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Brilli L, Martin R, Argenti G, Bassignana M, Bindi M, Bonet R, Choler P, Cremonese E, Della Vedova M, Dibari C, Filippa G, Galvagno M, Leolini L, Moriondo M, Piccot A, Stendardi L, Targetti S, Bellocchi G. Uncertainties in the adaptation of alpine pastures to climate change based on remote sensing products and modelling. J Environ Manage 2023; 336:117575. [PMID: 36893538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century, the management of pastoral systems has undergone major changes to meet the livelihood needs of alpine communities. Faced with the changes induced by recent global warming, the ecological status of many pastoral systems has seriously deteriorated in the western alpine region. We assessed changes in pasture dynamics by integrating information from remote-sensing products and two process-based models, i.e. the grassland-specific, biogeochemical growth model PaSim and the generic crop-growth model DayCent. Meteorological observations and satellite-derived Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) trajectories of three pasture macro-types (high, medium and low productivity classes) in two study areas - Parc National des Écrins (PNE) in France and Parco Nazionale Gran Paradiso (PNGP) in Italy - were used as a basis for the model calibration work. The performance of the models was satisfactory in reproducing pasture production dynamics (R2 = 0.52 to 0.83). Projected changes in alpine pastures due to climate-change impacts and adaptation strategies indicate that: i) the length of the growing season is expected to increase between 15 and 40 days, resulting in changes in the timing and amount of biomass production, ii) summer water stress could limit pasture productivity; iii) earlier onset of grazing could enhance pasture productivity; iv) higher livestock densities could increase the rate of biomass regrowth, but major uncertainties in modelling processes need to be considered; and v) the carbon sequestration potential of pastures could decrease under limited water availability and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brilli
- National Research Council - Institute of BioEconomy (IBE-CNR), 50145, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy.
| | - R Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G Argenti
- University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | | | - M Bindi
- University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - R Bonet
- Parc National des Ecrins, Domaine de Charance, 05000, Gap, France
| | - P Choler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - E Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - M Della Vedova
- Parc National des Ecrins, Domaine de Charance, 05000, Gap, France
| | - C Dibari
- University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - G Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - M Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint-Christophe, Italy
| | - L Leolini
- University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - M Moriondo
- National Research Council - Institute of BioEconomy (IBE-CNR), 50145, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - A Piccot
- Institut Agricole Régional, 11100, Aosta, Italy
| | - L Stendardi
- University of Florence, DAGRI, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - S Targetti
- University of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Viale Fanin, 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Bellocchi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Galvagno M, Tseluiko D, Lopez H, Thiele U. Continuous and discontinuous dynamic unbinding transitions in drawn film flow. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:137803. [PMID: 24745457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.137803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When a plate is withdrawn from a liquid bath a coating layer is deposited whose thickness and homogeneity depend on the velocity and the wetting properties of the plate. Using a long-wave mesoscopic hydrodynamic description that incorporates wettability via a Derjaguin (disjoining) pressure we identify four qualitatively different dynamic transitions between microscopic and macroscopic coatings that are out-of-equilibrium equivalents of known equilibrium unbinding transitions. Namely, these are continuous and discontinuous dynamic wetting and emptying transitions. Several of their features have no equivalent at equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galvagno
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - D Tseluiko
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - H Lopez
- School of Physics and Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - U Thiele
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm Klemm Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Tseluiko D, Galvagno M, Thiele U. Collapsed heteroclinic snaking near a heteroclinic chain in dragged meniscus problems. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2014; 37:33. [PMID: 24771241 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A liquid film is studied that is deposited onto a flat plate that is inclined at a constant angle to the horizontal and is extracted from a liquid bath at a constant speed. We analyse steady-state solutions of a long-wave evolution equation for the film thickness. Using centre manifold theory, we first obtain an asymptotic expansion of solutions in the bath region. The presence of an additional temperature gradient along the plate that induces a Marangoni shear stress significantly changes these expansions and leads to the presence of logarithmic terms that are absent otherwise. Next, we numerically obtain steady solutions and analyse their behaviour as the plate velocity is changed. We observe that the bifurcation curve exhibits collapsed (or exponential) heteroclinic snaking when the plate inclination angle is above a certain critical value. Otherwise, the bifurcation curve is monotonic. The steady profiles along these curves are characterised by a foot-like structure that is formed close to the meniscus and is preceded by a thin precursor film further up the plate. The length of the foot increases along the bifurcation curve. Finally, we prove with a Shilnikov-type method that the snaking behaviour of the bifurcation curves is caused by the existence of an infinite number of heteroclinic orbits close to a heteroclinic chain that connects in an appropriate three-dimensional phase space the fixed point corresponding to the precursor film with the fixed point corresponding to the foot and then with the fixed point corresponding to the bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tseluiko
