a negative ion source. A noninvasive diagnostic technique based on cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) is developed to measure the line-integrated negative hydrogen ion (H-) density in HELEN. This paper discusses the experimental results in which negative hydrogen ion density is measured for different magnetic field, pressure, and RF (13.56 MHz) power configurations. It is observed that in high power range (800-850 W), the source is operating in helicon wave heating mode with a background plasma density of ∼1018 m-3 and electron temperature of ∼2 eV. Negative hydrogen ion density is measured by CRDS method and also by optical emission spectroscopic technique. The measured negative ion density is in the range of ∼1016 m-3 under volume mode operational condition even without any use of standard magnetic filter or cesium seeding in the downstream region. The influence of pressure variation (pressure range from 4 × 10-3 mbar to 4 × 10-2 mbar) on negative ion density production is not significant, except for a particular axial magnetic field configuration (55 G) and at 8 × 10-3 mbar pressure, where ∼34% hike is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mukhopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - A Pandey
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - H Tyagi
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - R Yadav
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
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Mallick C, Bandyopadhyay M, Kumar R. Plasma characterization of a microwave discharge ion source with mirror magnetic field configuration. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:125112. [PMID: 30599570 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microwave coupling to plasma through cavity dependent resonant modes is one of the key aspects in a microwave discharge ion source (MDIS) for improving the ion beam qualities as well as plasma dynamics. Knowing these concerns, a MDIS is designed, fabricated, and developed at Institute for Plasma Research to produce high current and a low emittance ion beam for accelerator applications. The present manuscript reports the development of MDIS and the characterization results of the first plasma produced by launching a microwave (MW) of frequency 2.45 GHz. The plasma is characterized at a particular distance away from the ion extraction aperture, using three diagnostics tools such as a Langmuir Probe (LP), Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and a microwave spectrum analyzer. The required mirror-B magnetic field is created by placing four high power ring magnets (each magnet pole strength is 1.38 T) around the cylindrical source chamber. All diagnostics measurements are performed under an operating pressure of range 2 × 10-4-1 × 10-3 mbar and the plasma absorbed power of 30-160 W. The measured cold electron temperature and density varies in the range of ∼1.5-11.8 eV and 5.6 × 1016 m-3-6 × 1017 m-3, respectively, within the source volume. The electron population has distinct hot and cold plasma temperature. The hot electron temperature changes from ∼20 to 70 eV within the above absorbed power range. The LP and OES measurements witnessed the density jumps from under-dense (∼7.3 × 1016 m-3) to over-dense (∼2.9 × 1017 m-3) for the change in absorbed power from 50 W to 80 W. This density jump is accompanied by the sideband generation around the cavity resonant mode (including the launched MW) frequencies which range from 238 kHz to 873 kHz and is recognized as ion waves from the dispersion relation. The ion temperature, estimated from these observed low frequency instabilities, changes from 0.095 to 1.25 eV. The influences of these instabilities on beam emittance growth are of paramount importance in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mallick
- Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 428, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 428, India
| | - R Kumar
- Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 428, India
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Bandyopadhyay M, Sapra M, Kundu S, Srivastava A, Contractor A, Kumar R, Vijayan P, Rama Rao A. Performance evaluation of passive pulse generator for auto depressurization system of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sharma N, Chakraborty M, Neog NK, Bandyopadhyay M. Development and characterization of a helicon plasma source. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:083508. [PMID: 30184689 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Helicon Plasma Source (HeliPS) designed and developed at the Centre of Plasma Physics-Institute for Plasma Research is a versatile helicon plasma device, which operates in a wide range of magnetic field configurations from 50 G to 500 G. This device is dedicated to perform a broad range of research activities. The main objective for development of the HeliPS is to carry out studies on ion-ion plasmas in electronegative gases. In the near future, ion-ion plasmas will be formed in electronegative gases in the downstream of the plasma production region. Although the system is primarily designed to carry out ion-ion plasma experiments, the same system can also be used for experimental studies on some basic helicon plasma properties such as wave propagation, wave coupling, and plasma instability. At present, argon plasma is produced with a RF power supply of 13.56 MHz frequency. External circuit parameters, such as antenna current, plasma resistance (Rp), and internal parameters, such as electron density and temperature, are measured. The details of the experimental setup development, device characteristic, as well as preliminary plasma production and characterization to confirm occurrence of the helicon plasma in the system are presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sharma
