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Lok WY, Kong CW, Hui SYA, Shi MM, Choy KW, To WK, Leung TY. Chromosomal abnormalities and neurological outcomes in fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly: a retrospective cohort analysis. Hong Kong Med J 2021; 27:428-436. [PMID: 34949731 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj208850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the incidences of chromosomal abnormalities and the neurological outcomes according to the degree of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly. METHODS All women with antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly were retrospectively identified from two maternal-fetal medicine units in Hong Kong from January 2014 to December 2018. Degrees of fetal ventriculomegaly were classified as mild (10-11.9 mm), moderate (12-14.9 mm), or severe (≥15 mm). Genetic investigation results were reviewed, including conventional karyotyping and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA); correlations between chromosomal abnormalities and the degree of fetal ventriculomegaly were explored. The neurological outcomes of subsequent live births were analysed to identify factors associated with developmental delay. RESULTS Of 84 cases (ie, pregnant women and their fetuses) included, 46 (54.8%) exhibited isolated fetal ventriculomegaly, 55 (65.5%) had mild cerebral ventriculomegaly, and 29 (34.5%) had moderate or severe cerebral ventriculomegaly. Overall, 20% (14/70) of cases had chromosomal abnormalities. Moreover, 12% (3/25) of mild isolated ventriculomegaly cases had abnormal karyotype or CMA results. The CMA provided an incremental diagnostic yield of 8.6% (6/70), compared with conventional karyotyping; 4.3% exhibited pathogenic variants and 4.3% exhibited variants of uncertain significance. Among the 53 live births in the cohort, fewer cases of mild isolated ventriculomegaly were associated with developmental delay than more severe isolated ventriculomegaly (9.7% vs 41.7%, P<0.03). CONCLUSIONS Chromosomal microarray analysis testing should be offered to all women with fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly, including women with isolated mild ventriculomegaly. The incidence of developmental delay after birth increases with the degree of prenatal cerebral ventriculomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Lok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - C W Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - S Y A Hui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - M M Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K W Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - W K To
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - T Y Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Chan OYM, Leung TY, Cao Y, Shi MM, Kwan AHW, Chung JPW, Choy KW, Chong SC. Expanded carrier screening using next-generation sequencing of 123 Hong Kong Chinese families: a pilot study. Hong Kong Med J 2021; 27:177-183. [PMID: 33602879 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj208486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine the carrier frequency and common mutations of Mendelian variants in Chinese couples using next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODS Preconception expanded carrier testing using NGS was offered to women who attended the subfertility clinic. The test was then offered to the partners of women who had positive screening results. Carrier frequency was calculated, and the results of the NGS panel were compared with those of a target panel. RESULTS One hundred twenty-three women and 20 of their partners were screened. Overall, 84 (58.7%) individuals were identified to be carriers of at least one disease, and 68 (47.6%) were carriers after excluding thalassaemias. The most common diseases found were GJB2-related DFNB1 nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness (1 in 4), alpha-thalassaemia (1 in 7), beta-thalassaemia (1 in 14), 21-hydroxylase deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia (1 in 13), Pendred's syndrome (1 in 36), Krabbe's disease (1 in 48), and spinal muscular atrophy (1 in 48). Of the 43 identified variants, 29 (67.4%) were not included in the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics or American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology guidelines. Excluding three couples with alpha-thalassaemia, six at-risk couples were identified. CONCLUSION The carrier frequency of the investigated members of the Chinese population was 58.7% overall and 47.6% after excluding thalassaemias. This frequency is higher than previously reported. Expanded carrier screening using NGS should be provided to Chinese people to improve the detection rate of carrier status and allow optimal pregnancy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y M Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Adept Medical Centre, Hong Kong
| | - T Y Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center of Medical Genetics, Hong Kong
| | - Y Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center of Medical Genetics, Hong Kong.,Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - M M Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - A H W Kwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J P W Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K W Choy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center of Medical Genetics, Hong Kong
| | - S C Chong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center of Medical Genetics, Hong Kong.,Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Chen WS, Huang YS, Xu LB, Shi MM, Chen XD, Ye GQ, Wu TT, Zhu GB. Effects of sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and laparoscopic surgery on postoperative complications in elderly patients with colorectal cancer: A prospective study. Neoplasma 2020; 67:922-932. [PMID: 32386484 DOI: 10.4149/neo_2020_190908n882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing number of elderly patients, the risk of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased. The objective of this prospective study was to explore the effects of sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and laparoscopic surgery on postoperative complications among elderly patients who recently underwent colorectal surgery. Patients aged over 65 years who underwent surgery for CRC at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were considered for this study. The demographical and clinical characteristics of these patients, as well as postoperative complications, were prospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the diagnosis of sarcopenia, and the clinical variables corresponding to the two groups were compared. Further, the risk factors associated with postoperative complications were evaluated using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 360 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Incidences of postoperative complications in the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups were at 38.3% and 27.3%, respectively. In addition, sarcopenia (p=0.029) and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.010) were identified as independent risk factors, while laparoscopic surgery (p=0.023) was identified as a protective factor for postoperative complications. However, laparoscopic surgery was a protective factor for postoperative complications in the colon group only (p=0.001). Sarcopenia and hypoalbuminemia are independent risk factors that influence the probability of developing complications following CRC surgery. Laparoscopic surgery is a protective factor for postoperative complications of CRC patients, particularly colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Y S Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - L B Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - M M Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - X D Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - G Q Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - T T Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - G B Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Yu XS, He J, Chen JH, Lai ZB, Su YH, Shi MM, Huang ZX, Cheng QJ, Ke XY, Zhao BH. [Levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane internal exposure levels in pregnant women of Xiamen and influencing factors]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 50:982-989. [PMID: 27903362 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the level of and factors influencing internal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in pregnant women. Methods: In all, 1 064 pregnant women were recruited in a hospital of Xiamen. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire to obtain data on sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle. Peripheral venous blood and cord blood samples were collected. Of the 1 064 pregnant women, 600 were enrolled in this study after completing the questionnaire and providing peripheral venous blood and cord blood. Among those women, 150 were selected randomly using a systematic sampling method. A gas chromatography coupled electron capture detector was used to determine the concentration of six DDT homologues: p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), o,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), o,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (o,p'-DDD), p,p'-dichlorodiphenylethylene (p,p'-DDE), and o,p'-dichlorodiphenylethylene (o,p'-DDE) . Pregnant women were divided into two groups according to DDT concentration: a low concentration group (detection value≤P50) and a high concentration group (detection value>P50). multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the DDT levels and potential influencing factors which investigated in the questionnaire. Results: The detection rates of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE in the peripheral venous blood samples from the 150 pregnant women were 83.3% (125), 29.3% (44), 58.0% (87), 24.0% (36), 82.0% (123), and 34.7% (52), respectively. The median concentrations were 1.56, 0.03, 0.07, 0.03, 0.93 and 0.03 μg/ml, respectively. The detection rates of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE in the cord blood samples were 69.3% (104), 10.7% (16), 29.3% (44), 20.7% (31), 81.3% (122) and 45.3% (68), and the median concentrations were 0.41, 0.03, 0.03, 0.03, 0.42 and 0.03 μg/ml, respectively. The concentration ranges in the low and high DDT concentration groups which contained 75 respondents respectively were 0-3.69 and 3.74-82.09 μg/ml, respectively. In the single-factor analysis, the number (percentage) of those who consumed seafood " rarely" , "less than twice a week" , and " twice a week or more" was 15 (20.3%), 22 (29.7%), and 37 (50.0%), respectively, in the low concentration group, and 4(5.3%), 20(26.7% ), and 51(68.0% ) in the high concentration group (χ2=8.69, P=0.013). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicate that pregnant women who consume seafood less than twice a week, twice a week or more have higher peripheral blood DDT concentrations compared with those who rarely consume seafood. The OR (95% CI) values were 1.14 (1.08-1.21), 2.11 (1.55-2.85), respectively. Conclusion: The exposure level of pregnant women to DDTs in the Xiamen area is higher than that of women in other regions. High seafood intake is a risk factor for internal exposure to DDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Wilson PM, Yang D, Azuma M, Shi MM, Danenberg KD, Lebwohl D, Sherrod A, Ladner RD, Zhang W, Danenberg PV, Trarbach T, Folprecht G, Meinhardt G, Lenz HJ. Intratumoral expression profiling of genes involved in angiogenesis in colorectal cancer patients treated with chemotherapy plus the VEGFR inhibitor PTK787/ZK 222584 (vatalanib). Pharmacogenomics J 2012; 13:410-6. [PMID: 22664478 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The phase III CONFIRM clinical trials demonstrated that metastatic colorectal cancer patients with elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) had improved outcome when the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor PTK/ZK (Vatalanib) was added to FOLFOX4 chemotherapy. We investigated the hypothesis that high intratumoral expression of genes regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α), namely LDHA, glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), VEGFA, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2, were predictive of outcome in CONFIRM-1. Tumor tissue was isolated by laser-capture microdissection from 85 CONFIRM-1 tumor specimens; FOLFOX4/placebo n=42, FOLFOX4/PTK/ZK n=43. Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR. In univariate analyses, elevated mRNA expression of LDHA, GLUT-1, and VEGFR1 were associated with response to FOLFOX4/PTK/ZK. In univariate and multivariate analyses, elevated LDHA and VEGFR1 mRNA levels were associated with improved progression-free survival in FOLFOX4/PTK/ZK patients. Furthermore, increased HIF1α and VEGFR2 mRNA levels were associated with decreased survival in FOLFOX/placebo patients but not in patients who received FOLFOX4/PTK/ZK. These are the first data suggesting intratumoral mRNA expression of genes involved in angiogenesis/HIF pathway may predict outcome to VEGFR-inhibitors. Biomarkers that assist in directing VEGFR-inhibitors toward patients with an increased likelihood of benefit will improve the cost-effectiveness of these promising agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Milowsky MI, Carlson GL, Shi MM, Urbanowitz G, Zhang Y, Sternberg CN. A multicenter, open-label phase II trial of dovitinib (TKI258) in advanced urothelial carcinoma patients with either mutated or wild-type FGFR3. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.tps186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Andre F, Bachelot TD, Campone M, Dalenc F, Perez-Garcia JM, Hurvitz SA, Turner NC, Rugo HS, Shi MM, Zhang Y, Kay ACM, Yovine AJ, Baselga J. A multicenter, open-label phase II trial of dovitinib, an FGFR1 inhibitor, in FGFR1 amplified and non-amplified metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Angevin E, Grünwald V, Ravaud A, Castellano DE, Lin CC, Gschwend JE, Harzstark AL, Chang J, Wang Y, Shi MM, Escudier BJ. A phase II study of dovitinib (TKI258), an FGFR- and VEGFR-inhibitor, in patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Shi MM, Funami N, Steed M, Motwani M, Robinson D, DiTomaso E, Barrett JC, Waltzman RJ, Klimovsky J, Kobayashi K. Plasma biomarker analysis of a phase I trial of ASA404 (vadimezan) in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e18035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Andre F, Baselga J, Ellis MJ, Hurvitz SA, Rugo HS, Turner NC, Argonza-Aviles E, Lake S, Shi MM, Anak O. Study CTKI258A2202: A multicenter, open-label phase II trial of dovitinib (TKI258) in FGFR1-amplified and nonamplified HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.tps122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Omori A, Hoffmann AC, Shi MM, Lenz HJ, Michie CO, Gourley CM, Cooc J, Clark JS, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV. Use of ERCC1 gene expression to predict the effectiveness of platin-based therapy in colorectal, ovarian and lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Shi MM, Motwani M, Wang J, Steed M, Dohoney K, Saro J, Wasserman R, Barrett JC. The pharmacodynamic effect of TKI258 on plasma biomarkers of angiogenesis in patients with AML and advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wilson PM, Yang D, Shi MM, Zhang W, Jacques C, Barrett JC, Daneneberg K, Trarbach T, Folprecht G, Meinhardt G, Lenz HJ. Use of intratumoral mRNA expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and HIF1 pathway to predict outcome to VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in patients enrolled in CONFIRM1 and CONFIRM2. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wang X, Saro J, Wei Z, Shi MM, Xia J, Jones G, Bruckmann K, Wisniewski L, Schran HF. Modelling TKI258 exposure and biomarker response in support of phase I dosing schedule finding. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lenz HJ, Zhang W, Shi MM, Jacques C, Barrett JC, Danenberg KD, Hoffmann AC, Trarbach T, Folprecht G, Meinhardt G, Yang D. ERCC-1 gene expression levels and outcome to FOLFOX chemotherapy in patients enrolled in CONFIRM1 and CONFIRM2. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Gatter KC, Harris AL, Trarbach T, Folprecht G, Shi MM, Meinhardt G. Intratumoral lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5) protein expression is associated with expression of angiogenesis markers and hypoxia in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4107 Background: Recent clinical trials (CONFIRM 1 and CONFIRM 2) have shown that metastatic CRC patients (pts) with high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) derive the greatest therapeutic benefit from PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK). PTK/ZK is a novel, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), which blocks all known VEGF receptors (VEGFR). From previous studies, total LDH and isoenzyme LDH5 have been associated with tumor aggressiveness and hypoxia. In the present study, we tested whether CRC pts with high levels of tumor LDH5 have increased expression of proteins involved with hypoxia (hypoxia inducible factors [HIF1a and 2a], pyruvate dehydrokinase [PDHK]), increased vessel density (VD), angiogenesis (VEGFA; phosphorylated VEGFR2 [pKDR]), acidity (carbonic anhydrase 9 [CA9]), and others. Methods: Baseline sections from either primary or metastatic tumor sites from 42 pts of the CONFIRM 1 and 2 trials were analysed with immunohistochemistry utilizing an established nominal scoring system. The degree of association between the scores of protein expressed was estimated by the phi-coefficient (correlation coefficient) and assessed by means of p-values from pairwise Fisher’s exact test (two- sided). Results: Associations were observed between LDH5 and the following: pKDR (Phi=.53; p<.001), VEGF (Phi=.41; p=.006), HIF-1a (Phi=.56; p<.001), VD (Phi=.34; p=.052), and PDHK (Phi=.58; p=.014), respectively. HIF-1a associated with pKDR (Phi=.38; p=.027), VD (Phi=.34; p=.045), and VEGFA (Phi=.33; p=.067). VEGFA associated with PDHK (Phi=.52; p=.035). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that mCRC patients with high level of intratumoral protein expression of LDH5 have elevated HIF-1a, pKDR, VEGFA, PDHK expression and VD. These results support the concept that tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis are associated and that elevated LDH protein expression may serve as a surrogate marker for activated HIF-1a pathway. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Koukourakis