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, Leicestershire, UK
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Galvagno M, Rossini M, Migliavacca M, Cremonese E, Colombo R, Morra di Cella U. Seasonal course of photosynthetic efficiency in Larix decidua Mill. in response to temperature and change in pigment composition during senescence. Int J Biometeorol 2013; 57:871-880. [PMID: 23263743 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a study aimed at characterizing the seasonal course of photosynthetic capacity of an alpine deciduous conifer, European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), based on chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and photosynthetic pigment analysis. The study focused on the characterization of autumn senescence events which (contrary to bud-burst) are still scarcely investigated. The study was conducted on two natural European larch stands in the northwestern Italian Alps during two consecutive years. The results show that photosynthetic efficiency as assessed by fluorescence measurements was controlled by variations in air and soil temperature. Photosynthesis responded to variations in maximum air and soil temperature in a delayed way, with a varying lag depending on the seasonal period considered. The analysis of photosynthetic efficiency and pigment decline at the end of the growing season identified two senescence phases. During early senescence, plants manifested only the beginning of needle decolouration, while during late senescence pigment degradation led to a loss in photosynthetic efficiency. This behavior indicates that the beginning of needle yellowing and the decline in photosynthetic efficiency can occur at different times-a finding that should be considered in order to improve models of ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galvagno
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Laboratory, DISAT, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy,
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Pelinski R, Cerrutti P, Ponsone ML, Chulze S, Galvagno M. Statistical optimization of simple culture conditions to produce biomass of an ochratoxigenic mould biocontrol yeast strain. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:377-82. [PMID: 22296519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To maximize biomass production of an ochratoxigenic mould-controlling strain of Lachancea thermotolerans employing response surface methodology (RSM). METHODS AND RESULTS Using Plackett-Burman screening designs (PBSD) and central composite designs (CCD), an optimized culture medium containing (g l(-1) ): fermentable sugars (FS), 139·2, provided by sugar cane molasses (CMz), (NH(4) )(2) HPO(4) (DAP), 9·0, and yeast extract (YE), 2·5, was formulated. Maximal cell concentration obtained after 24 h at 28°C was 24·2 g l(-1) cell dry weight (CDW). The mathematical model obtained was validated in experiments performed in shaken-flask cultures and also in aerated bioreactors. Maximum yield and productivity values achieved were, respectively, of 0·23 g CDW/g FS in a medium containing (g l(-1) ): FS, 87·0; DAP, 7·0; YE, 1·0; and of 0·96 g CDW l(-1) h(-1) in a medium containing (g l(-1) ): FS, 150·8 plus DAP, 6·9. CONCLUSIONS Optimized culture conditions for maximizing yeast biomass production determined in flask cultures were applicable at a larger scale. The highest yield values were attained in media containing relatively low-CMz concentrations supplemented with DAP and YE. Yeast extract would not be necessary if higher productivity is the aim. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Cells of L. thermotolerans produced aerobically could be sustainably produced in a medium just containing cheap carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources. Response surface methodology allowed the fine-tuning of cultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pelinski
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón de Industrias, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Meroni M, Barducci A, Cogliati S, Castagnoli F, Rossini M, Busetto L, Migliavacca M, Cremonese E, Galvagno M, Colombo R, di Cella UM. The hyperspectral irradiometer, a new instrument for long-term and unattended field spectroscopy measurements. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:043106. [PMID: 21528994 DOI: 10.1063/1.3574360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reliable time series of vegetation optical properties are needed to improve the modeling of the terrestrial carbon budget with remote sensing data. This paper describes the development of an automatic spectral system able to collect continuous long-term in-field spectral measurements of spectral down-welling and surface reflected irradiance. The paper addresses the development of the system, named hyperspectral irradiometer (HSI), describes its optical design, the acquisition, and processing operations. Measurements gathered on a vegetated surface by the HSI are shown, discussed and compared with experimental outcomes with independent instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meroni
