Feed restriction around parturition does not affect colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration in dairy fat-tailed sheep but does affect performance and blood metabolites in newborn lambs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of prepartum and postpartum feed restriction of fat-tailed dairy sheep on colostrum IgG concentration, and performance and blood metabolites of newborn fat-tailed lambs. Twenty fat-tailed dairy sheep were randomly allocated into control (Ctrl; n = 10) and feed restriction (FR; n = 10) groups. The Ctrl group received a diet that met 100% of energy requirements, both prepartum (from wk -5 to parturition) and postpartum (from parturition to wk 5). The FR group received a diet equivalent to 100, 50, 65, 80, and 100% of the energy requirements in wk -5, -4, -3, -2, and -1 relative to parturition, respectively. After parturition, the FR group received a diet equivalent to the 100, 50, 65, 80, and 100% of the energy requirements in wk 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. At birth, lambs were assigned to their dam's experimental group. Both the Ctrl lambs (n = 10) and the FR lambs (n = 10) were allowed to suck colostrum and milk from the dams. Colostrum samples (50 mL) were collected at parturition (0 h) and then at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postpartum. Blood samples were collected from all lambs before suckling colostrum (0 h) and then at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h after birth and weekly until the end of the experimental period (i.e., wk 5 relative to birth). The data were evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). The model included feed restriction, time, and the interaction feed restriction × time as fixed effects. The individual lamb was set as a repeated subject. Variables measured in colostrum and plasma were considered dependent variables, and significance was set at P < 0.05. Prepartum and postpartum feed restriction in fat-tailed dairy sheep did not affect colostrum IgG concentration. Consequently, no differences in blood IgG concentrations were observed in the lambs. In addition, the prepartum and postpartum feed restriction experienced by fat-tailed dairy sheep caused decreased body weight and milk intake in lambs from the FR group compared with the Ctrl group. Feed restriction also promoted increased concentration of blood metabolites such as triglycerides and urea in FR lambs compared with control lambs. In conclusion, prepartum and postpartum feed restriction in fat-tailed dairy sheep did not affect either colostrum IgG concentration or blood IgG concentration of the lambs. However, prepartum and postpartum feed restriction decreased lamb milk intake and, therefore, lamb body weight gain during the first 5 wk after birth.

Effect of heating bovine colostrum at 60°C for 90' on colostrum quality and, the health and growth characteristics of Holstein dairy calves

AIMS

The major objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of heat-treating colostrum on the subsequent growth characteristics (weight gain, body size, dry matter intake and feed efficiency rate) and health of Holstein calves.

METHODS

A total of 1200 neonatal Holstein calves on one commercial dairy farm were enrolled. The calves were divided into heat-treated (60°C for 90 min) and unheated (raw) colostrum groups. Calf serum IgG and total protein concentrations were measured before and after colostrum consumption. Health characteristics and disease prevalence were recorded during the suckling period.

RESULTS

Consumption of heat-treated colostrum led to increased serum IgG (P < 0.0001) and total protein (P < 0.0001) concentrations, increased apparent efficacy of IgG absorption (P < 0.0001) and increased general health condition, weight gain (P < 0.0001) and clinical performance.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Heat-treatment of colostrum is an effective method to improve health and increase growth characteristics (weight gain, body size, dry matter intake and feed efficiency rate) of neonatal dairy calves, most likely by decreasing microbial load and facilitating IgG absorption.

Effect of serum lipid profile on the risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,717,054 women

Background

Dyslipidemia has been linked to breast cancer incidence. However, conflicting results exist regarding the associations between lipid components and breast cancer development.

Purpose

The aim of the present meta-analysis was to further investigate the relationships between serum lipid profile and the risk of breast cancer.

Methods

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed to conduct the present systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases such as the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Sciences, were searched up to the end of January 2021, using certain MeSH and non-MeSH keywords and their combination to extract related published articles.

Results

Twenty-six prospective studies met the inclusion criteria involving 1,717,054 women, of whom 36,590 were diagnosed with breast cancer during the follow-up. A negative and significant association was found between HDL-C levels and the risk of breast cancer [relative risk (RR): 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99, I2: 67.6%, p=0.04) (Figure). In contrast, TG (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.91–1.13, I2: 54.2%, p=0.79), total cholesterol (TC) (RR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90–1.06, I2: 67.2%, p=0.57), apolipoprotein A (ApoA) (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.70–1.30, I2: 83.5%, p=0.78) and LDL-C (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.79–1.09, I2: 0%, p=0.386) were not associated with breast cancer development. In studies adjusting for hormone use and physical activity, TC was positively correlated to breast cancer risk (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10 and 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10, respectively), as was TG in studies adjusting for baseline lipids (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85–0.99) and race (RR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.22–2.65).

