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Bauers SR, Tellekamp MB, Roberts DM, Hammett B, Lany S, Ferguson AJ, Zakutayev A, Nanayakkara SU. Metal chalcogenides for neuromorphic computing: emerging materials and mechanisms. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:372001. [PMID: 33882467 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfa51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The approaching end of Moore's law scaling has significantly accelerated multiple fields of research including neuromorphic-, quantum-, and photonic computing, each of which possesses unique benefits unobtained through conventional binary computers. One of the most compelling arguments for neuromorphic computing systems is power consumption, noting that computations made in the human brain are approximately 106times more efficient than conventional CMOS logic. This review article focuses on the materials science and physical mechanisms found in metal chalcogenides that are currently being explored for use in neuromorphic applications. We begin by reviewing the key biological signal generation and transduction mechanisms within neuronal components of mammalian brains and subsequently compare with observed experimental measurements in chalcogenides. With robustness and energy efficiency in mind, we will focus on short-range mechanisms such as structural phase changes and correlated electron systems that can be driven by low-energy stimuli, such as temperature or electric field. We aim to highlight fundamental materials research and existing gaps that need to be overcome to enable further integration or advancement of metal chalcogenides for neuromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage R Bauers
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - M Brooks Tellekamp
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Dennice M Roberts
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Breanne Hammett
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Avenue, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Stephan Lany
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Sanjini U Nanayakkara
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
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Greenaway AL, Loutris AL, Heinselman KN, Melamed CL, Schnepf RR, Tellekamp MB, Woods-Robinson R, Sherbondy R, Bardgett D, Bauers S, Zakutayev A, Christensen ST, Lany S, Tamboli AC. Combinatorial Synthesis of Magnesium Tin Nitride Semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8421-8430. [PMID: 32279492 PMCID: PMC10905991 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitride materials feature strong chemical bonding character that leads to unique crystal structures, but many ternary nitride chemical spaces remain experimentally unexplored. The search for previously undiscovered ternary nitrides is also an opportunity to explore unique materials properties, such as transitions between cation-ordered and -disordered structures, as well as to identify candidate materials for optoelectronic applications. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental study of MgSnN2, an emerging II-IV-N2 compound, for the first time mapping phase composition and crystal structure, and examining its optoelectronic properties computationally and experimentally. We demonstrate combinatorial cosputtering of cation-disordered, wurtzite-type MgSnN2 across a range of cation compositions and temperatures, as well as the unexpected formation of a secondary, rocksalt-type phase of MgSnN2 at Mg-rich compositions and low temperatures. A computational structure search shows that the rocksalt-type phase is substantially metastable (>70 meV/atom) compared to the wurtzite-type ground state. Spectroscopic ellipsometry reveals optical absorption onsets around 2 eV, consistent with band gap tuning via cation disorder. Finally, we demonstrate epitaxial growth of a mixed wurtzite-rocksalt MgSnN2 on GaN, highlighting an opportunity for polymorphic control via epitaxy. Collectively, these findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of MgSnN2 as a model ternary nitride, with controlled polymorphism, and for device applications, enabled by control of optoelectronic properties via cation ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L. Greenaway
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Amanda L. Loutris
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karen N. Heinselman
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Celeste L. Melamed
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rekha R. Schnepf
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - M. Brooks Tellekamp
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rachel Woods-Robinson
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Applied
Science and Technology Graduate Group, University
of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
| | - Rachel Sherbondy
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan Bardgett
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sage Bauers
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Steven T. Christensen
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stephan Lany
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Adele C. Tamboli
- Materials
and Chemistry Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Lee D, Shank JC, Tellekamp MB, Doolittle WA, Alamgir FM. Thin‐Film Lithium Niobites and Their Chemical Properties for Lithium‐Ion Storage and Diffusion. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Chan Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 771 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta, GA 30332 United States
| | - Joshua C. Shank
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 791 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta, GA 30332 United States
| | - M. Brooks Tellekamp
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 791 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta, GA 30332 United States
| | - W. Alan Doolittle
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 791 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta, GA 30332 United States
| | - Faisal M. Alamgir
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology 771 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta, GA 30332 United States
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