- European Commission, DG-JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Monitoring Agricultural Resources Unit, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Migliavacca M, Cremonese E, Colombo R, Busetto L, Galvagno M, Ganis L, Meroni M, Pari E, Rossini M, Siniscalco C, Morra di Cella U. European larch phenology in the Alps: can we grasp the role of ecological factors by combining field observations and inverse modelling? Int J Biometeorol 2008; 52:587-605. [PMID: 18437430 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-008-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation phenology is strongly influenced by climatic factors. Climate changes may cause phenological variations, especially in the Alps which are considered to be extremely vulnerable to global warming. The main goal of our study is to analyze European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) phenology in alpine environments and the role of the ecological factors involved, using an integrated approach based on accurate field observations and modelling techniques. We present 2 years of field-collected larch phenological data, obtained following a specifically designed observation protocol. We observed that both spring and autumn larch phenology is strongly influenced by altitude. We propose an approach for the optimization of a spring warming model (SW) and the growing season index model (GSI) consisting of a model inversion technique, based on simulated look-up tables (LUTs), that provides robust parameter estimates. The optimized models showed excellent agreement between modelled and observed data: the SW model predicts the beginning of the growing season (B(GS)) with a mean RMSE of 4 days, while GSI gives a prediction of the growing season length (L(GS)) with a RMSE of 5 days. Moreover, we showed that the original GSI parameters led to consistent errors, while the optimized ones significantly increased model accuracy. Finally, we used GSI to investigate interactions of ecological factors during springtime development and autumn senescence. We found that temperature is the most effective factor during spring recovery while photoperiod plays an important role during autumn senescence: photoperiod shows a contrasting effect with altitude decreasing its influence with increasing altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Migliavacca
- Remote Sensing of Environmental Dynamics Laboratory, Dip. Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy.
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Cerrutti P, Segovia de Huergo M, Galvagno M, Schebor C, del Pilar Buera M. Commercial baker's yeast stability as affected by intracellular content of trehalose, dehydration procedure and the physical properties of external matrices. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2000; 54:575-80. [PMID: 11092635 DOI: 10.1007/s002530000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of vacuum-drying and freeze-drying on the cell viability of a commercial baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain with different endogenous contents of trehalose were analyzed. An osmotolerant Zygosaccharomyces rouxii strain was used for comparative purposes. Higher viability values were observed in cells after vacuum-drying than after freeze-drying. Internal concentrations of trehalose in the range 10-20% protected cells in both dehydration processes. Endogenous trehalose concentrations did not affect the water sorption isotherm nor the Tg values. The effect of external matrices of trehalose and maltodextrin was also studied. The addition of external trehalose improved the survival of S. cerevisiae cells containing 5% internal trehalose during dehydration. Maltodextrin (1.8 kDa) failed to protect vacuum-dried samples at 40 degrees C. The major reduction in the viability during the freeze-drying process of the sensitive yeast cells studied was attributed to the freezing step. The suggested protective mechanisms for each particular system are vitrification and the specific interactions of trehalose with membranes and/or proteins. The failure of maltodextrins to protect cells was attributed to the fact that none of the suggested mechanisms of protection could operate in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina
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Schebor C, Galvagno M, del Pilar Buera M, Chirife J. Glass transition temperatures and fermentative activity of heat-treated commercial active dry yeasts. Biotechnol Prog 2000; 16:163-8. [PMID: 10753440 DOI: 10.1021/bp990147y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of various samples of commercial instant active dry yeasts revealed a clear glass transition typical of amorphous carbohydrates and sugars. The resulting glass transition temperatures were found to decrease with increasing moisture content. The observed glass curve was similar to that of pure trehalose, which is known to accumulate in large amounts in baker's yeast. The effect of heat treatment at various temperatures on the fermentative activity (as measured by the metabolic production of CO(2)) of dry yeast was studied. First-order plots were obtained representing the loss of fermentative activity as a function of heating time at the various temperatures assayed. Significant losses of fermentative activity were observed in vitrified yeast samples. The dependence of rate constants with temperature was found to follow Arrhenius behavior. The relationship between the loss of fermentative activity and glass transition was not verified, and the glass transition was not reflected on the temperature dependence of fermentative activity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schebor
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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