Conclusions

In the present meta-analysis, HDL-C was inversely related to breast cancer risk. In contrast, no significant associations were found for TC (except after adjusting for hormone use and physical activity), TG (except after adjusting for baseline lipids and race), LDL-C and ApoA. Overall, data on the links between lipids and breast cancer are conflicting. However, there is increasing evidence supporting that low HDL-C is related to an increased risk for this malignancy. Further research is needed to establish the associations between different lipid components and breast cancer risk in certain populations.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Phoenix On Fire: A Phenomenological Study Of A Psychiatric Hospital Fire In Iran

Psychiatric hospitals and centers have more complex conditions than other hospitals in responding to emergencies, given the differences in the design of their buildings and in non-structural elements. This is a qualitative study aimed at reviewing and investigating the experiences and challenges faced by psychiatric hospital staff in response to different fire incidents. A phenomenological approach was employed to conduct the study, believing that human experiences and beliefs are substances in phenomena and can be understood and examined. The contents of interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were extracted and classified into five categories, 14 themes, and 49 sub-categories. Many psychiatric hospitals in Iran are not ready to respond properly to incidents like fires. The study revealed that in order to ensure appropriate management of incidents and disasters in the hospitals, it is necessary to focus on five areas called the 5s framework, which includes structures, staff, supplies (facilities, equipment etc.), sick persons and systems. This framework is proposed to enhance preparedness, reduce vulnerability, and provoke an effective response to incidents in psychiatric hospitals.

P–589 The effects of vanillic acid on production of testosterone and function of insulin in adipose and ovarian tissues in rat model of polycyctic ovary syndrome

Study question

What is the possible therapeutic effects of vanillic acid (VA) on the treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Summary answer

Vanillic acid successfully alleviated metabolic and endocrine abnormalities in adipose and ovarian tissues in a rat model of PCOS.

What is known already

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), as a common endocrine disorder, is accompanied by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, ovulation problems, and infertility. In this study, the effects of vanillic acid (VA) on metabolic and endocrine abnormalities were evaluated in the adipose and ovarian tissues of a letrozole-induced rat model of PCOS.

Study design, size, duration

In this study, a letrozole-induced rat model was established and then the experimental groups were treated by VA and MET through oral gavage for one month. Before and after the treatment with drugs, the vaginal smear was carried out . Ovarian and adipose tissues were collected and frozen at − 80 for further analysis following euthanasia of the rats.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Thirty Six -week- old Wistar rats were divided into four groups (six rats per each group). Twenty-four rats were received letrozole for five weeks. Then, two experimental groups were treated by metformin (MET), and VA . Serum lipid profile, fasting glucose levels, and hormonal assays were done by corresponding commercial kits. The phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was detected by western blotting and the expression of studied genes were measured by Real-time PCR.

Main results and the role of chance

Our results showed that both VA and MET successfully reversed the abnormal estrous cycles of PCOS rats and reduced the serum testosterone levels and Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) gene expression. Furthermore, they improved Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and decreased the serum glucose and triglyceride levels, and gene expression of resisitin. The phosphorylation of AMPK was significantly decreased in adipose and ovarian tissues in PCOS group and both therapeutic factors successfully activated the AMPK in these tissues. However, VA had not such a significant effect in adipose tissue.

Limitations, reasons for caution

The main limitation of the current study was its design as a rat model, which may have limitation in the translation of knowledge to the clinics.

Wider implications of the findings: In summary, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first study reported beneficial effects of VA on the treatment of PCOS. The findings of the current study shed light on an urgent need for discovering novel therapeutic pharmaceuticals regarding the treatment of the PCOS.

Trial registration number

0

P–596 Association of oleic acid production in cumulus-granulosa cells with glutathione of in vitro matured oocytes

Study question

Does oleic acid production in cumulus-granulosa cells affect glutathione levels of in vitro matured oocytes?

Summary answer

Oleic acid availability in cumulus-granulosa cells is associated with a higher glutathione level in in vitro matured oocytes.

What is known already

The monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid is de novo synthesized by desaturation of stearic acid and can promote steroidogenesis and oocyte development in vitro. The endogenous antioxidant glutathione content in metaphase II oocyte is significantly higher than immature stages and is related to the normal oocyte maturation.

Study design, size, duration

Mouse germinal vesicles were co-cultured for 24 hours, during in vitro maturation, with granulosa cells treated with a specific inhibitor of oleic acid synthesis alone or in combination with oleic acid.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Fluorescence staining was used to assess the glutathione content of mouse metaphase II oocytes following in vitro maturation as an indicator of cytoplasmic maturation. Glutathione was stained using Cell Tracker Blue –CMAC for 30 min at 37 °C. After being washed in fresh media, stained oocytes were photographed by a fluorescence microscope. Cell area and associated fluorescence were quantified in 20 metaphase II mouse oocytes randomly chosen from in vitro matured oocytes for each condition.

Main results and the role of chance

The intracellular glutathione content was profoundly lower in metaphase II oocytes obtained from co-cultures with inhibitor-treated cumulus-granulosa cells than with the control cumulus cells (–50%, p &lt; 0.01). Oleic acid effectively recovered the negative effect of inhibitor on glutathione level nearly up to the level of the mock-treated cells.

Limitations, reasons for caution

The findings are limited to metaphase II. Measurement at more advanced stages of oocyte development is of interest. Inhibition of cellular fatty acid synthesis was performed solely with a specific chemical.

Wider implications of the findings: Involvement of the oleic acid availability for cumulus-granulosa cells in normal oocyte maturation may be of relevance in reproductive disorders, particularly in the pathological mechanism of impaired oogenesis.

