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Ang XY, Roslan NS, Ahmad N, Yusof SM, Abdullah N, Nik Ab Rahman NN, Woon JJ, Teh CSJ, Todorov SD, Liu G, Liong MT. Lactobacillus probiotics restore vaginal and gut microbiota of pregnant women with vaginal candidiasis. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:421-431. [PMID: 38350486 DOI: 10.1163/18762891-20220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The development of probiotics has now included the areas along the gut-vaginal axis. We thus aimed to investigate the effects of lactobacilli probiotic to modulate and restore vaginal and gut microbiota of pregnant women with vaginal candidiasis (VC). A randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled study was performed in 78 pregnant women with VC. Patients were randomised to either the probiotic (SynForU-HerCare) or placebo which were administered at baseline and continued for 8-weeks (two capsules/day of 9.5 log cfu/capsule). Microbiota profiles were assessed at time points of weeks-0, 4 and 8 for high vaginal swab and faecal samples. Shannon diversity index showed that after 8-weeks amid VC, a shift in microbial community compositional changes occurred in the high vaginal region at both genus (P=0.025) and species (P=0.044) levels, where the administration of probiotic prevented such a shift. These changes were mainly attributed to a decreased in abundance of Lactobacillus (P=0.042) accompanied by increased abundance of Prevotella (P=0.002) and Atopobium (P=0.002) in the placebo group while the probiotic group remained unchanged over time. The administration of probiotics also prevented a reduced abundance of faecal phylum Firmicutes after 8-weeks as seen in the placebo group (P<0.0001), which also showed reduction at subsequent taxonomic levels of class, family, genera and species. VC has not only altered the microbiota of vagina regions but also gut microbiota profiles, causing lessening of gut microbiota that are crucial for gut nutrient availability, protection and immunity. The administration of lactobacilli probiotics has prevented such a shift, leading to better modulated gut and vaginal microenvironment amid VC. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: identifier number NCT03940612.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Ang
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - N S Roslan
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Health Campus, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Ahmad
- Kota Bharu Health Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 15200 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - S Mo Yusof
- Kubang Kerian Health Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah
- Pengkalan Chepa Health Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 16100 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N N Nik Ab Rahman
- Wakaf Che Yeh Health Clinic, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 15100 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - J-J Woon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - C S-J Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S D Todorov
- ProBacLab, Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - G Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China P.R
- CAS-TWAS Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology, Beijing 100101, China P.R
| | - M-T Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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2
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Favaro L, Campanaro S, Fugaban JII, Treu L, Jung ES, d'Ovidio L, de Oliveira DP, Liong MT, Ivanova IV, Todorov SD. Genomic, metabolomic, and functional characterisation of beneficial properties of Pediococcus pentosaceus ST58, isolated from human oral cavity. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:57-72. [PMID: 36815495 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria are proteinaceous antibacterial metabolites that normally exhibit bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against genetically closely related bacteria. In this work, the bacteriocinogenic potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus strain ST58, isolated from oral cavity of a healthy volunteer was evaluated. To better understand the biological role of this strain, its technological and safety traits were deeply investigated through a combined approach considering physiological, metabolomic and genomic properties. Three out of 14 colonies generating inhibition zones were confirmed to be bacteriocin producers and, according to repPCR and RAPD-PCR, differentiation assays, and 16S rRNA sequencing it was confirmed to be replicates of the same strain, identified as P. pentosaceus, named ST58. Based on multiple isolation of the same strain (P. pentosaceus ST58) over the 26 weeks in screening process for the potential bacteriocinogenic strains from the oral cavity of the same volunteer, strain ST58 can be considered a persistent component of oral cavity microbiota. Genomic analysis of P. pentosaceus ST58 revealed the presence of operons encoding for bacteriocins pediocin PA-1 and penocin A. The produced bacteriocin(s) inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus spp. and some Lactobacillus spp. used to determine the activity spectrum. The highest levels of production (6400 AU/ml) were recorded against L. monocytogenes strains after 24 h of incubation and the antimicrobial activity was inhibited after treatment of the cell-free supernatants with proteolytic enzymes. Noteworthy, P. pentosaceus ST58 also presented antifungal activity and key metabolites potentially involved in these properties were identified. Overall, this strain can be of great biotechnological interest towards the development of effective bio-preservation cultures as well as potential health promoting microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Favaro
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - S Campanaro
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - J I I Fugaban
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 791-708, South Korea.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Building 202, Rm. 3.234, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L Treu
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - E S Jung
- HEM Pharma Inc., Suwon, Gyeonggi 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - L d'Ovidio
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - D P de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - M-T Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - I V Ivanova
- Department of General and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S D Todorov