- Centre of Plasma Physics-Institute for Plasma Research, Tepesia, Sonapur, Kamrup, Assam 782402, India
| | - M Chakraborty
- Centre of Plasma Physics-Institute for Plasma Research, Tepesia, Sonapur, Kamrup, Assam 782402, India
| | - N K Neog
- Centre of Plasma Physics-Institute for Plasma Research, Tepesia, Sonapur, Kamrup, Assam 782402, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research, HBNI, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, Gujarat, India
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Joshi J, Rotti C, Bandyopadhyay M, Chakraborty A, Eckardt C, Pfaff E, Schäfer J, Metz A, Stupar D, Wischet Y, Bush M. Manufacturing technology development for an ‘angled’ accelerator grid segment for DNB Beam Source. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pandey A, Bandyopadhyay M, Sudhir D, Chakraborty A. Performance evaluation of a permanent ring magnet based helicon plasma source for negative ion source research. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:103509. [PMID: 29092487 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicon wave heated plasmas are much more efficient in terms of ionization per unit power consumed. A permanent magnet based compact helicon wave heated plasma source is developed in the Institute for Plasma Research, after carefully optimizing the geometry, the frequency of the RF power, and the magnetic field conditions. The HELicon Experiment for Negative ion-I source is the single driver helicon plasma source that is being studied for the development of a large sized, multi-driver negative hydrogen ion source. In this paper, the details about the single driver machine and the results from the characterization of the device are presented. A parametric study at different pressures and magnetic field values using a 13.56 MHz RF source has been carried out in argon plasma, as an initial step towards source characterization. A theoretical model is also presented for the particle and power balance in the plasma. The ambipolar diffusion process taking place in a magnetized helicon plasma is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pandey
- Institute for Plasma Research, HBNI, Bhat, Gujarat 382428, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- Institute for Plasma Research, HBNI, Bhat, Gujarat 382428, India
| | - Dass Sudhir
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380005, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380005, India
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Bandyopadhyay M, Chakraborty A, Rotti C, Joshi J, Patel H, Yadav A, Shah S, Tyagi H, Parmar D, Sudhir D, Gahlaut A, Bansal G, Soni J, Pandya K, Pandey R, Yadav R, Nagaraju MV, Mahesh V, Pillai S, Sharma D, Singh D, Bhuyan M, Mistry H, Parmar K, Patel M, Patel K, Prajapati B, Shishangiya H, Vishnudev M, Bhagora J. Indian Test Facility (INTF) and its updates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/823/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sudhir D, Bandyopadhyay M, Chakraborty A. Physics-electrical hybrid model for real time impedance matching and remote plasma characterization in RF plasma sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:02B312. [PMID: 26932040 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma characterization and impedance matching are an integral part of any radio frequency (RF) based plasma source. In long pulse operation, particularly in high power operation where plasma load may vary due to different reasons (e.g. pressure and power), online tuning of impedance matching circuit and remote plasma density estimation are very useful. In some cases, due to remote interfaces, radio activation and, due to maintenance issues, power probes are not allowed to be incorporated in the ion source design for plasma characterization. Therefore, for characterization and impedance matching, more remote schemes are envisaged. Two such schemes by the same authors are suggested in these regards, which are based on air core transformer model of inductive coupled plasma (ICP) [M. Bandyopadhyay et al., Nucl. Fusion 55, 033017 (2015); D. Sudhir et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 013510 (2014)]. However, the influence of the RF field interaction with the plasma to determine its impedance, a physics code HELIC [D. Arnush, Phys. Plasmas 7, 3042 (2000)] is coupled with the transformer model. This model can be useful for both types of RF sources, i.e., ICP and helicon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass Sudhir
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sec-25, Gandhinagar, 382016 Gujarat, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sec-25, Gandhinagar, 382016 Gujarat, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sec-25, Gandhinagar, 382016 Gujarat, India