Trial registration number

400/3226

Preparation of immunomagnetic beads coupled with a rhodamine hydrazine immunosensor for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method for detecting Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) bacteria in bovine fecal, milk, and colostrum samples using immunomagnetic beads (IMB) and a rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor. Immunomagnetic beads were prepared by using purified antibodies from hyperimmunized sera that were coupled to Fe nanoparticles with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or ethyl (dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) as linkers. Rhodamine hydrazone particles were synthesized and coupled to IgY anti-MAP antibodies using DTPA or EDC-NHS linkers. Separation efficiency of the IMB was tested on bovine fecal, milk, and colostrum samples experimentally contaminated with MAP. The studied methods were evaluated on their ability to detect MAP and separate bacteria in complex mediums. The ELISA results indicated 95% efficacy in antibody coupling to IMB, with the DTPA-IMB method being more efficient than the EDC-NHS-IMB method. By using the DTPA-IMB method, MAP bacteria were successfully recovered from fecal, milk, and colostrum samples. The DTPA-IMB method used in combination with the rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor had a limit of detection equal to 30 and 30,000 MAP cells/mL using chromogenic and fluorescent properties, respectively. Combining the DTPA-IMB separation method with the rhodamine hydrazone immunosensor provides a fast, sensitive, and cost-beneficial method for detecting MAP in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum.

Can neutral dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) decrease occurrence of clinical periparturient hypocalcaemia in dairy cattle?

BACKGROUND

Adjusting the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) is one of the most efficient ways to stimulate calcium homeostasis in periparturient dairy cattle. However, adjusting DCAD to the recommended negative values (-100 to -150 mEq/kg) is associated with decreased food intake and metabolic acidosis. The critical conditions of the animals at peripartum (i.e. drastic hormonal changes, decreased appetite and negative energy balance) can be detrimental to the health, productivity and welfare of the animals if combined with decreased feed intake caused by unpalatable acidogenic salts.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, we analysed the ration of eight small to large dairy herds with intensive husbandry systems, including 6949 dry cows. Sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur concentrations in the feed were determined and DCAD was calculated. The DCAD of the ration of the farms ranged from -33.5 to +24.7 mEq/kg. Parturient paresis (PP, or milk fever) prevalence was investigated and correlated to DCAD values.

RESULTS

Clinical PP occurrence in the dairies of this investigation on average declined by 87% (ranging from a 97% decline to 5% increase). This indicates that adjusting DCAD at neutral values (0 ± 30 mEq/kg range) may both lower the PP prevalence and increase ration palatability by lowering acidogenic salts in the ration.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research is recommended to investigate the effects of neutral DCAD on subclinical hypocalcaemia and food intake of the cattle.

Occurrence of purulent mandibular and maxillary osteomyelitis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a sheep flock in south-west of Iran

This report describes an outbreak of purulent mandibular and/or maxillary osteomyelitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a sheep flock located in the Khuzestan province, Iran. Jaw bones of almost 100 out of 500 mature sheep in a flock became severely deformed with a variably sized firm swelling, without any signs of inflammation in the surrounding soft tissues. The affected animals showed anorexia, depression, swelling of the mandibular and/or maxillary area, loss of cheek teeth and poor body condition. ‏These animals were gradually culled in a period of 3 months. Postmortem examination showed a hard swelling of jaw bones with dirty greenish pus that filled alveolar molar teeth cavities. Histopathologic findings revealed necrotic areas surrounded by mixed population of inflammatory cells with exuberant fibrosis around some area of the lesions and irregular trabeculae of woven bone. In bacteriology, pure culture of P. aeruginosa was isolated from all of 7 sampled sheep. Based on clinical examination, radiography, histopathological features and bacteriology, the lesions were diagnosed as chronic suppurative osteomyelitis caused by P. aeruginosa. According to bacteriological results, the likely source of bacterial infection in this study was drinking water.

Evaluation of a point-of-care electrochemical meter to detect subclinical ketosis and hypoglycaemia in lactating dairy cows

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate and validate a hand-held electrochemical meter (Precision Xtra®) as a screening test for subclinical ketosis and hypoglycaemia in lactating dairy cattle.

DESIGN

Method comparison study using a convenience sample.

PROCEDURE

Blood samples were collected into plain tubes from the coccygeal vessels of 181 Holstein cows at 2-4 weeks of lactation during summer in Iran. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration (BHB) and glucose concentration were immediately measured by the electrochemical meter after applying 20 μL of blood to the reagent strip. Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the accuracy of the meter against laboratory reference methods (BHB dehydrogenase and glucose oxidase).

RESULTS

Serum BHB ranged from 0.1 to 7.3 mmol/L and serum glucose ranged from 0.9 to 5.1 mmol/L. Passing-Bablok regression analysis indicated that the electrochemical meter and reference methods were linearly related for BHB and glucose, with a slope estimate that was not significantly different from 1.00. Clinically minor, but statistically significant, differences were present for the intercept value for Passing-Bablok regression analysis for BHB and glucose, and bias estimates in the Bland-Altman plots for BHB and glucose.

CONCLUSION

The electrochemical meter provided a clinically useful method to detect subclinical ketosis and hypoglycaemia in lactating dairy cows. Compared with other method validation studies using the meter, we attributed the improved performance of the electrochemical meter to application of a fixed volume of blood (20 μL) to the reagent strip, use of the meter in hot ambient conditions and use of glucose oxidase as the reference method for glucose analysis.

Expression of mRNA and protein of IL-18 and its receptor in human follicular granulosa cells

PURPOSE

There is no information available about the IL-18 receptor in ovarian follicles, so the present study attempts to demonstrate the expression of IL-18 and its receptor in human granulosa cells (GCs).