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Giatromanolaki
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Sivridis
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. C. Gatter
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. L. Harris
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Trarbach
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Folprecht
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. M. Shi
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Meinhardt
- Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; West German Cancer Center, Essen, Germany; University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Co., East Hanover, NJ; Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
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Azuma M, Shi MM, Jacques CJ, Barrett C, Danenberg KD, Iqbal S, El-Khoueiry A, Yang D, Zhang W, Lenz H. Tumor VEGFA gene expression is associated with serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and intratumoral mRNA expression of genes involved in glycolysis in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3530 Background: It is well known that angiogenesis and glycolysis are regulated by hypoxic conditions. Recent clinical trials (CONFIRM1 and CONFIRM2) have shown that patients with mCRC with high serum LDH benefited from PTK787/ZK 222584, a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. We tested the hypothesis that patients with high serum LDH have increased intratumoral expression of genes involved with hypoxia (hypoxia inducible factor (HIF1a and 2a) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and glycolysis (glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1) and genes involved in angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and neuropilin 1 (NRP1) in patients with mCRC. Methods: 78 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor samples from 36 patients (20 males, 16 females: Median age 59 years (range 29–84) with mCRC who underwent first line therapy (not from CONFIRM trials) were analyzed. In addition, tumor gene expression was correlated with serum LDH levels from the same group of patients. FFPE tissues were dissected using laser-captured microdissection and analyzed LDHA, VEGFA, HIF1a, HIF2a, Glut-1 and NRP1 mRNA expression using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR method. Gene expression values (relative mRNA levels) are expressed as ratios between the target gene and internal reference gene (beta-actin). Results: Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis of Associations Between serum LDH levels and Gene Expression values. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that intratumoral gene expression of LDHA, HIF1a and HIF2a, Glut-1 and VEGFA are significantly correlated. Patients with high serum LDH have increased intratumoral gene expression of VEGFA. These results support the hypothesis that serum LDH levels may serve as a surrogate marker for activation of the HIF related genes in the tumor. These observations may explain the efficacy of PTK787 in metastatic colorectal cancer patients with high serum LDH levels. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Azuma
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - M. M. Shi
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - C. J. Jacques
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - C. Barrett
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - K. D. Danenberg
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - S. Iqbal
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - A. El-Khoueiry
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - D. Yang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - W. Zhang
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
| | - H. Lenz
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ; Response Genetics Inc., Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Wilson SG, Reed PW, Bansal A, Chiano M, Lindersson M, Langdown M, Prince RL, Thompson D, Thompson E, Bailey M, Kleyn PW, Sambrook P, Shi MM, Spector TD. Comparison of genome screens for two independent cohorts provides replication of suggestive linkage of bone mineral density to 3p21 and 1p36. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:144-55. [PMID: 12478480 PMCID: PMC378619 DOI: 10.1086/345819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Accepted: 10/24/2002] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major risk factor for osteoporotic fracture. Studies of BMD in families and twins have shown that this trait is under strong genetic control. To identify regions of the genome that contain quantitative trait loci (QTL) for BMD, we performed independent genomewide screens, using two complementary study designs. We analyzed unselected nonidentical twin pairs (1,094 pedigrees) and highly selected, extremely discordant or concordant (EDAC) sib pairs (254 pedigrees). Nonparametric multipoint linkage (NPL) analyses were undertaken for lumbar spine and total-hip BMD in both cohorts and for whole-body BMD in the unselected twin pairs. The maximum evidence of linkage in the unselected twins (spine BMD, LOD 2.7) and the EDAC pedigrees (spine BMD, LOD 2.1) was observed at chromosome 3p21 (76 cM and 69 cM, respectively). These combined data indicate the presence, in this region, of a gene that regulates BMD. Furthermore, evidence of linkage in the twin cohort (whole-body BMD; LOD 2.4) at chromosome 1p36 (17 cM) supports previous findings of suggestive linkage to BMD in the region. Weaker evidence of linkage (LOD 1.0-2.3) in either cohort, but not both, indicates the locality of additional QTLs. These studies validate the use, in linkage analysis, of large cohorts of unselected twins phenotyped for multiple traits, and they highlight the importance of conducting genome scans in replicate populations as a prelude to positional cloning and gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - P. W. Reed
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - A. Bansal
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - M. Chiano
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - M. Lindersson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - M. Langdown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - R. L. Prince
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - D. Thompson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - E. Thompson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - M. Bailey
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - P. W. Kleyn
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - P. Sambrook
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - M. M. Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
| | - T. D. Spector
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; Sequenom, San Diego; LifeSciences Advisory Group LLC, Wellesley, MA; Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney; Twin and Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, St Thomas’ Hospital, London
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19
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Guo RF, Lentsch AB, Warner RL, Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Hlaing T, Shi MM, Lukacs NW, Ward PA. Regulatory effects of eotaxin on acute lung inflammatory injury. J Immunol 2001; 166:5208-18. [PMID: 11290805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxin, which is a major mediator for eosinophil recruitment into lung, has regulatory effects on neutrophil-dependent acute inflammatory injury triggered by intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes in rats. In this model, eotaxin mRNA and protein were up-regulated during the inflammatory response, resulting in eotaxin protein expression in alveolar macrophages and in alveolar epithelial cells. Ab-induced blockade of eotaxin in vivo caused enhanced NF-kappaB activation in lung, substantial increases in bronchoalveolar lavage levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), and increased MIP-2 and CINC mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages. In contrast, TNF-alpha levels were unaffected, and IL-10 levels fell. Under these experimental conditions, lung neutrophil accumulation was significantly increased, and vascular injury, as reflected by extravascular leak of (125)I-albumin, was enhanced. Conversely, when recombinant eotaxin was administered in the same inflammatory model of lung injury, bronchoalveolar lavage levels of MIP-2 were reduced, as was neutrophil accumulation and the intensity of lung injury. In vitro stimulation of rat alveolar macrophages with IgG immune complexes greatly increased expression of mRNA and protein for MIP-2, CINC, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. In the copresence of eotaxin, the increased levels of MIP-2 and CINC mRNAs were markedly diminished, whereas MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta expression of mRNA and protein was not affected. These data suggest that endogenous eotaxin, which is expressed during the acute lung inflammatory response, plays a regulatory role in neutrophil recruitment into lung and the ensuing inflammatory damage.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/immunology