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Bandyopadhyay M, Sudhir D, Bhuyan M, Soni J, Tyagi H, Joshi J, Yadav A, Rotti C, Parmar D, Patel H, Pillai S, Chakraborty A. Overview of ion source characterization diagnostics in INTF. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:02B906. [PMID: 26932078 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INdian Test Facility (INTF) is envisaged to characterize ITER diagnostic neutral beam system and to establish the functionality of its eight inductively coupled RF plasma driver based negative hydrogen ion source and its beamline components. The beam quality mainly depends on the ion source performance and therefore, its diagnostics plays an important role for its safe and optimized operation. A number of diagnostics are planned in INTF to characterize the ion source performance. Negative ions and its cesium contents in the source will be monitored by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and cavity ring down spectroscopy. Plasma near the extraction region will be studied using standard electrostatic probes. The beam divergence and negative ion stripping losses are planned to be measured using Doppler shift spectroscopy. During initial phase of ion beam characterization, carbon fiber composite based infrared imaging diagnostics will be used. Safe operation of the beam will be ensured by using standard thermocouples and electrical voltage-current measurement sensors. A novel concept, based on plasma density dependent plasma impedance measurement using RF electrical impedance matching parameters to characterize the RF driver plasma, will be tested in INTF and will be validated with OES data. The paper will discuss about the overview of the complete INTF diagnostics including its present status of procurement, experimentation, interface with mechanical systems in INTF, and integration with INTF data acquisition and control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bandyopadhyay
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - Dass Sudhir
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - M Bhuyan
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - J Soni
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 428, India
| | - H Tyagi
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - J Joshi
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - A Yadav
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - C Rotti
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - Deepak Parmar
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - H Patel
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - S Pillai
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29 GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382016, India
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Sudhir D, Bandyopadhyay M, Kraus W, Gahlaut A, Bansal G, Chakraborty A. Online tuning of impedance matching circuit for long pulse inductively coupled plasma source operation--an alternate approach. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:013510. [PMID: 24517768 DOI: 10.1063/1.4863098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Impedance matching circuit between radio frequency (RF) generator and the plasma load, placed between them, determines the RF power transfer from RF generator to the plasma load. The impedance of plasma load depends on the plasma parameters through skin depth and plasma conductivity or resistivity. Therefore, for long pulse operation of inductively coupled plasmas, particularly for high power (∼100 kW or more) where plasma load condition may vary due to different reasons (e.g., pressure, power, and thermal), online tuning of impedance matching circuit is necessary through feedback. In fusion grade ion source operation, such online methodology through feedback is not present but offline remote tuning by adjusting the matching circuit capacitors and tuning the driving frequency of the RF generator between the ion source operation pulses is envisaged. The present model is an approach for remote impedance tuning methodology for long pulse operation and corresponding online impedance matching algorithm based on RF coil antenna current measurement or coil antenna calorimetric measurement may be useful in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass Sudhir
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29, GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 025, India
| | - M Bandyopadhyay
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29, GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 025, India
| | - W Kraus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstrasse 2, 85740 Garching, Germany
| | - A Gahlaut
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 428, India
| | - G Bansal
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 428, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29, GIDC, Sector-25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 025, India
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Gangadharan Nair R, Bandyopadhyay M, Rotti C, Ghate M, Acharya K, Chakraborty A, Schunke B, Chareyre J, Graceffa J, Hemsworth R. DNB exit scraper—Concept and engineering. Fusion Engineering and Design 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2013.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mistri S, Bhakta A, Mondal GC, Bandyopadhyay M, Kumar S. A study of obliquity of femoral shaft in Eastern Indian population. Nepal Med Coll J 2012; 14:9-12. [PMID: 23441487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the erect posture, femur is not absolute vertical, being separated above from its fellow by a considerable interval, which corresponds to the breadth of the pelvis, and inclines gradually medially and downward, so as to approach its fellow, for the purpose of bringing the knee joints near the line of gravity of the body. In the present study obliquity of femoral shaft measured in 127 dry femora. Mean obliquity of femoral shaft for 62 left sided femora found 8.431 degrees with standard deviation of 2.361 degrees whereas for 65 right sided femora were found to be 7.708 degrees with standard deviation of 2.425 degrees. When total 127 femora considered, mean bicondylar angle of 8.061 +/- 2.412 degrees was obtained. Though statistically insignificant, mean bicondylar angle determined on left side was higher than that on the right side.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mistri
- Department of Anatomy, NRS Medical College, Kolkata - 700014, India.