METHODS

To evaluate the concentration of IL-18 in serum and follicular fluid (FF), we collected serum and FF from 102 women undergoing oocyte retrieval. Also, to detect expression of IL-18 and its receptor by luteinized GCs, these cells were pooled six times from a total of twenty individual patients with 5-16 follicles each. The IL-18 concentration was determined by ELISA and the expression of IL-18 and its receptor by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the median IL-18 concentration in serum, 159.27 pg/ml (IQR 121.41-210.1), was significantly higher than in FF, 142.1 pg/ml (IQR 95.7-176.5), p < 0.001. Moreover, we found that IL-18 and its receptor are expressed by GCs.

CONCLUSION

The presence of IL-18 in FF and the expression of IL-18 and its receptor by GCs suggest an important role for this cytokine in ovarian function.

Registration of serial maxillary models via the weighted rugae superimposition method

OBJECTIVES

We introduce a weighted method for superimposition of serial digital maxillary models based on the variable stability of rugae points.

SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION

Plaster maxillary models of 24 randomly selected 12-year-olds as well as their models at the age of 14 were obtained and scanned using a benchtop structured-light 3D scanner.

METHODS

The models were registered twice, once via the unweighted and again via the proposed weighted rugae superimposition method based on 12 rugae landmarks. For each superimposition, distances between the corresponding rugae points were measured and compared with reported displacements of rugae points in literature.

RESULTS

The unweighted superimposition produced no meaningful differences in terms of total displacements of registration landmarks, whereas the weighted method recognized the medial points of the third ruga as the most stable landmarks. Results of the weighted method also demonstrated statistically significant smaller changes for medial rugae points in almost every dimension compared to the lateral rugae points. These results comply with the growth patterns of maxilla and rugae point displacements reported in similar studies.

CONCLUSION

Considering the variable stability of rugae points during growth, the weighted rugae superimposition method results in more promising registrations on serial models. This method prioritizes registration landmarks based on clinical criteria of choice and is suitable for analysis of other structures such as tooth movements.

Follicular fluid PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products correlate with ovarian sensitivity index in women undergoing A.R.T

PURPOSE

Considering potential roles of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and placental growth factor (PlGF) in ovarian function and embryo implantation, in the present study we have evaluated the association of these factors and also PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio with the ovarian response and implantation rate by dividing patients according to the OSI.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, 90 infertile women who were undergoing ICSI cycle using long protocol were recruited. The patients were divided according to ovarian sensitivity index (OSI). ICSI cycle outcomes were evaluated for each patient and PlGF, sFlt-1 and sRAGE levels of follicular fluid were assayed using commercial ELISA kits.

RESULTS

Follicular fluid (FF) sRAGE levels and PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio were statistically greater in high-responder women than other responders (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were obtained between sRAGE level with the number of oocytes, follicles and OSI level. sRAGE levels with cutoff value of 4.83 (ng/ml) for evaluating the pregnancy outcome showed 81.8 % sensitivity and 60.7 % specificity. Furthermore, there were positive associations between PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio with the number of oocytes, embryos and OSI level.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the results of current study supported that good ovarian response is independent of pregnancy outcome. Our results showed that FF levels of sRAGE and PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio could be used as markers for determining the high-responder women. Also, FF sRAGE levels could be a good predictor for ART outcome.

Intrauterine administration of hCG immediately after oocyte retrieval and the outcome of ICSI: a randomized controlled trial

STUDY QUESTION

Does the intrauterine administration of hCG immediately after oocyte retrieval in antagonist cycles with ICSI and fresh embryo transfer (ET) influence the implantation rate or chemical and clinical pregnancy rates?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The intrauterine administration of hCG after oocyte retrieval increases the implantation rate and chemical and clinical pregnancy rates.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Over half of IVF/ICSI cycles fail due to implantation failure. Intrauterine administration of hCG, a few minutes before ET, increased the implantation and pregnancy rates in most but not in all studies. The effect of intrauterine administration of hCG, after oocyte retrieval, has not yet been studied.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

The study was a parallel, triple-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) performed from September 2015 to February 2016, in a university hospital. We recruited women undergoing antagonist ovarian stimulation, ICSI and ET. For an effect size of 0.2, power of 80% at a significance level of 0.05, we needed 150 participants. Accounting for a 7% dropout rate, a total of 160 women was considered appropriate. A computer-generated randomization list with a block size of 4, with 1:1 allocation was used. The treatment allocation was placed in a sealed, opaque, envelope and picked up consecutively. Immediately after oocyte retrieval, patients in the intervention and control groups were treated with intrauterine injection of hCG and saline, respectively. Participants underwent ET on Day 3. A beta-hCG test was done at 2 weeks. If positive, three transvaginal-ultrasonographies (TVSs) were done at 3, 4 and 10 weeks after ET. The participants were called up thereafter and questioned about the continuity of their pregnancy.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD

Of 1990 women attending the infertility clinic of our university hospital, 508 were IVF/ICSI candidates during the study period, and 245 of the patients on an antagonist cycle met the criteria to be invited into our trial. Inclusion criteria were normal ovarian reserve, age ≤41, undergoing ICSI, and fresh ET and normal TSH and prolactin. Uncontrolled chronic disease, severe hydrosalpinx, severe endometriosis, morphologic embryo deficiencies, non-obstructive azospermia and high risk of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were criteria for exclusion. After taking an informed consent, a total of 158 participants were recruited, of which 80 were randomly allocated to receive intrauterine 500 IU hCG in up to 0.5 ml normal saline and 78 to receive intrauterine 0.5 ml normal saline immediately after oocyte retrieval, during general anaesthesia. ICSI was performed conventionally. The 4-8 cell embryos were transferred on the third day after oocyte retrieval. Implantation rate, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates were analysed and compared between the two groups.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