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/pathology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/pharmacology
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokine CXCL2
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/biosynthesis
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Cytokines/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/physiology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Injections, Intravenous
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Male
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Shi MM, Bleavins MR, de la Iglesia FA. Pharmacogenetic application in drug development and clinical trials. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29:591-5. [PMID: 11259358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics examines the genetic characteristics of individuals to understand variations in response to therapeutics. This approach has the potential to significantly affect the development of new medicines. The application of pharmacogenetic principles could yield significant time and resource savings within the drug development process. In preclinical drug development, pharmacogenetics could be applied to compound screening and identifying potential side effects before entering full clinical testing. Subpopulations of patients with different drug responses and underlying genetic markers could be stratified in clinical trials by analyzing their genotype. These data can improve clinical trial design and offer the possibility of optimized drug prescription based on patient genotype. Pharmacogenetics can guide the development of therapeutic interventions by identifying nonresponder patient groups. Advances in high-throughput genotyping technologies have added potential by facilitating the technical hurdles and improving drug development strategies, clinical trial design, and postmarket pharmaco-vigilance. Pharmacogenetics, thus, impacts all phases of drug development and will fundamentally change the practice of medicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Genomic Pathology Laboratory, Drug Safety Evaluation, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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21
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Hlaing T, Guo RF, Dilley KA, Loussia JM, Morrish TA, Shi MM, Vincenz C, Ward PA. Molecular cloning and characterization of DEFCAP-L and -S, two isoforms of a novel member of the mammalian Ced-4 family of apoptosis proteins. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:9230-8. [PMID: 11076957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the deduced amino acid sequences of two alternately spliced isoforms, designated DEFCAP-L and -S, that differ in 44 amino acids and encode a novel member of the mammalian Ced-4 family of apoptosis proteins. Similar to the other mammalian Ced-4 proteins (Apaf-1 and Nod1), DEFCAP contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and a putative nucleotide binding domain, signified by a consensus Walker's A box (P-loop) and B box (Mg(2+)-binding site). Like Nod1, but different from Apaf-1, DEFCAP contains a putative regulatory domain containing multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRR). However, a distinguishing feature of the primary sequence of DEFCAP is that DEFCAP contains at its NH(2) terminus a pyrin-like motif and a proline-rich sequence, possibly involved in protein-protein interactions with Src homology domain 3-containing proteins. By using in vitro coimmunoprecipitation experiments, both long and short isoforms were capable of strongly interacting with caspase-2 and exhibited a weaker interaction with caspase-9. Transient overexpression of full-length DEFCAP-L, but not DEFCAP-S, in breast adenocarcinoma cells MCF7 resulted in significant levels of apoptosis. In vitro death assays with transient overexpression of deletion constructs of both isoforms using beta-galactosidase as a reporter gene in MCF7 cells suggest the following: 1) the nucleotide binding domain may act as a negative regulator of the killing activity of DEFCAP; 2) the LRR/CARD represents a putative constitutively active inducer of apoptosis; 3) the killing activity of LRR/CARD is inhibitable by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone and to a lesser extent by Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone; and 4) the CARD is critical for killing activity of DEFCAP. These results suggest that DEFCAP is a novel member of the mammalian Ced-4 family of proteins capable of inducing apoptosis, and understanding its regulation may elucidate the complex nature of the mammalian apoptosis-promoting machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hlaing
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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22
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Shi MM. Enabling large-scale pharmacogenetic studies by high-throughput mutation detection and genotyping technologies. Clin Chem 2001; 47:164-72. [PMID: 11159763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenetics is a scientific discipline that examines the genetic basis for individual variations in response to therapeutics. Pharmacogenetics promises to develop individualized medicines tailored to patients' genotypes. However, identifying and genotyping a vast number of genetic polymorphisms in large populations also pose a great challenge. APPROACH This article reviews the recent technology development in mutation detection and genotyping with a focus on genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CONTENT Novel mutations/polymorphisms are commonly identified by conformation-based mutation screening and direct high-throughput heterozygote sequencing. With a large amount of public sequence information available, in silico SNP mapping has also emerged as a cost-efficient way for new polymorphism identification. Gel electrophoresis-based genotyping methods for known polymorphisms include PCR coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, multiplex PCR, oligonucleotide ligation assay, and minisequencing. Fluorescent dye-based genotyping technologies are emerging as high-throughput genotyping platforms, including oligonucleotide ligation assay, pyrosequencing, single-base extension with fluorescence detection, homogeneous solution hybridization such as TaqMan, and molecular beacon genotyping. Rolling circle amplification and Invader assays are able to genotype directly from genomic DNA without PCR amplification. DNA chip-based microarray and mass spectrometry genotyping technologies are the latest development in the genotyping arena. SUMMARY Large-scale genotyping is crucial to the identification of the genetic make-ups that underlie the onset of diseases and individual variations in drug responses. Enabling technologies to identify genetic polymorphisms rapidly, accurately, and cost effectively will dramatically impact future drug and development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Department of Applied Genomics, Genometrix Inc., The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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23
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Chong IW, Shi MM, Love JA, Christiani DC, Paulauskis JD. Regulation of chemokine mRNA expression in a rat model of vanadium-induced pulmonary inflammation. Inflammation 2000; 24:505-17. [PMID: 11128049 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007021322323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to vanadium dusts results in toxic effects mainly confined to the respiratory system. Using a rat model of acute lung inflammation induced by intratracheal instillation of sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) at the dose of 200 microg V/kg, we investigated the relationship between the cytologic characterization of pulmonary inflammation and the expression of chemokine mRNA. Significant polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) influx (P < 0.01) into the lung was noted 4 h after NaVO3 instillation, whereas alveolar macrophages (AMs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells appeared to decrease significantly. In contrast, neither PMNs nor AMs changed substantially 1 h after NaVO3 instillation. By Northern analysis, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 mRNA in BAL cells increased markedly 1 h after NaVO3 instillation and reduced a little bit at 4 h, whereas MIP-1alpha mRNA in BAL cells was expressed relatively high 1 h after NaVO3 instillation, although a basal expression was detected in control group, and returned rapidly nearly to control level at 4 h. Since MIP-2 is a potent PMN chemoattractant and MIP-1alpha is a potent macrophage/monocyte chemoattractant has been well known. The facts that PMN influx was preceded by increased MIP-2 mRNA expression, suggesting that MIP-2 is involved in the development of NaVO3-induced pulmonary inflammation, whereas increased MIP-1alpha mRNA expression was followed by decreased AMs in BAL cells, suggesting AMs might be activated by MIP-1alpha, adherent to the lining surface of the airways and then resistant to be washed out. To delineate the mechanisms of transcriptional activation, we recently cloned the 5'-flanking region of the MIP-2 gene. The promotor region contains consensus binding sites for transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, increased nuclear NF-kappaB, not AP-1, binding activity was detected 1 h after NaVO3 instillation, which correlated with the induction of MIP-2 mRNA. p65 (Rel A) and p50 protein appears to be involved in MIP-2 NF-kappaB binding. Taken together, our studies suggest that MIP-2 is an important mediator of NaVO3-induced pulmonary inflammation in the rat model. In addition, elevated MIP-2 mRNA levels are accompanied by increased NF-kappaB binding activity in BAL cells, suggesting possible MIP-2 transcriptional regulation through NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Chong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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24