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Bansal G, Bhartiya S, Pandya K, Bandyopadhyay M, Singh MJ, Soni J, Gahlaut A, Parmar KG, Chakraborty A. Multiple delivery cesium oven system for negative ion sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02B118. [PMID: 22380275 DOI: 10.1063/1.3673010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of cesium in large negative ion beam sources to be operational in ITER, is presently based on the use of three or more cesium ovens, which operate simultaneously and are controlled remotely. However, use of multiple Cs ovens simultaneously is likely to pose difficulties in operation and maintenance of the ovens. An alternate method of Cs delivery, based on a single oven distribution system is proposed as one which could reduce the need of simultaneous operation of many ovens. A proof of principle experiment verifying the concept of a multinozzle distributor based Cs oven has been carried out at Institute for Plasma Research. It is also observed that the Cs flux is not controlled by Cs reservoir temperature after few hours of operation but by the temperature of the distributor which starts behaving as a Cs reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bansal
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382428, India.
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Sahu D, Bhattacharjee S, Singh MJ, Bandyopadhyay M, Chakraborty A. Optimization of negative ion current in a compact microwave driven upper hybrid resonance multicusp plasma source. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02A706. [PMID: 22380215 DOI: 10.1063/1.3670346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Performance of a microwave driven upper hybrid resonance multicusp plasma source as a volume negative ion source is reported. Microwaves are directly launched into the plasma chamber predominantly in the TE(11) mode. The source is operated at different discharge conditions to obtain the optimized negative H(-) ion current which is ∼33 μA (0.26 mA∕cm(2)). Particle balance equations are solved to estimate the negative ion density, which is compared with the experimental results. Future prospects of the source are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sahu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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Bhakta A, Mistri S, Mondal GC, Bandyopadhyay M, Bhattacharaya T, Ghosh SK. True palmar pattern in vitiligo--a case control study. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13:241-246. [PMID: 23016471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic epidermal ridges formed on the finger pad and on the palm by the end of the second trimester and remain unchanged thereafter and those are responsible for the highly specific finger prints of each individual. These ridges are nither influenced by later prenatal period nor they subject to any influence in the postnatal environmental factors because the formation of ridge patterns gets already completed by about the eighteenth week of gestation. Dermatoglyphics is a scientific study of such epidermal ridges. Dermatoglyphic study of both palms of clinically diagnosed vitiligo patients and control subjects were carried out and statisticaltly analysed in respect to sex and side of hands. The study revealed variable number of deviations of this patterns in Vitiligo patients when compared with that of control. Increased number of true palmar patterns in right hypothenar, right thenar and both inter digital areas 2 (ID-2) and decreased TPP in Rt. ID3, Rt. ID4 in vitiligo male patients and increased TPP in Rt. Hypothenar and Rt. ID1 and decreased TPP in Rt. ID2 and Lt. ID 3 in vitiligo female patients while compared with that of the control group. Some of the variations observed were stastically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhakta
- Department of Anatomy, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, India.
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Bharati P, Pal M, Bandyopadhyay M, Bhakta A, Chakraborty S, Bharati P. Prevalence and causes of low birth weight in India. Malays J Nutr 2011; 17:301-313. [PMID: 22655452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aims of the study are (i) to understand inter-zone and interstate variation of low birth weight (LBW) and (ii) to determine the key variables to reduce LBW in India. METHODS Using the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data of 2005-06 which showed the percentage distribution of LBW infants, ANOVA and post-hoc test were performed to determine the spatial variation of birth weight. The covariates which influence LBW fell into three categories: (i) social variables which included location, mother's education, religion, access of mothers to newspapers, television and family structure; (ii) economic variable namely, the wealth index, and (iii) biological variables which consisted of sex of the children, birth order, and mother's body mass index (BMI). Three models of Logistic regression were carried out to examine the influence of the combinations of these direct and indirect factors. RESULTS In India, nearly 20% of new borns have LBW. Males have less frequency of LBW than females. The North-east zone has the lowest prevalence of LBW while the north zone has the highest. Mother's education, access to TV and nuclear family, and intake of iron tablets are the most important socio-economic influences on the determination of birth weight in India. CONCLUSION It is essential to provide proper diet and nutritional care of mothers during pregnancy. Increased education of mothers through programmes in TV and newspapers articles have significant roles to play in reducing LBW in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bharati
- Sociological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 BT Road, Kolkata 700108.