Patients' demographic and baseline characteristics were comparable. The clinical results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the biochemical pregnancy rate (59.2 versus 31.3%; P = 0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.26-2.82; risk difference (RD) = 27.8; 95% CI, 11.2-42.3), implantation rate (37 versus 17%; P = 0.012; OR = 2.29; 95% CI, 1.02-5.14; RD = 20.2; 95% CI, 5.4-33.8), clinical pregnancy rate (50.7 versus 16.4%; P < 0.001; OR = 3.08; 95% CI, 1.71-5.55; RD = 34.3; 95% CI, 18.7-47.6) and ongoing pregnancy rate (40.1 versus 13.4%; P = 0.001; OR = 3.04; 95% CI, 1.55-5.93; RD = 27.4; 95% CI, 12.7-40.6). The abortion and ectopic pregnancy rates were not statistically different between the two groups.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The insertion of an intrauterine insemination catheter and the injection of a small amount of saline into the uterine cavity (without hCG) may also have some impact on implantation. This effect could be studied by comparing this intervention with another study group without any intrauterine injection.There are no specific side effects mentioned in the literature for the intrauterine administration of hCG, neither were any observed in our study, but it is best to be cautious about probable side effects, because this type of intervention is relatively new and experimental, and deserves more studies before being entered into routine clinical practice.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Intrauterine administration of hCG immediately after oocyte pick up increases its effectiveness; however, further investigations are required before this procedure can be recommended for clinical practice.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS

This study was supported by the Women's Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. No external funds were used. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

IRCT201206165485N4.

TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE

2 September 2015.

DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT

2 September 2015.

Effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the apparent efficiency of colostral IgG absorption in neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves

Objective

To evaluate the effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the absorption of colostral IgG in dairy calves.

Animals

Twenty‐four healthy neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves.

Procedures

Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 0.9% NaCl solution (2 mL, PO; negative control); erythromycin lactobionate (20 mg/kg BW, PO; anticipated to be a positive control); cisapride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO); bethanechol chloride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO). Calves were fed 3 L of pooled bovine colostrum containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg) by suckling and oroesophageal intubation 30 minutes after each treatment was administered. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically after the start of feeding and plasma total IgG, protein, acetaminophen, and glucose concentrations determined. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration.

Results

Oral administration of cisapride facilitated the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. The effect of cisapride on abomasal emptying rate could not be evaluated because cisapride appeared to interfere with acetaminophen metabolism. Based on the total IgG and total protein concentration‐time relationships, the beneficial effects of cisapride appeared to occur early after oral administration and were transient.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Additional studies appear indicated to characterize the effect of cisapride dose on the magnitude and duration of its effect on facilitating the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. Identification of a nonantimicrobial method for increasing abomasal emptying rate, such as cisapride, will potentially provide a practical and effective method for facilitating transfer of passive immunity in colostrum‐fed dairy calves.

[Association of physiotherapy under continuous brachial plexus analgesia and shoulder arthrographic-distension for treatment of resistant shoulder-hand syndrome]

OBJECTIVE

Evaluation of treatment of shoulder-hand syndromes resistant to conventional therapeutic. This approach consists of an intensive treatment based on arthrographic distension with rapid mobilization of the shoulder under general anaesthesia and on active rehabilitation under regional analgesia using infraclavicular brachial plexus catheter.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

It was a retrospective study of twenty-five consecutive patients with severe shoulder-hand syndrome treated between 2007 and 2012. Besides their persistent pain, these patients presented a functional disability of their shoulder, wrist and hand. Treatment was initiated at least three months after diagnosis. All were assessed at the admission and six months later.

RESULTS

After treatment, pain was reduced by at least three points at the NS in 64% of the patients. Twelve patients described a complete recovery of their shoulder function; eleven patients described a normal hand function recovery and six patients a partial recovery allowing regular life. Nineteen patients evaluated their functional improvement of more than 50%. Only two patients with more than one year of chronic pain reported no improvement after treatment.

CONCLUSION

After failure of the physiotherapy and analgesic treatment, there are no clear consensual procedures and guidelines remains discussed. The current study combined different approaches with a significant improvement of this complex regional pain syndrome called shoulder-hand syndromes.

Estimated incidence of cardiac contusion using transthoracic echocardiography in patients suffering from severe blunt trauma to the chest

BACKGROUND

Cardiac contusion (CC) is a known complication of blunt trauma to the chest. There have been debates about its true incidence and there are different reports which claim that it occurs in less than 10% to more than 70% of patients. The goal of this study is to estimate the incidence of CC in patients with severe blunt chest trauma (SBCT) using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).

METHODS

After defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, all cases with clinical evidences of SBCT from February 2010 until October 2011 were included in this study. Patients were assessed using electrocardiography (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Transient echocardiographic changes, including wall motion abnormalities, valvular or papillary muscle dysfunction, pericardial effusion or tamponade, free wall rupture and interatrial/interventricular septum defects, were considered to be abnormal and trauma-related.