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 791-708, South Korea.,Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Zaydi AI, Lew LC, Hor YY, Jaafar MH, Chuah LO, Yap KP, Azlan A, Azzam G, Liong MT. Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 improved brain health in aging rats via the serotonin, inflammatory and apoptosis pathways. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:753-766. [PMID: 33245015 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging processes affect the brain in many ways, ranging from cellular to functional levels which lead to cognitive decline and increased oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentials of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 on brain health including cognitive and memory functions during aging and the impacts of high fat diet during a 12-week period. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into six groups: (1) young animals on normal diet (ND, (2) young animals on a high fat diet (HFD), (3) aged animals on ND, (4) aged animals on HFD, (5) aged animals on HFD and L. plantarum DR7 (109 cfu/day) and (6) aged animals receiving HFD and lovastatin. To induce ageing, all rats in group 3 to 6 were injected sub-cutaneously at 600 mg/kg/day of D-galactose daily. The administration of DR7 has reduced anxiety accompanied by enhanced memory during behavioural assessments in aged-HFD rats (P<0.05). Hippocampal concentration of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased during aging but reduced upon administration of both statin and DR7. Expressions of hippocampal neurotransmitters and apoptosis genes showed reduced expressions of indoleamine dioxygenase and P53 accompanied by increased expression of TPH1 in aged- HFD rats administered with DR7, indicating potential effects of DR7 along the pathways of serotonin and oxidative senescence. This study provided an insight into potentials of L. plantarum DR7 as a prospective dietary strategy to improve cognitive functions during aging. This study provided an insight into potentials of L. plantarum DR7 as a prospective dietary strategy to improve cognitive functions during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Zaydi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - L-C Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y-Y Hor
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M H Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - L-O Chuah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - K-P Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Azlan
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - G Azzam
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M-T Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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4
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Hor YY, Ooi CH, Lew LC, Jaafar MH, Lau ASY, Lee BK, Azlan A, Choi SB, Azzam G, Liong MT. The molecular mechanisms of probiotic strains in improving ageing bone and muscle of d-galactose-induced ageing rats. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1307-1322. [PMID: 32638482 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of Lactobacillus strains in improving ageing of the musculoskeletal system. METHODS AND RESULTS The anti-ageing mechanism of three probiotics strains Lactobacillus fermentum DR9, Lactobacillus paracasei OFS 0291 and L. helveticus OFS 1515 were evaluated on gastrocnemius muscle and tibia of d-galactose-induced ageing rats. Upon senescence induction, aged rats demonstrated reduced antioxidative genes CAT and SOD expression in both bone and muscle compared to the young rats (P < 0·05). Strain L. fermentum DR9 demonstrated improved expression of SOD in bone and muscle compared to the aged rats (P < 0·05). In the evaluation of myogenesis-related genes, L. paracasei OFS 0291 and L. fermentum DR9 increased the mRNA expression of IGF-1; L. helveticus OFS 1515 and L. fermentum DR9 reduced the expression of MyoD, in contrast to the aged controls (P < 0·05). Protective effects of L. fermentum DR9 on ageing muscle were believed to be contributed by increased AMPK-α2 expression. Among the osteoclastogenesis genes studied, TNF-α expression was highly elevated in tibia of aged rats, while all three probiotics strains ameliorated the expression. Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 also reduced the expression of IL-6 and TRAP in tibia when compared to the aged rats (P < 0·05). All probiotics treatment resulted in declined proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β in muscle and bone. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 appeared to be the strongest strain in modulation of musculoskeletal health during ageing. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study demonstrated the protective effects of the bacteria on muscle and bone through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, L. fermentum DR9 may serve as a promising targeted anti-ageing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Hor
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C-H Ooi
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - L-C Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M H Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - A S-Y Lau
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - B-K Lee
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - A Azlan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S-B Choi
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G Azzam
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M-T Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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5
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Tan FHP, Liu G, Lau SYA, Jaafar MH, Park YH, Azzam G, Li Y, Liong MT. Lactobacillus probiotics improved the gut microbiota profile of a Drosophila melanogaster Alzheimer's disease model and alleviated neurodegeneration in the eye. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:79-89. [PMID: 32066253 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease and one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence is supporting the use of various strategies that modulate gut microbiota to exert neurological and psychological changes. This includes the utilisation of probiotics as a natural and dietary intervention for brain health. Here, we showed the potential AD-reversal effects of Lactobacillus probiotics through feeding to our Drosophila melanogaster AD model. The administration of Lactobacillus strains was able to rescue the rough eye phenotype (REP) seen in AD-induced Drosophila, with a more prominent effect observed upon the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 (DR7). Furthermore, we analysed the gut microbiota of the AD-induced Drosophila and found elevated levels of Wolbachia. The administration of DR7 restored the gut microbiota diversity of AD-induced Drosophila with a significant reduction in Wolbachia's relative abundance, accompanied by an increase of Stenotrophomonas and Acetobacter. Through functional predictive analyses, Wolbachia was predicted to be positively correlated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, while Stenotrophomonas was negatively correlated with these neurodegenerative disorders. Altogether, our data exhibited DR7's ability to ameliorate the AD effects in our AD-induced Drosophila. Thus, we propose that Wolbachia be used as a potential biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H P Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - G Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - S-Y A Lau
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M H Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y-H Park
- Department of Microbiology, Yeungnam University, 38541 Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - G Azzam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - M-T Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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6