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Ghatak RK, Nandi SN, Bhakta A, Mandal GC, Bandyopadhyay M, Kumar S. Prospective study of application of biological communication (cybernatics) in management of chronic low back pain--a preliminary report. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 13:257-260. [PMID: 23016475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To observe the effects of application of cybernetics (theories of communication). This is an open level prospective study, involving patients with chronic low back pain of more than 3 months. Assessment were done before the start of therapy and after the completion of therapy every day for consecutive 6 days of treatment protocol. A total of 8 patients were enrolled (4 male, 4 female). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain, Oswestry Disability Scale (ODI) was applied for scoring disability. ODI was scored at the start of treatment on 1st day and at the end of the treatment on 6th day. Mean VAS reduced from 8.12 to 6.93 after 1st day, which was also statistically significant (p < .01) .This trend continued and there was very significant reduction (p < .001) of VAS in the end when means were compared with pretreatment value. Mean Oswestry disability index reduced from 49.875 to 18.44 at the end of treatment which was statistically very significant (p < 0.001). There were significant improvements in all the outcome measured after Scrambler therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Ghatak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
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Bandyopadhyay M, Ahmed I, Roopesh G, Singh M, Rotti C, Shah S, Phukan A, Yadav R, Chakraborty A. ITER DNB ion source movement mechanism. Fusion Engineering and Design 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shah S, Rajesh S, Srusti B, Bandyopadhyay M, Rotti C, Singh M, Roopesh G, Chakraborty A, Schunke B, Hemsworth R, Chareyre J. Design optimization of the 100kV HV bushing for ITER-DNB. Fusion Engineering and Design 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay M, Bhakta A, Chakrabarty S, Pal M, Bharati P. Clinical and bacteriological correlates of whole blood interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in newly detected cases of pulmonary TB. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bandyopadhyay M, Biswas S, Roy R. Vessels in femoral triangle in a rare relationship. Singapore Med J 2010; 51:e3-e5. [PMID: 20200763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The femoral region of the thigh is utilised for various clinical procedures, both open and closed, particularly in respect to arterial and venous cannulations. A rare vascular pattern was observed during the dissection of the femoral region on both sides of the intact formaldehyde-preserved cadaver of a 42-year-old Indian man from West Bengal. The relationships and patterns found were contrary to the belief that the femoral vein is always medial to the artery, just below the inguinal ligament and the common femoral artery. The femoral artery crossed the vein just deep to the inguinal ligament so that the femoral vein was lying deep to the artery at the base of the femoral triangle. Just deep to the inguinal ligament, the profunda femoris artery (deep femoral artery) arose from the femoral artery, and the long saphenous vein drained into the femoral vein. The embryological and clinical correlations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Anatomy, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Park Circus, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India.
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Singh R, Bandyopadhyay M. Median defect in the skull. Singapore Med J 2008; 49:e61-e63. [PMID: 18301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A median defect in the region of the root of the nose, in between the two orbits, was discovered in the dried skull of a 44-year-old female cadaver, during routine undergraduate teaching. The two small nasal bones articulated with each other and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. The lacrimal bones and frontal processes of the maxillary bones were also deformed. We propose that the median defect was due to abnormality at the fonticulus frontalis, the prenasal space and the interorbitonasal part of the nasal capsule, as well as defects in the ossification of the maxilla, lacrimal and frontal bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- Department of Anatomy, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India.
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Pai M, Joshi R, Bandyopadhyay M, Narang P, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri S. Sensitivity of a whole-blood interferon-gamma assay among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and variations in T-cell responses during anti-tuberculosis treatment. Infection 2007; 35:98-103. [PMID: 17401714 PMCID: PMC2951985 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-007-6114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) assays are new tests for tuberculosis (TB) infection, and T-cell responses may be correlated with antigen burden. However, it is unclear if IFN-gamma assays can be used to monitor response to TB treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured T-cell responses to TB specific antigens in 60 Indian patients with microbiologically confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis, before, during, and after TB treatment. Most patients were hospitalized and had moderate to advanced disease. IFN-gamma responses were measured using the commercial whole-blood Quanti-FERON-TB Gold In Tube (QFT-G) assay at three time-points: at diagnosis (N = 60), after 2 months of intensive treatment (N = 47), and at 6 months (treatment completion) (N = 39). RESULTS At baseline, 44 of 60 (73%) patients were positive by QFT-G. At the second time-point, 38 of 47 (81%) patients were positive. At treatment completion, 31 of 39 (79%) patients were positive. Changes in IFN-gamma responses over time were highly inconsistent--some individuals showed increases, while others showed decreases or no changes. Although the average IFN-gamma levels decreased slightly during treatment (not significant), the QFT-G sensitivity remained mostly unchanged during therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the QFT-G assay has modest sensitivity in patients with moderate to advanced pulmonary disease, but our results do not show a clear correlation between antigen burden and T-cell responses. Further research is needed to understand the kinetics of T-cell responses during TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pai
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2.