RESULTS

A total of 210 patients were assessed for CC. Fifty-two trauma-related echocardiographic changes in 47 patients were observed, in which 34 cases had simultaneous transient ECG changes. The estimated incidence of CC in these subjects was calculated to be 23.38% and 16.19%, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of both echocardiographic changes and ECG abnormalities, and those subjects without ECG changes (P = 0.03). As we evaluated stable patients without any cardiac-related clinical manifestations and TTE was chosen as our diagnostic modality, we claim that the true incidence must be higher.

CONCLUSIONS

We believe that a comparison of our findings with those presented in the literature shows that the actual incidence of CC in blunt chest trauma is underestimated.

Knowledge and attitude of dental faculty members towards evidence-based dentistry in Iran

INTRODUCTION

Educating dental practitioners is a major component in obtaining evidence-based approach to oral health care, but there is no evidence about knowledge and attitude of dental faculty members towards evidence-based dentistry (EBD) in Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaires on dental school faculties in Iran to assess their knowledge and attitude towards basic principles and methods of EBD. A total of eight dental schools were randomly selected of 17 public and two existing private schools. Validated questionnaire with an appropriate reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.67 - 0.87) was conducted on (n = 505) available dental instructors. The covered dimensions were perceived knowledge on critical appraisal, actual knowledge of EBD concepts, evidence-accessing methods and attitudes about EBD. Correlations were assessed between background characteristics and four main parts of the questionnaire, and multiple linear regression analysis was also used.

RESULTS

A total of 377 of 505 dental instructors returned completed questionnaires (response rate 74.65%). The mean perceived knowledge score was 15.32 ± 4.69 on a range of 6-36, and mean actual knowledge was 7.98 ± 2.0 on a range of 0-11 for all respondents with an overall positive attitude towards EBD.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that the level of actual knowledge of dental faculties about basic principles of EBD was moderate in Iran. However, faculties' overall interest and positive attitude towards learning EBD is encouraging. Therefore, it is highly recommended that degree/certificate continuing educational programmes be planned by the organising committees.

Cerebral neuroblastoma and pituitary adenocarcinoma in two budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Case 1: A tumor mass involving the rostral part of left cerebrum was found in a two-year-old female budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) at necropsy. Histologically, the neoplastic cells were arranged in sheets or cords and occasionally showed nest growth patterns. These uniform tumor cells had a little cytoplasm and ovoid or round basophilic nuclei with clearly distinct cytoplasmic membranes. The tumor cells were strong diffusely immunostained with both neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilament protein and partially for synaptophysin. They lacked chromogranin A, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, S-100, and cytokeratin antigen expression. Moreover, they had no reaction to antibodies against pituitary hormones, such as adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone, and prolactin. The histological and immunohistochemical examination determined the tumor as neuroblastoma. Case 2: An extremely enlarged pituitary mass was found above the sella turcica of a male budgerigar. It was soft and well delineated from the adjacent structures. On histological examination, this tumor consisted of a sheet of large closely packed polyhedral cells that had scant to a large amount of pale to strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm. The pleomorphic nuclei were apparently variable in shape, from small round hyperchromatic to very large vesicular forms. The cell boundaries were not clearly distinct. The multifocal immunolabelling of neoplastic cells for NSE, synaptophysin, GFAP, and ACTH appeared, whereas a few cells reacted with vimentin and S-100 and stained negative for other markers, which were also utilized for case 1. Histological and immunohistochemical findings led to identification of corticotroph adenocarcinoma in the pituitary gland.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Camels and Involved People in Yazd Province, Iran

BACKGROUND

Although infection of dromedary camels with Cryptosporidium spp. is rare in Iran, it is considered a zoonotic threat to the keepers and herders of camels. Thus we investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in these two hosts in Yazd Province, a semi-arid region in center of Iran.

METHODS

This study was conducted during 4 seasons (winter 2008, summer 2009, winter 2009 and summer 2010). Fecal samples (n=200) were collected from live camels. Also, 100 abomasal mucosa and related fecal samples of the slaughtered camels were investigated. Stool samples from 100 individuals who were in persistent contact with camels were also obtained. After staining by modified Ziehl-Neelsen method, the prepared specimens were studied microscopically. Results were analyzed using SPSS 16.

RESULTS

The rate of infection in feces and abomasal mucosa of camels were 20.33% and 12%, respectively. In addition, simultaneous fecal and mucosal infection was detected in 3 cases in winter. Statistical analyses showed no significant relation between infection and age of camels, as well as their sex and the season. Cryptosporidiosis in people who were in long-term contact with camels was also investigated microscopically by obtaining stool samples of 100 individuals (50 in summers, 50 in winters), 24 of them being infected with Cryptosporidium spp. The rate of infection was higher in winter than summer (16/50 compared with 8/50).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in camels and involved humans in Yazd Province is relatively considerable and of public health importance.

Dorsal epidural spinal lipomatosis

The authors report a case of a thoracic epidural spinal lipomatosis causing severe neurological deficits along the review of pertinent literature. The patient is a 56-year-old woman who presented with acute onset of severe paraparesis; she was investigated with cervical and thoracic MRI and then surgically managed because of an intraspinal mass compressing the cord. The operation consisted in the excision of the mass confirmed to be a fibrolipoma by pathological analysis. The patient attained complete neurological recovery and at 18 months follow-up she reported a generalised well-being. Thoracic lipomas are rare lesions that presenting mostly with back pain; however, in rare instances they may cause progressive and/or abrupt neurological dysfunction. Appropriate imaging can help in the diagnosis and management of such cases.

