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Muema J, Thumbi SM, Obonyo M, Wanyoike S, Nanyingi M, Osoro E, Bitek A, Karanja S. Seroprevalence and Factors Associated with Coxiella burnetii Infection in Small Ruminants in Baringo County, Kenya. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:e31-e43. [PMID: 28117947 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve estimates of C. burnetii epidemiology in Kenya, a survey was undertaken in small ruminants in Baringo County, where acute cases of Q fever in humans had been reported in 2014. From 140 household herds selected, 508 (60.5%) goats and 332 (39.5%) sheep were included and an indirect ELISA assay for C. burnetii IgG antibodies performed. In addition, epidemiological information at both herd and animal level was collected. Generalized mixed-effects multivariable logistic model using herd as the random effect was used to determine variables correlated to the outcome. Overall seroprevalence was 20.5% (95% CI: 17.8%, 23.3%). Goats had 26.0% (95% CI: 22.2%, 30.0%) compared to sheep 12.2% (95% CI: 8.7%, 16.0%). Nomadic pastoralism, goats and older animals (>1 year) were associated with greater risk of C. burnetii seropositivity (P = ≤0.05). Heterogeneity in C. burnetii seropositivity was observed across the sublocations (P = 0.028). Evidence of C. burnetii exposure in small ruminants revealed poses a potential risk of exposure to the people living in close proximity to the animals. We recommended integrated animal-human surveillance and socio-economic studies for C. burnetii, to aid our understanding of the risk of transmission between the animals and humans, and in the design of prevention and control strategies for the disease in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muema
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya.,Zoonotic Disease Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Service, Nairobi, Kenya.,College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S M Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
| | - M Obonyo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya.,Zoonotic Disease Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Wanyoike
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Nanyingi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - E Osoro
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Department of Preventive and Promotive Health Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Bitek
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S Karanja
- College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ofula V, Ochieng C, Limbaso S, Wurapa E, Sang R, Obonyo M, Bii E. Laboratory confirmation of dengue-3 virus outbreak in Mandera, Northern Kenya, 2011. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Laurila A, Cole SP, Merat S, Obonyo M, Palinski W, Fierer J, Witztum JL. High-fat, high-cholesterol diet increases the incidence of gastritis in LDL receptor-negative mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:991-6. [PMID: 11397709 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.6.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic and knockout mice are widely used as models for atherogenesis studies. While developing a Helicobacter infection model in LDL receptor-negative (LDLR(-/-)) mice, we noticed that mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet often contracted gastritis independent of infection. To further investigate this finding, we studied 27 male and 18 female LDLR(-/-) mice fed high-fat, 1% or 1.25% cholesterol diets for 3 to 4 months. The extent of atherosclerosis was morphometrically analyzed in the whole aorta, and the degree of gastric inflammation was scored histologically in hematoxylin-eosin-stained stomach sections. The autoantibody titers to epitopes of oxidized LDL were also measured. Mice fed high-fat, high-cholesterol diets had a significantly higher incidence of gastritis than mice fed normal chow, 62% versus 5%, respectively (P<0.0001). This effect was specific for LDLR(-/-) mice, because no difference in gastritis was found in wild-type mice fed either diet. Animals with gastritis showed slightly more atherosclerosis than animals without gastritis: 16.3+/-6.4% versus 12.8+/-3.4% in males and 9.4+/-3.5% versus 6.5+/-3.3% in females. Cholesterol-fed mice also had significantly higher IgG autoantibody titers against modified LDL than normal chow-fed animals, but no difference was seen between the gastritis and nongastritis groups. We conclude that the standard high-fat, high-cholesterol diet commonly used in many murine models to induce atherosclerosis increased the incidence of gastritis significantly in LDLR(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laurila
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
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Obonyo M, Munderloh UG, Fingerle V, Wilske B, Kurtti TJ. Borrelia burgdorferi in tick cell culture modulates expression of outer surface proteins A and C in response to temperature. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2137-41. [PMID: 10364575 PMCID: PMC85101 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.7.2137-2141.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto downregulates outer surface protein A (OspA) and upregulates outer surface protein C (OspC) during tick feeding. The switching of these proteins correlates with increased spirochetal infectivity for the mammal. We examined the effect of temperature on differential expression of OspA and OspC by B. burgdorferi cocultivated with a cell line isolated from the vector tick Ixodes scapularis. The effect of incubation at 31, 34, or 37 degrees C on expression of OspA and OspC by B. burgdorferi JMNT and N40 was analyzed by indirect fluorescent-antibody microscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. The amount of OspA relative to the amount of flagellin was highest in spirochetes cocultivated with tick cells at 31 degrees C and declined with increasing temperature in both strains. OspC production was enhanced in spirochetes cocultivated with tick cells at 37 degrees C. Spirochetes grown axenically in BSK-H medium also produced more OspC at 37 degrees C, but OspA content was not appreciably affected by temperature. Our findings indicate that temperature, along with cultivation in a tick cell culture system, plays a role in the differential expression of OspA and enhances differential expression of OspC by spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Obonyo
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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