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Raychaudhuri A, Lahiri SK, Bandyopadhyay M, Foster PJ, Reeves BC, Johnson GJ. A population based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in rural West Bengal: the West Bengal Glaucoma Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 89:1559-64. [PMID: 16299129 PMCID: PMC1772964 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.074948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine (i) the prevalence of glaucoma in people aged > or =50 years, (ii) the proportions of different types of glaucoma, (iii) the distributions of intraocular pressure and vertical cup disc ratio. METHOD Population based prevalence survey in rural West Bengal. People aged > or =50 years in randomly selected villages in 24 Parganas South district. The main outcome measures were diagnosis of glaucoma, based on criteria described by the International Society for Geographic and Epidemiological Ophthalmology. RESULTS 1594 people aged > or =50 years were enumerated in nine villages; 1324 (83.1%) were surveyed and 1269 people adequately examined. 42 definite cases of glaucoma were identified, with prevalence increasing from 2.7% (95% CI 1.7 to 3.7) in people aged 50-59 years to 6.5% (95% CI 0.0 to 14.1) in those aged > or =80 years. The age standardised estimate for the prevalence of all glaucoma in people aged > or =50 years was 3.4%. Only three cases of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) were identified, giving a crude ratio of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) to PACG of more than 10:1. Three people with glaucoma were blind in one eye but none was blind in both eyes. CONCLUSION Compared to other surveys of glaucoma in India, the age standardised prevalence observed was less than in Hyderabad, but similar to Tamil Nadu and Dhaka. The ratio of POAG to PACG was much higher than found previously, suggesting that PACG may be less prevalent in Bengalis than in Indian populations living in south India. The authors conclude that ophthalmic services in West Bengal should focus on detecting POAG. Since there is still no satisfactory method of screening for POAG, there is no alternative to case detection (opportunistic screening) in eye clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raychaudhuri
- Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Fantz U, Falter H, Franzen P, Bandyopadhyay M, Heinemann B, Kraus W, McNeely P, Riedl R, Speth E, Tanga A, Wilhelm R. Diagnostics of the cesium amount in an RF negative ion source and the correlation with the extracted current density. Fusion Engineering and Design 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Franzen P, Falter H, Speth E, Kraus W, Bandyopadhyay M, Encheva A, Fantz U, Franke T, Heinemann B, Holtum D, Martens C, McNeely P, Riedl R, Tanga A, Wilhelm R. Status and plans for the development of a RF negative ion source for ITER NBI. Fusion Engineering and Design 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Speth E, Falter H, Franzen P, Heinemann B, Bandyopadhyay M, Fantz U, Kraus W, McNeely P, Riedl R, Tanga A, Wilhelm R. Development of a RF source for ITER NBI: First results with D− operation. Fusion Engineering and Design 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tkachenko OP, Klementiev KV, van den Berg MWE, Koc N, Bandyopadhyay M, Birkner A, Wöll C, Gies H, Grünert W. Reduction of Copper in Porous Matrixes. Stepwise and Autocatalytic Reduction Routes. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:20979-88. [PMID: 16853720 DOI: 10.1021/jp054033i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of Cu(II) oxide species in siliceous matrixes of different porosity (MFI, FAU, MCM-48) and in alumosilicate MFI was studied by temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen (TPR), by X-ray absorption fine structure (after stationary hydrogen treatments), and by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the reduction may proceed in one or in two reduction steps. The two-step scheme known for zeolites was observed also for Cu(II) in siliceous microporous matrixes, with similar temperature of Cu(II) reduction onset as for the alumosilicate MFI. Therefore, the two-step scheme cannot be explained by the stabilization of Cu ions by intra-zeolite electrical fields. CuOx clusters in MCM-48 were reduced in a one-step scheme (similar to bulk CuO) at high Cu content (6 wt %) but in a two-step scheme at low Cu content (1 wt %). The two reduction steps observed with most samples cannot be identified with the transitions of all Cu(II) to Cu(I) and of Cu(I) to Cu(0). Instead, Cu(0) nuclei were observed already at low reduction temperatures and were found to coexist with Cu ions over temperature ranges of different extension. This coexistence range was narrow in materials that favor aggregation of the Cu nuclei into particles: Cu-MCM-48 of low Cu content and Cu-ZSM-5. In the latter, metal segregation from the pore system was found to be accompanied by an autocatalytic initiation of the second reduction step. In the siliceous microporous matrixes, the Cu(0) nuclei were observed to coexist with Cu ions over wide temperature ranges (100 K for MFI) at temperatures far above that of Cu reduction in the bulk oxide. These observations suggest that oligomeric Cu metal nuclei which may have been formed, e.g., at the intersections of the MFI channel system, may be unable to activate hydrogen, which would be required for rapid reduction of the coexisting Cu ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Tkachenko