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Guo RF, Huber-Lang M, Wang X, Sarma V, Padgaonkar VA, Craig RA, Riedemann NC, McClintock SD, Hlaing T, Shi MM, Ward PA. Protective effects of anti-C5a in sepsis-induced thymocyte apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1271-80. [PMID: 11086028 PMCID: PMC381438 DOI: 10.1172/jci10793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiorgan apoptosis occurs during sepsis. Following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats, thymocytes underwent apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. C5a blockade dramatically reduced thymocyte apoptosis as measured by thymic weight, binding of annexin V to thymocytes, and laddering of thymocyte DNA. When C5a was generated in vivo by infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF), thymocyte apoptosis was significantly increased. Similar results were found when CVF was injected in vivo during the early stages of CLP. In animals 12 hours after induction of CLP, there was an increase in the activities of caspase-3, -6, and -9, but not caspase-1 and -8. Cytosolic cytochrome c levels increased by twofold, whereas mitochondrial levels showed a 50% decrease. Western blot analysis revealed that the content of Bcl-X(L) (but not of Bcl-2, BAX, Bad, and Bim) significantly decreased in thymocytes after CLP. C5a blockade in the sepsis model almost completely inhibited caspase-3, -6, and -9 activation, significantly preserved cytochrome c in the mitochondrial fraction, and restored Bcl-X(L) expression. These data suggest that systemic activation of complement induces C5a-dependent apoptosis of thymocytes and that the blockade of C5a during sepsis rescues thymocytes from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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25
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Abstract
The CC chemokine eotaxin is a potent and specific eosinophil chemoattractant. Eosinophil-dependent tissue injury has been shown to contribute to airway inflammation such as that in asthma. In the present study, We investigated eotaxin expression in a rat model of pulmonary inflammation (featuring accumulation of eosinophils) induced by intratracheal instillation of cross-linked dextran beads (Sephadex G200). Intratracheal instillation of 5 mg/kg Sephadex caused a time-dependent eosinophil infiltration into the lung, reaching a peak at 24 hours. Eotaxin mRNA in the lung paralleled the eosinophil influx. Eotaxin protein in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids and lung homogenates was shown by Western blot and immunostaining to be maximally expressed by 24 hours. Sephadex-induced lung injury, as measured by (125)I-labeled albumin leakage from the pulmonary vasculature, developed in a time-dependent manner. Intravenous injection of blocking antibody to eotaxin significantly decreased eosinophil infiltration and lung permeability. These data suggest that, in the Sephadex model of lung inflammation, eotaxin up-regulation mediates intrapulmonary accumulation of eosinophils and the development of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Guo
- Genomic Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenomics is an emerging scientific discipline examining the genetic basis for individual variations in response to therapeutics. METHODS AND RESULTS Genetic polymorphisms are a major cause of individual differences in drug response. Metabolic phenotyping can be accomplished by administering a probe drug or substrate and measuring the metabolites and clinical outcomes. However, this approach tends to be labor intensive and requires repeated sample collection from the individual being tested. Alternatively, genotyping allows determination of individual DNA sequence differences for a particular trait. Commonly used genotyping methods include gel electrophoresis-based techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, multiplex PCR, and allele-specific amplification. Fluorescent dye-based high-throughput genotyping procedures are increasing in popularity, including oligonucleotide ligation assay, direct heterozygote sequencing, and TaqMan (Perkin Elmer, Foster City, CA) allelic discrimination. High-density chip array and mass spectrometry technologies are the newest advances in the genotyping field, but their wide application is yet to be developed. Novel mutations/polymorphisms also can be identified by conformation-based mutation screening and direct high-throughput heterozygote sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Rapid and accurate detection of genetic polymorphisms has great potential for application to drug development, animal toxicity studies, improvement of human clinical trials, and postmarket monitoring surveillance for drug efficacy and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Genomic Pathology Laboratory, Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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27
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Shi MM, Myrand SP, Bleavins MR, de la Iglesia FA. High throughput genotyping for the detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism in NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (DT diaphorase) using TaqMan probes. Mol Pathol 1999; 52:295-9. [PMID: 10748880 PMCID: PMC395713 DOI: 10.1136/mp.52.5.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The two electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones by NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) plays an important role in both activation and detoxification of quinone and similarly reactive compounds. A single nucleotide polymorphism at exon 6 leads to an amino acid change at codon 187 from proline to serine. The variant allele has been associated with decreased NQO1 enzyme activity and increased cancer risks. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid genotyping procedure for epidemiological and clinical research into the potential biological and toxicological implications associated with this genetic polymorphism. METHODS A high throughput genotyping method using fluorogenic probes has been developed to screen this single nucleotide polymorphism. This assay utilises the 5' nuclease activity of Taq polymerase in conjunction with fluorogenic TaqMan probes. The TaqMan genotyping procedure was validated by a restriction fragment length polymorphism method and direct sequencing. RESULTS This method can be used for the rapid screening of known polymorphisms in large populations. In a population of 143 unrelated individuals, Pro/Pro (wildtype), Pro/Ser (heterozygous), and Ser/Ser (mutant) genotypes were 69.2%, 26.6%, and 4.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This genotyping method is highly accurate and could be applied to automated large scale genotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Genomic Pathology Laboratory, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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28
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Abstract
By searching the Expressed Sequence Tag database, a full-length cDNA for a novel human CC chemokine was cloned. This cDNA encoded a 94-amino-acid protein with a putative signal peptide of 26 amino acids. The deduced mature protein had the four conserved cysteine residues characteristic of CC chemokines and showed 44% identity with MIP-1beta and 40% identity with MIP-1alpha, RANTES, and MCP-4. mRNA for this chemokine was expressed constitutively in human heart and liver and with lesser but detectable levels in skeletal muscle, kidney, and small intestine. To investigate its biological activity, the protein was expressed in mammalian cells and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein demonstrated chemotactic activity in vitro for T cells and monocytes but not for neutrophils. The gene was mapped to chromosome 7q11.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Based on its structural identity with other CC chemokines and the chemotactic activity and chromosomal location of this chemokine, we designate this chemokine small inducible cytokine subfamily A, member 26 (SCYA26). This gene symbol has been approved by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Guo