Evaluation of Copper, Zinc, Cu/Zn, and VEGF in Patients with AML in Iran

BACKGROUND

Copper and zinc are the elements with numerous physiological activities. Copper (Cu) has an important role in angiogenesis and acts by increasing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Serum levels of copper will be increased in cancer incidence, progression and recurrence. The aim of this study was to measure blood levels of copper, zinc, and the ratio of Cu /Zn, as well as VEGF levels before and after treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

METHODS

Thirty patients who were recently diagnosed with Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML) in Shahid Ghazi Tabatabai oncology hospital enrolled in this clinical trial. On the first day, blood samples were taken for copper, zinc, and VEGF assay and flowcytometry. Treatment protocol was (7×3) regimen. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of copper, zinc, and VEGF. They were sent to Biochemistry Laboratory in medicine faculty for analysis.

RESULTS

Amongst 30 AML patients, 14 (46.7%) were female and 16 (53.3%) were male. Patients of various ages ranged from 16 to 53 years, with a median age of 9.1±9.35 years. The mean serum level of copper, zinc, and mean Cu/Zn ratio before and after treatment showed significant difference (p<0.05) There was also significant difference between the mean VEGF level before and after treatment (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study reveals that there is no significant relationship between copper, zinc serum levels, their ratio, and VEGF in AML patients. We hypothesize that increased serum copper is associated with increase of VEGF levels which can indicate the impact of copper in malignancies including AML.

Optimization of chitosan-polyvinylalcohol electrospinning process by response surface methodology (RSM)

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques useful for developing, improving, and optimizing processes. RSM was used to model and optimize the electrospinning parameters for the spinning of blend CS/PVA nanofibers. In this study, chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend solutions (CS (Mw =1 X 106) in 2% acetic acid and PVA (Mw=12 X 103) in deionized water) with different blend ratio ranging from 10/90 to 50/50 were electrospun. CS/PVA (25/75) blend ratio was chosen as base and optimum ratio due to its suitable morphological properties and diameter. In a constant ratio of blend SEM analysis shows that the diameter of nanofibers changed by varying the voltage and extrusion rate in the electrospinning process. Voltage (10-25 KV) and polymer solutions extrusion rate of (0.2-1 ml/hr) from the nozzle were chosen as variables to control the fiber diameter at similar spinning distances (10 cm). Fiber diameter was correlated to production variables by using a second order polynomial function. The predicted fiber diameters were in good agreement with the experimental results.

The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in female medical students in Tehran

INTRODUCTION

Female adolescents and adults are among the population groups who are most affected by iron deficiency. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in female students aged 18 to 25 years old from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

METHODS

295 female university students participated in the study. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels were measured. Iron deficiency anaemia was defined as a situation where Hb is less than 12 g/dL, MCV is less than 78 microm3, ferritin is less than 12 ng/ml or transferin saturation (TS) (iron/TIBC x 100) is less than 15 percent, Iron deficiency (ID) was defined as a situation where Hb is greater than or equal to 12 g/dL, MCV is greater than or equal to 74 microm3, ferritin is less than 12 ng/ml or TS is less than 15 percent.

RESULTS

The complete data was available for 237 students. The prevalence of ID was 40.9 percent and that of IDA was 3.8 percent. Normal iron status was found in 49.8 percent of the subjects. The remaining (5.5 percent) had other kinds of anaemia or required confirmatory tests.

CONCLUSION

ID is common among 18 to 25-year-old Iranian female university students. Iron supplementation is thus required for the target group.

Chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol) blend nanofibers: Morphology, biological and antimicrobial properties

Blend nanofibers from Chitosan (Cs) (Mw =1 X 106) in 2% acetic acid and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (Mw=72 X 103) in deionized water were produced in 10/90, 20/80, 25/75, 50/50 mass ratio of Cs/PVA. The effect of blend ratio on the fiber formation and fiber properties has been investigated. Nanofibers produced were characterized by SEM, FTIR and DSC. The diameter of fibers increased with increasing chitosan content in blends. However, fibers with lower diameter showed micro cracks on the surface. FTIR data show that these two polymers have intermolecular interaction. DSC data reveals that the exothermic peak at about 200 0C for PVA decreased to lower temperature with increasing Cs content. Chitosan (Cs) (Mw =1 X 106) was hydrolyzed and the molecular weight reduced to 6.219 X 105 then we could electrospin the pure chitosan in 90% acetic acid as solvent and the nanofibers with diameter in the range of 43 nm were produced. SEM results showed that although the chitosan nanofibers were produced, because of high viscosity of solution there are a lot of beads on their surface.

The cell culture result show excellent cell viability in this medium when the cells were exposed to chitosan/PVA nanofibers for 7 days in CO2 incubator, 99% RH and 37 °C. On the other hand the chitosan/PVA nanofibers in their antimicrobial experimentations showed efficient antimicrobial properties.