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, , Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Hyper-ferrous state is the result of multiple transfusions, whereby the iron excess in such conditions may be toxic to the organism. Patients suffering from thalassemia receive multiple transfusions. In the eastern part of India, both β(0)-thalassemia and heterozygous Eβ-thalassemia occur. This paper expresses the hyper-ferrous state, leading to iron overload in these two conditions and also reports the increased generation of free radicals, consequent to the iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Goswami
- Dept of Biochemistry, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, 99, Sarat Bose Road, 700 026 Kolkata, India
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Ghosh PK, Philip L, Bandyopadhyay M. Management of Atrazine Bearing Wastewater Using an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor–Adsorption System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(2005)9:2(112)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Chattopadhyay RR, Bandyopadhyay M. Possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in rats: Part III. Indian J Pharmacol 2005. [DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Bhunia P, Bandyopadhyay M. Leaching of As(III) and As(V) from exhausted calsico--a case study. J Environ Sci Eng 2004; 46:1-9. [PMID: 16649586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Batch leaching experiments were conducted to estimate the leaching of As(III) and As(V) from exhausted CalSiCo. The leaching of As(III) and As(V) was found to be function of time and concentrations of anions such as Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-) in extraction fluid. Extraction tests were carried out to determine the maximum leachable concentration under the chosen conditions of leaching medium and leaching time. It has been observed that the leaching of As(III) is more than As(v) in all the cases. Leaching of As(III) and As(v) from exhausted CalSiCo is also carried out in rainwater and in tap water. It is observed that leaching of As is more in rainwater than tap water. Further higher leaching is observed in case of fluids containing chloride compared to those containing nitrate and sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bhunia
- M-Tech (2 nd year), Civil Engineering Department, IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur
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Patra A, Bandyopadhyay M, Ghorai SK, Mal D. A SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE EPOXIDATION OF α, β-UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES AND KETONES USING AQUEOUS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-SODIUM ETHOXIDE. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940309355863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tkachenko OP, Klementiev KV, Löffler E, Ritzkopf I, Schüth F, Bandyopadhyay M, Grabowski S, Gies H, Hagen V, Muhler M, Lu L, Fischer RA, Grünert W. The structure of zinc and copper oxide species hosted in porous siliceous matrices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Bandyopadhyay M, Gupta BK, Panwar RB, Kabra PK, Kaushik AN, Chadda VS. A study of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in cases of intermittent acute porphyria with hypertension: special reference to safety and efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) therapy. Indian Heart J 2002; 54:734. [PMID: 12674196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
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Abstract
Research on population mobility and HIV/AIDS risk among migrant populations is quite limited, and research on migrant women workers' vulnerability is further limited. Hong Kong, the Special Administrative Region of China, has currently about 200,000 women migrant workers working as domestic helps. This paper reports migrant women worker's access to AIDS-related health information and health care facilities, perceptions about vulnerability, and risk behaviour profile. Data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire from a random sample of 2,010 women migrant workers. A majority of the migrant women workers (63.6%) have been living and working in Hong Kong for between 4-10 years. Fifty-four per cent of the respondents felt that being a female they were vulnerable to HIV infection. Overall, the knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and its route of transmission is inadequate amongst the migrant women workers in Hong Kong. It appears that AIDS-related information education and communication needs of women migrants workers are not met by the current HIV prevention and care activities in Hong Kong. The study indicates that migrant women workers who experienced sexual violence (9%) in Hong Kong perceive themselves to be 'at risk' of HIV infection. Seventy per cent of the respondents reported that they have felt discriminated against in Hong Kong, of which 42% felt discriminated against in Hong Kong hospitals. Addressing discrimination in health care settings is an essential element of AIDS prevention. The discussion urges researchers and policy makers to pay more attention to the vulnerability of migrant women workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bandyopadhyay