- Genomic Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Shi MM, Chong I, Godleski JJ, Paulauskis JD. Regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 gene expression by oxidative stress in rat alveolar macrophages. Immunology 1999; 97:309-15. [PMID: 10447747 PMCID: PMC2326837 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/1998] [Revised: 02/25/1999] [Accepted: 02/25/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are important mediators in the development of inflammation. Our previous work demonstrated that an oxidative stress can up-regulate mRNA expression of a CC chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha in rat alveolar macrophages. In the present study, we further investigate whether an oxidative stress can regulate the gene expression of a related CXC chemokine MIP-2, involved in both neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. A rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) was exposed to 10 microg/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and MIP-2 mRNA levels dramatically increased after 4 hr of stimulation. This increase by LPS was attenuated by co-treatment with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and dimethylsulphoxide, suggesting that the induction of MIP-2 mRNA is mediated via the generation of reactive oxygen species. To assess directly the role of oxidative stress on regulation of MIP-2 mRNA expression, macrophages were exposed to H2O2. MIP-2 mRNA levels had significantly increased after 1 hr exposure to 0.5 mm H2O2, were maximally increased after 4 hr and decreased after 6 hr. Co-treatment of macrophages with the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D eliminated the H2O2-induction of MIP-2 mRNA, implicating a role for transcriptional activation in increased expression of MIP-2. Genomic cloning of the rat MIP-2 gene 5'-flanking region has identified a consensus nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding site. Gel-mobility shift assays revealed NF-kappaB binding to the MIP-2 promoter/enhancer sequence was induced by H2O2. LPS treatment for 4 hr also significantly activated NF-kappaB binding, which could also be attenuated by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine at the doses that reduced MIP-2 mRNA expression. The half-life of MIP-2 mRNA transcripts was also increased by H2O2 treatment. These observations indicate that MIP-2 gene expression is subject to both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control in response to an H2O2 oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Genomic Pathology Laboratory, Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Warner-Lambert Company and Department of Pathology, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Shi MM, Myrand SP, Bleavins MR, de la Iglesia FA. High-throughput genotyping method for glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 gene deletions using TaqMan probes. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1999; 103:3-15. [PMID: 10440566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput genotyping method has been developed to detect gene deletion polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase theta and mu (GSTT1 and GSTM1). This method utilizes the 5'-nuclease activity of Taq polymerase in conjunction with fluorogenic TaqMan probes. In contrast to traditional allelic discrimination genotyping to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms, the current assay has been designed to detect gene deletion by utilizing custom-designed TaqMan probes in conjunction with an exogenous internal positive control probe. The TaqMan genotyping results were validated by a commonly used multiplex PCR technique. Screening of 71 unrelated individuals revealed gene deletion (null) genotype of 15.5% and 40.8% for GSTT1 and GSTM1, respectively. This TaqMan genotyping method is rapid, reproducible, and highly sensitive and could be applied toward fully automated large-scale genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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31
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Liu RM, Shi MM, Giulivi C, Forman HJ. Quinones increase gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase expression by multiple mechanisms in rat lung epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:L330-6. [PMID: 9530167 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.3.l330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) plays an important role in glutathione (GSH) metabolism. GGT expression is increased in oxidant-challenged cells; however, the signaling mechanisms involved are uncertain. The present study used 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), a redox cycling quinone that continuously produced H2O2 in rat lung epithelial L2 cells. It was found that DMNQ increased GGT mRNA content by increasing transcription, as measured by nuclear run-on. This was accompanied by increased GGT specific activity. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, blocked neither the increased GGT mRNA content nor the increased GGT transcription rate caused by DMNQ, suggesting that increased GGT transcription was a direct rather than secondary response. Previous data from this laboratory (R.-M. Liu, H. Hu, T. W. Robinson, and H. J. Forman. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14: 186-191, 1996) showed that tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) increased GGT mRNA content by increasing its stability. TBHQ differs markedly from DMNQ in terms of its conjugation with GSH and H2O2 generation. Together, the data suggest that quinones upregulate GGT through multiple mechanisms, increased transcription and posttranscriptional modulation, which are apparently mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species and GSH conjugated formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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32
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Shi MM, Chong IW, Long NC, Love JA, Godleski JJ, Paulauskis JD. Functional characterization of recombinant rat macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and mRNA expression in pulmonary inflammation. Inflammation 1998; 22:29-43. [PMID: 9484648 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022391623063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are important inflammatory mediators that function by activating and recruiting leukocytes to an inflamed tissue. We have recently cDNA cloned the rat chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) (1). In the present study, we characterize the biological function of recombinant MIP-1 alpha protein and describe expression of its mRNA both in vitro and in a rat model of lung inflammation. In vitro rat rMIP-1 alpha protein was chemotactic for both polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and macrophages with maximal activity at 50 nM for both cell types. In in vivo studies, we found that intratracheal instillation of 1 and 5 micrograms of rMIP-1 alpha resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) influx of cells, primarily monocytes/macrophages, into the airspace of the lungs after 6 h. Mean numbers of lavagable PMNs were not elevated significantly (P < 0.05) for either dose of MIP-1 alpha. As a model of inflammation, rats were intratracheally instilled with 0.1 mg/kg bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 3 h later. Instillation of LPS resulted in an acute neutrophilia, but no significant change in lavagable macrophages. BAL cells from control animals (saline instilled) displayed no basal mRNA expression of either MIP-1 alpha or MIP-2 (positive control). In contrast, both MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 mRNA levels increased markedly in BAL cells from rats instilled with LPS. The rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) also showed increased MIP-1 alpha mRNA levels in response to LPS (10 micrograms/ml) with a maximal increase after 6-8 h. The induction of MIP-1 alpha mRNA expression by LPS in NR8383 cells was attenuated by cotreatment with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and dimethylsulfoxide, suggesting that the induction of MIP-1 alpha mRNA by LPS is mediated via the generation of reactive oxygen species. We conclude that MIP-1 alpha is a potent chemoattractant for macrophages in vivo, and its mRNA expression in macrophages and BAL cells in response to inflammatory stimuli suggests a fundamental role in acute pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Tian L, Shi MM, Forman HJ. Increased transcription of the regulatory subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in rat lung epithelial L2 cells exposed to oxidative stress or glutathione depletion. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 342:126-33. [PMID: 9185621 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.9997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the glutathione (GSH) de novo synthesis pathway. GCS is composed of a heavy (73-kDa) catalytic subunit and a light (30-kDa) regulatory subunit, which maintains the Km for glutamate near physiologic concentrations. Previous studies have shown that the steady-state mRNA level and gene transcription for the catalytic subunit increased in response to the redox-cycling quinone 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) in rat lung epithelial L2 cells (M. M. Shi, et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269,26512-26517). The ratio of the catalytic to regulatory subunit mRNAs varies among tissues, and the anticancer drug cisplatin appears to induce only the catalytic subunit, suggesting independent gene regulation of the two subunits. Nonetheless, the present study found that the steady-state mRNA level and the transcription rate of the GCS regulatory subunit also increased under DMNQ-induced oxidative stress. Changes in mRNA followed a pattern similar to that for the catalytic subunit. The mRNA levels of the two subunits of GCS also both increased above the baseline levels in cells treated with BSO, an inhibitor of GCS enzymatic activity. These data suggest that, under conditions of oxidative stress or glutathione depletion, the regulatory subunit is upregulated at the level of mRNA transcription. Along with the elevation of the catalytic subunit, this increase in GCS regulatory subunit transcription contributes to increases in GCS enzymatic activity and cellular GSH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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34
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Abstract
Accumulation of inflammatory cells within the lung has been implicated in oxidative injury. Recruitment of these cells to a tissue site is a complex process that depends in part upon the local expression of appropriate proinflammatory chemokines. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), a member of the CC subfamily of chemokines, has been shown to contribute to monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. Our previous work demonstrated that MIP-1alpha mRNA expression in macrophages is induced by bacterial endotoxin. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that an oxidative stress alone may trigger expression of MIP-1alpha mRNA in macrophages and to determine the mechanism leading to increased expression. A rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) was exposed to H2O2 or menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (MQ)), a quinone compound that undergoes redox cycling and generates reactive oxygen species continuously. Steady-state mRNA levels encoding MIP-1alpha were markedly increased (3-fold) in these cells after 1 h of exposure to 0.5 mM H2O2, remained higher than control levels after 4 h, and decreased after 6 h. Similarly, MQ (25 or 50 microM) caused a significant increase of MIP-1 alpha mRNA with a maximal induction after 4 h of exposure (5-fold). Both H2O2 and MQ-induced up-regulation of MIP-1 alpha mRNA was suppressed by co-treatment with N-acetylcysteine, a synthetic antioxidant. Co-treatment with actinomycin D reduced the MQ induction of MIP-1alpha mRNA to a greater extent than the H2O2-induced increase. Transcription of the MIP-1alpha gene was increased by exposure to both H2O2 and MQ. H2O2 treatment also induced a marked increase of the MIP-1alpha mRNA half-life, indicating post-transcriptional stabilization. These observations indicate that an oxidative stress can regulate MIP-1alpha mRNA expression by two distinct mechanisms: transcriptional activation of the MIP-1alpha gene and post-transcriptional stabilization of MIP-1alpha mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Shi MM, Godleski JJ, Paulauskis JD. Molecular cloning and posttranscriptional regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in alveolar macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 211:289-95. [PMID: 7779098 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) belongs to the "chemokine" superfamily of chemoattractant pro-inflammatory cytokines. MIP-1 alpha is chemotactic for monocytes and neutrophils and thus, plays an important role in initiation and control of inflammation. We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone encoding rat MIP-1 alpha. This 0.75 kb cDNA includes a single open reading frame of 92 amino acids. Expression of MIP-1 alpha mRNA was characterized in NR8383, a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (RAM). In resting RAM cells, MIP-1 alpha mRNA decayed rapidly, with a half life of less than 2 hours. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of RAM cells resulted in a dose-dependent increase in MIP-1 alpha steady state mRNA expression. The induction of MIP-1 alpha mRNA by LPS was partially the result of mRNA stabilization, as half life increased to over 6 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Forman HJ, Shi MM, Iwamoto T, Liu RM, Robison TW. Measurement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities in cells. Methods Enzymol 1995; 252:66-71. [PMID: 7476375 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)52009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Forman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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37
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Kugelman A, Choy HA, Liu R, Shi MM, Gozal E, Forman HJ. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase is increased by oxidative stress in rat alveolar L2 epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11:586-92. [PMID: 7946387 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.11.5.7946387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is used by cells to detoxify hydroperoxides, produced during oxidative stress, and is consumed in the process. Previous studies have indicated that cells can be protected against oxidative stress by extracellular GSH through its degradation catalyzed by the exoenzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) and its de novo synthesis within the cytosol. We hypothesized that gamma GT would be increased as part of the adaptation of cells to oxidative stress. We examined whether oxidative stress could increase gamma GT activity, protein, and mRNA in a lung epithelial cell line (L2). Cultures were subjected to H2O2-mediated toxicity by 15 min of exposure to the redox cycling quinone, menadione. Menadione (50 microM) caused an initial decrease (27 +/- 9% of baseline after 15 min) in intracellular GSH, followed by resynthesis to levels significantly higher than baseline (335 +/- 40% after 24 h, P < 0.001). This elevation was prevented by acivicin, a gamma GT inhibitor. Menadione also caused a dose-dependent increase in gamma GT enzymatic activity (715 +/- 125% of control at 24 h after 15 min of exposure to 100 microM menadione, P < 0.001) that was prevented by actinomycin D. Western blot analysis indicated increased levels of gamma GT protein with increasing menadione. A concentration-dependent increase in gamma GT-mRNA was also observed. Previous investigation has demonstrated that an increase in gamma GT activity enhances the capacity of cells to utilize extracellular GSH. The findings presented here are consistent with a role for gamma GT in cellular adaptation to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kugelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, California
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Shi MM, Kugelman A, Iwamoto T, Tian L, Forman HJ. Quinone-induced oxidative stress elevates glutathione and induces gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity in rat lung epithelial L2 cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:26512-7. [PMID: 7929374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most important physiological antioxidants involved in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide. Previous studies have shown that cells can maintain and even increase cellular GSH content in response to sublethal oxidative stress. We hypothesized that gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo GSH synthesis, could be induced by oxidative stress. Rat lung epithelial L2 cells were challenged with 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), generates O2.- and H2O2 continuously through redox cycling. Exposure of confluent L2 cells with sublethal doses of DMNQ caused sustained elevation of cellular GSH levels over a 24-h period (to 2.5-fold with 10 microM). DMNQ caused increases in gamma GCS activity (70% at 24 h with 10 microM), the gamma GCS catalytic heavy subunit (gamma GCS-HS) protein level, and gamma GCS-HS mRNA content (approximately 4-fold after 6 h with 10 microM). The elevation of gamma GCS-HS mRNA by DMNQ was eliminated by co-incubation with actinomycin D. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated that the transcriptional rate of the gamma GCS-HS gene was increased by 3- or 6-h exposure to 10 microM DMNQ. Our results suggested that the induction of de novo GSH synthesis by naphthoquinone-induced oxidative stress is associated with the transcriptional activation of the gamma GCS-HS gene and the subsequent elevation in gamma GCS activity. Unlike simpler quinones, DMNQ cannot form a GSH conjugate. Thus, the induction of gamma GCS-HS gene transcription does not require formation of an electrophile-glutathione conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033