Evaluation of androgenic activity of allium cepa on spermatogenesis in the rat

Allium cepa (onion) has a beneficial effect on disease treatment worldwide and has been used since ancient times as a medicinal and food source. Recently several reports have shown that onion has high antioxidant activity. As antioxidants have an essential effect on sperm health parameters, we investigated the effect of the fresh juice of onion bulbs on the spermatogenesis cycle in rats. Wistar male rats (n = 30) were allocated into 3 groups, control (n = 10) and two test groups (each of 10). The animals in the test groups were subdivided into groups of 2 that received fresh onion juice equivalent to 0.5 and 1 g/rat/ /day of fresh onion. The fresh onion juice was administered by gavage for 20 consecutive days. The animals were kept in standard conditions. On the twentieth day, the testes of rats in all groups were removed and sperm was collected from the epididymis and was prepared for analysis. Serum total testosterone significantly increased in all the test groups (p < 0.05), and levels of LH significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of fresh onion juice (p < 0.05), but the level of FSH did not differ between the experimental and control groups. The percentage of sperm viability and motility in both test groups significantly increased (p < 0.05), but the sperm concentration significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of freshly extracted onion juice (p < 0.05). It was evident that there was no difference on sperm morphology and testis weight in test groups compared to the control group. In our study, freshly prepared onion juice significantly affected the sperm number, percentage of viability, and motility; it seems that using 4 g/kg of freshly prepared onion juice is effective in sperm health parameters.

Oral health and treatment needs among 15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran

OBJECTIVES

To study oral health status and treatment need among 15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran in relation to their parents' level of education.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study based on the WHO criteria, was carried out in 2004 among 15-year-olds (n=506) in Tehran. Data collection was by a self-administered questionnaire and a clinical dental examination to assess dental caries, periodontal conditions and orthodontic treatment needs.

RESULTS

Mean DMFT was 2.1 (95%CI=1.9, 2.4), which comprised DT=0.9, MT=0.2, and FT=1.0. The mean SiC index was 5.2 (95%CI=4.8, 5.5). Mean numbers of sextants with PI scores 0, 1, and 2 were 0.6, 2.1, and 3.3 respectively, and with CPI scores 0, 1, and 2, were 2.1, 3.5 and 0.4 respectively. Need for caries (DT>0) treatment existed in 40% of subjects, for scaling (CPI=2) in 24%, for oral hygiene instructions in 100%, and for orthodontic treatment in 26%. Subjects with caries and dental plaque were fewer among those whose parents had a high level of education (p<0.05). Presence of dental plaque was associated with DT>0 (OR=1.8, p=0.01) and CPI>0 (OR=11.2, p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Poor level of oral hygiene among the present 15-year-olds calls for school-based oral health promotion activities focusing on oral self-care.

Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate

BACKGROUND

Submucous cleft palate (SMCP) is a common congenital malformation of the soft palate which may present as velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), which can affect the quality and intelligibility of speech. Surgical techniques, which can be used to reconstruct these structural or anatomical defects and to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency, include palatal repair and procedures that rearrange the muscle attachments of the soft palate.

OBJECTIVES

To provide reliable evidence regarding the effectiveness of surgical interventions to treat velopharyngeal insufficiency and improve speech in patients with submucous cleft palate.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to 21st December 2006); Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group Trials Register (on 12th March 2007); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 4); MEDLINE (from 1966 to 21st December 2006); EMBASE (from 1980 to 21st December 2006); and CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO (on 7th March 2007).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials comparing surgical interventions to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency in submucous cleft palate.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Limited data from one included trial precluded pooling of data, and only a descriptive summary is presented.

MAIN RESULTS

This review included one trial, involving 72 participants aged 4 to 7 years with submucous cleft palate associated velopharyngeal insufficiency, which compared minimal incision palatopharyngoplasty (MIPP) to MIPP with additional velopharyngeal surgery, either pharyngeal flap (32) or sphincter pharyngoplasty (3). The trial provided no information about post-operative speech assessment, very limited data on any instrumental assessments and there were no reports of obstructive sleep apnoea or other adverse effects after the interventions. Complete closure occurred in 32 (86%) of the participants in the MIPP group and in 31 (89%) in the additional treatment group, P > 0.05. After eliminating the nine patients with residual velopharyngeal insufficiency, the post-operative gap size during closure was 7.4 +/-3.2% in the MIPP group and 8 +/-4.1% in the additional intervention group (P > 0.5).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The trial provided some weak and unreliable evidence that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of minimal incision palatopharyngoplasty versus the same procedure performed simultaneously with an individually tailored pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty for correcting velopharyngeal insufficiency associated with submucous cleft palate.

Hepatic triacylglycerols and plasma non-esterified fatty acids and albumin levels in cross breed cows in Ahvaz city of Khuzestan Province of Iran: an abattoir study

The aim of the present study was to compare the hepatic triacylglycerols (TAG) and total lipid and plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) and albumin in cows in different stages of productivity slaughtered at Ahvaz abattoir. So, a total of 203 blood and liver samples were collected from the indigenous hybrid cows immediately after being slaughtered at the abattoir. The cows were divided into 4 groups according to their pregnancy statuses: 1-8 months pregnant, 8-9 months pregnant, less and more than 1 month of parturition. Percentage of TAG and Total Lipids (TL) were measured in the liver and NEFA and albumin were measured in the blood circulation. All the liver samples in this study showed some degrees of fatty infiltration. The accumulation of fat in the liver rose significantly (p < 0.001) during the first month after parturition and returned to the same level of pregnancy after one month. We also noticed that plasma NEFA concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the first month of parturition and serum albumin level relegated to its lowest level (p < 0.05) in the last month of pregnancy. These results reveal that fatty liver is quite common in all the animals in the region especially in their early lactation. These findings indicate the necessity of reconsideration in the animal's food policies in the area and some especial approaches during the early phase of lactation.