- Key Centre for Women's Health in Society, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Women's Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Bandyopadhyay M, Thomas J. Women migrant workers' vulnerability to HIV infection in Hong Kong. AIDS Care 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/09540120220133035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Konark Pulp and Paper Industries Private Limited is a medium size industry producing 1600 m3 of wastewater a day. The existing water treatment system of the industry was found to be ineffective both in performance and economy. In the present study, a new system of treatment has been developed using water hyacinth Eichornia crassipes, coagulation by lime and alum, followed by rapid sand filtration. The performance efficiency of each unit viz. Eichornia treatment; coagulation with lime, with alum, and with lime:alum combinations, and filtration was studied. Water quality parameters considered were Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolve Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, turbidity, percentage transmission, and water colour. Based on the individual performance of each unit, a continuous system has been designed and was tested. The new system of treatment could treat the wastewater to the discharge standards and also was found economically feasible. Testing culture of fish (tilapia) proved that the treated water could be safely discharged into natural waters. All fish tested, survived and remained healthy throughout the period of testing. Culture of fish further improved the water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yedla
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India
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48
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Patel G, Sharma V, Baruah U, Patel P, Jayakumar P, Jana M, Bisai N, Singh N, Chakraborty A, Bandyopadhyay M, Chakrapani C, Prahlad V, Rao N, Rotti C, Shah S, Rambabu S, Sreedhar V, Mattoo S. Data acquisition and control system for steady state neutral beam injector. Fusion Engineering and Design 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(01)00329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mattoo S, Chakraborty A, Baruah U, Jayakumar P, Bandyopadhyay M, Bisai N, Chakrapani C, Jana M, Onali R, Prahlad V, Patel P, Patel G, Prajapati B, Rao N, Rambabu S, Rotti C, Sharma S, Shah S, Sharma V, Singh M, Singh N, Sridhar B. Engineering design of the steady state neutral beam injector for SST-1. Fusion Engineering and Design 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(01)00388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Performance of mixed microbial anaerobic culture in treating synthetic waste-water with high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and varying atrazine concentration was studied. Performance of hybrid reactors with wood charcoal as adsorbent, with a dose of 10 g/l and 40 g/l, along with the microbial mass was also studied. All the reactors were operated in sequential mode with Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 5 days. In all the cases, COD removal after 5 days was found to be above 81%. Initial COD was above 1,000 mg/l. From a hybrid reactor COD removal after 2 days was observed to be 90%. Atrazine reduction after 5 days by microbial mass alone was 43.8%, 40% and 33.2% with an initial concentration of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l respectively. MLSS on all the cases were almost same. Increasing MLSS concentration by about 2 fold did not increase the atrazine removal efficiency significantly. Maximum atrazine removal was observed to be 64% from the hybrid reactor with 10 g/l of wood charcoal and 69.4% from the reactor with 40 g/l of wood charcoal. Atrazine removal from the hybrid reactors after 15 days were observed to be 35.7% and 38.7%, which showed that the higher dose of wood charcoal in hybrid reactor did not improve the atrazine removal efficiency significantly. Specific methanogenic activity test showed no inhibitory effect of atrazine on methane producing bacteria. The performance of anaerobic microorganisms in removing atrazine with no external carbon source and inorganic nitrogen source was studied in batch mode. With an initial concentration of 1.0 mg/l, reduction of atrazine by the anaerobic microorganisms in absence of external carbon source after 35 days was observed to be 61.8% where as in absence of external carbon and inorganic nitrogen source the reduction was only 44.2% after 150 days. Volatilization loss of atrazine was observed to be insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W. Bengal
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