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Margutti R, Kamble A, Milisavljevic D, Zapartas E, de Mink SE, Drout M, Chornock R, Risaliti G, Zauderer BA, Bietenholz M, Cantiello M, Chakraborti S, Chomiuk L, Fong W, Grefenstette B, Guidorzi C, Kirshner R, Parrent JT, Patnaude D, Soderberg AM, Gehrels NC, Harrison F. Ejection of the Massive Hydrogen-rich Envelope Timed with the Collapse of the Stripped SN 2014C. Astrophys J 2017; 835:140. [PMID: 28684881 PMCID: PMC5495200 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present multi-wavelength observations of SN 2014C during the first 500 days. These observations represent the first solid detection of a young extragalactic stripped-envelope SN out to high-energy X-rays ~40 keV. SN 2014C shows ordinary explosion parameters (Ek ~ 1.8 × 1051 erg and Mej ~ 1.7 M⊙). However, over an ~1 year timescale, SN 2014C evolved from an ordinary hydrogen-poor supernova into a strongly interacting, hydrogen-rich supernova, violating the traditional classification scheme of type-I versus type-II SNe. Signatures of the SN shock interaction with a dense medium are observed across the spectrum, from radio to hard X-rays, and revealed the presence of a massive shell of ~1 M⊙of hydrogen-rich material at ~6 × 1016 cm. The shell was ejected by the progenitor star in the decades to centuries before collapse. This result challenges current theories of massive star evolution, as it requires a physical mechanism responsible for the ejection of the deepest hydrogen layer of H-poor SN progenitors synchronized with the onset of stellar collapse. Theoretical investigations point at binary interactions and/or instabilities during the last nuclear burning stages as potential triggers of the highly time-dependent mass loss. We constrain these scenarios utilizing the sample of 183 SNe Ib/c with public radio observations. Our analysis identifies SN 2014C-like signatures in ~10% of SNe. This fraction is reasonably consistent with the expectation from the theory of recent envelope ejection due to binary evolution if the ejected material can survive in the close environment for 103-104 years. Alternatively, nuclear burning instabilities extending to core C-burning might play a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Margutti
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - A Kamble
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D Milisavljevic
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - E Zapartas
- Anton Pannenkoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S E de Mink
- Anton Pannenkoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Drout
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R Chornock
- Astrophysical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 251B Clippinger Lab, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - G Risaliti
- INAF-Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - B A Zauderer
- Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - M Bietenholz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Hartebeesthoek Radio Observatory, P.O. Box 443, Krugersdorp 1740, South Africa
| | - M Cantiello
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - S Chakraborti
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - L Chomiuk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - W Fong
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - B Grefenstette
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, 1216 E. California Boulevard, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C Guidorzi
- University of Ferrara, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Kirshner
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J T Parrent
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - D Patnaude
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A M Soderberg
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N C Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - F Harrison
- Space Radiation Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Boulevard, MC 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Biolatti B, Bollo E, Cannizzo FT, Zancanaro G, Tarantola M, Dacasto M, Cantiello M, Carletti M, Biolatti PG, Barbarino G. Effects of Low-dose Dexamethasone on Thymus Morphology and Immunological Parameters in Veal Calves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:202-8. [PMID: 15882406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are often illegally used in association with anabolic steroids as growth promoters in veal calves and beef production. An experimental administration of dexamethasone was carried out in veal calves in order to assess the role of low doses of exogenous glucocorticoids on induction of thymus atrophy and on the immune response. Three groups of five veal calves each were included in this study: group D was administered 0.4 mg/day of dexamethasone-21-phosphate per os for 25 days; group V was administered 2 mg of dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate i.m. at days 14 and 21, and group K served as control. At slaughter, the weight of the thymus was severely reduced in group D and in group V, compared with control animals. Lesions included severe lymphoid depletion and hyperplasia of adipose tissue. In situ evaluation of apoptosis in thymus, showed a reduction of the percentage of positive nuclear areas of animals belonging to group V in comparison with control animals. An overall decrease of lymphocyte proliferative response was detected after treatment with short acting dexamethasone, while antibody response was not affected by treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Biolatti
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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