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39
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), an important physiological antioxidant, is synthesized de novo by the sequential reactions of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma GCS) and GSH synthetase. In the present studies, incubation with the quinones 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) and menadione (MQ), which generate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, was used to investigate GSH synthesis in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells under oxidative stress. MQ can also cause initial depletion of GSH through conjugation, whereas DMNQ cannot. during continuous exposure to DMNQ (5 or 10 microM), elevation of GSH by DMNQ started after 6 h, almost doubled after 24 h, and remained at this level to 48 h. The elevation of GSH by DMNQ was mostly in the reduced form, and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione remained unchanged for the first 24 h. Treatment with MQ (25 or 50 microM) for 30 min caused a significant decrease in GSH and total glutathione. After changing the medium to remove any residual MQ, GSH content doubled during the next 12 h. The enzymatic activity of gamma GCS, the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH biosynthesis, increased twofold after 12 h of exposure of cells to either 5 microM DMNQ or 50 microM MQ. Both DMNQ and MQ treatment caused concentration- and time-dependent increases in gamma GCS-mRNA expression. The elevation of gamma GCS-mRNA content by DMNQ for 12 h was completely blocked by coincubation with 0.05 microgram/ml actinomycin D but not 0.5 microgram/ml cycloheximide, suggesting the elevation of gamma GCS-mRNA content occurred through increased transcription. Our results suggest that increased de novo GSH synthesis, mediated by an elevation in gamma GCS, constitutes an adaptive response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Shi
- Institute for Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033
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Kwong FY, Wu JS, Shi MM, Fincham HE, Davies A, Henderson PJ, Baldwin SA, Young JD. Enzymic cleavage as a probe of the molecular structures of mammalian equilibrative nucleoside transporters. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:22127-34. [PMID: 8408072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used enzymic cleavage by trypsin in conjunction with glycosidase digestion to probe the transmembrane topologies and molecular structures of mammalian equilibrative, nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR)-sensitive, nucleoside transport systems. Transporters from four species (human, pig, guinea pig, and rat) and three tissues (erythrocyte, liver, and lung), which differ from each other in size and in their sensitivity to inhibition by the vasodilator dipyridamole, were investigated. Broadly equivalent sites of [3H]NBMPR photolabeling, carbohydrate attachment, and trypsin cleavage were observed for all systems. Results from these experiments demonstrate that molecular weight differences between rat transporters and those from two other species (human and guinea pig) are due largely to oligosaccharide heterogeneity and that the low dipyridamole sensitivity of rat nucleoside transporters is probably a consequence of relatively minor differences in molecular structure. In marked contrast, carbohydrate removal increases the molecular weight difference between the pig erythrocyte transporter and, for example, that in human erythrocytes. This polypeptide difference is limited largely, if not completely, to one tryptic fragment of the protein. In the case of the human erythrocyte transporter, the site of N-linked glycosylation has been located very close to one end of the protein, and the site of NBMPR photolabeling to within 16 kDa of that site. Trypsin cleavage occurs endofacially. Our results provide evidence of substantial structural conservation among mammalian NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Kwong
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University of London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Two dihydropyridine compounds, Bay K8644 (a calcium entry activator) and nifedipine (a calcium entry blocker), were found to inhibit the binding of [3H]phenylisopropyladenosine ([3H]PIA) to A1 adenosine receptors in rat cerebral cortex membranes with comparable potencies (IC50 10-30 microM). Scatchard analyses indicated that both Bay K8644 and nifedipine inhibited the binding of [3H]PIA by increasing the KD but without significant effect on the Bmax. When tested at 100 microM, neither Bay K8644 nor nifedipine showed a significant effect on [3H]-p-aminoclonidine ([3H]PAC; alpha 2-adrenergic receptor), [3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA; beta-adrenergic receptor), [3H]spiperone (dopamine receptor), and [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine [( 3H]NBMPR; nucleoside transporter) binding. In the presence of 10 mM Mg2+, the ability of 2-chloroadenosine (2-Cl-Ad, an A1 adenosine receptor agonist) to displace [3H]PIA binding was increased. Conversely, the potencies of 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPX; an A1 receptor antagonist), Bay K8644 and nifedipine in inhibiting [3H]PIA binding were unchanged. It is suggested that both Bay K8644 and nifedipine may act as antagonists of adenosine A1 receptors, in addition to their well-known effects on calcium channels.
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Abstract
Membranes from guinea-pig lung exhibited high-affinity binding of [3H]dipyridamole, a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport. Binding (apparent KD 2 nM) was inhibited by the nucleoside-transport inhibitors nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), dilazep and lidoflazine and by the transported nucleosides uridine and adenosine. In contrast, there was no detectable high-affinity binding of [3H]dipyridamole to lung membranes from the rat, a species whose nucleoside transporters exhibit a low sensitivity to dipyridamole inhibition. Bmax. values for high-affinity binding of [3H]dipyridamole and [3H]NBMPR to guinea-pig membranes were similar, suggesting that these structurally unrelated ligands bind to the NBMPR-sensitive nucleoside transporter with the same stoichiometry.
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Shi MM, Wu JS, Lee CM, Young JD. Nucleoside transport. Photoaffinity labelling of high-affinity nitrobenzylthioinosine binding sites in rat and guinea pig lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 118:594-600. [PMID: 6704097 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Binding of the potent nucleoside transport inhibitor [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine to rat and guinea pig lung membranes was investigated. Reversible high-affinity binding was found in both species (apparent KD approximately 0.3nM). Binding was inhibited by nitrobenzylthioguanosine, adenosine and uridine. Dipyridamole was also an effective inhibitor of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding to guinea pig membranes. In contrast, rat membranes were relatively insensitive to dipyridamole. Exposure of site-bound [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine to high intensity U.V. light resulted in the photoaffinity labelling of lung proteins with apparent molecular weights similar to that of the human erythrocyte nucleoside transporter (45,000-65,000).
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Shi MM, Stewart DJ, Sen AK. Activation of ouabain-sensitive p-nitrophenylphosphatase by carbachol and cGMP in rat submandibular gland. Can J Biochem 1980; 58:1223-9. [PMID: 6257341 DOI: 10.1139/o80-163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Na+,K+-ATPase activity was monitored by measuring ouabain-sensitive K+-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase (p-NPPase) activity in rat submandibular gland slices. Carbachol (carbamylcholine chloride) stimulated the p-NPPase activity in the presence of calcium but not in its absence. Carbachol activation of the enzyme was totally ouabain sensitive and could be blocked by atropine. A minimal requirement of sodium ion extracellularly was required for this carbachol stimulation. cGMP and its dibutyryl analogue was also effective in stimulating the enzyme activity, whereas, cAMP was ineffective. Calcium, however, was not required for cGMP activation of the p-NPPase activity. The result indicates that calcium is the second messenger and cGMP is the tertiary connection between cholinergic stimulation and Na+,K+-ATPase activation in these glands. Activation of Na+,K+-ATPase is postulated to be responsible for primary fluid formation.
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