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Lew LC, Hor YY, Jaafar MH, Lau ASY, Ong JS, Chuah LO, Yap KP, Azzam G, Azlan A, Liong MT. Lactobacilli modulated AMPK activity and prevented telomere shortening in ageing rats. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:883-892. [PMID: 31965837 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-ageing effects of different strains of lactobacilli putative probiotics on an ageing rat model as induced by D-galactose and a high fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high fat diet (54% kcal fat) and injected with D-galactose daily for 12 weeks to induce ageing. The effects of putative probiotic strains on age-related impairment such as telomere length, plasma lipid peroxidation, hepatic 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression, as well as endurance performance were evaluated. Administration of statin, Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 (LP-DR7), Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 (LF-DR9), and Lactobacillus reuteri 8513d (LR-8513d) significantly reduced the shortening of telomere and increased the expression of AMPK subunit-α1 (P<0.05). Plasma lipid peroxidation was lower (P<0.05) in groups administered with statin and LF-DR9 as compared to the control. AMPK subunit-α2 was elevated in rats administered with LP-DR7 as compared to the control (P<0.05). Using an in vivo ageing rat model, the current study has illustrated the potentials of lactobacilli putative probiotics in alleviation of age-related impairment in a strain-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y Y Hor
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M H Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - A S Y Lau
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - J S Ong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - L O Chuah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - K P Yap
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - G Azzam
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - A Azlan
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - M T Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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7
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Liao JF, Hsu CC, Chou GT, Hsu JS, Liong MT, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 reduced early-life stress abnormalities in maternal separation mouse model. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:425-436. [PMID: 30882243 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal separation (MS) has been developed as a model for inducing stress and depression in studies using rodents. The concept of the gut-brain axis suggests that gut health is essential for brain health. Here, we present the effects of administration of a probiotic, Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 (PS23), to MS mice against psychological traits including anxiety and depression. The administration of live and heat-killed PS23 cells showed positive behavioural effects on MS animals, where exploratory tendencies and mobility were increased in behavioural tests, indicating reduced anxiety and depression compared to the negative control mice (P<0.05). Mice administered with both live and heat-killed PS23 cells also showed lower serum corticosterone levels accompanied by higher serum anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels, compared to MS separated mice (P<0.05), indicating a stress-elicited response affiliated with increased immunomodulatory properties. Assessment of neurotransmitters in the brain hippocampal region revealed that PS23 affected the concentrations of dopaminergic metabolites differently than the control, suggesting that PS23 may have improved MS-induced stress levels via neurotransmitter pathways, such as dopamine or other mechanisms not addressed in the current study. Our study illustrates the potential of a probiotic in reversing abnormalities induced by early life stress and could be an alternative for brain health along the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Liao
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| | - C C Hsu
- 2 Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei 10448, Taiwan ROC
| | - G T Chou
- 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
| | - J S Hsu
- 2 Bened Biomedical Co., Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei 10448, Taiwan ROC
| | - M T Liong
- 3 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y C Tsai
- 4 Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei 11221, Taiwan ROC
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Ma ZF, Yusof N, Hamid N, Lawenko RM, Mohammad WMZW, Liong MT, Sugahara H, Odamaki T, Xiao J, Lee YY. Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 improves mental health in victims with irritable bowel syndrome developed after a major flood disaster. Benef Microbes 2018; 10:111-120. [PMID: 30525951 DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals in a community who developed irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) after major floods have significant mental health impairment. We aimed to determine if Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 was effective in improving symptoms, psychology and quality of life measures in flood-affected individuals with IBS and if the improvement was mediated by gut microbiota changes. Design was non-randomised, open-label, controlled before-and-after. Of 53 participants, 20 with IBS were given B. infantis M-63 (1×109 cfu/sachet/day) for three months and 33 were controls. IBS symptom severity scale, hospital anxiety and depression scale, SF-36 Questionnaire, hydrogen breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and stools for 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis were performed before and after intervention. 11 of 20 who were given probiotics (M-63) and 20 of 33 controls completed study as per-protocol. Mental well-being was improved with M-63 vs controls for full analysis (P=0.03) and per-protocol (P=0.01) populations. Within-group differences were observed for anxiety and bodily pain (both P=0.04) in the M-63 per-protocol population. Lower ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes was observed with M-63 vs controls (P=0.01) and the lower ratio was correlated with higher post-intervention mental score (P=0.04). B. infantis M-63 is probably effective in improving mental health of victims who developed IBS after floods and this is maybe due to restoration of microbial balance and the gut-brain axis. However, our conclusion must be interpreted within the context of limited sample size. The study was retrospectively registered on 12 October 2017 and the Trial Registration Number (TRN) was NCT03318614.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z F Ma
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.,2 Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China P.R
| | - N Yusof
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Hamid
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - R M Lawenko
- 3 De La Salle Health Sciences Institute, Dasmarinas, Cavite 4114, Philippines
| | - W M Z Wan Mohammad
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M T Liong
- 4 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - H Sugahara
- 5 Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo 252-8583, Japan
| | - T Odamaki
- 5 Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo 252-8583, Japan
| | - J Xiao
- 5 Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo 252-8583, Japan
| | - Y Y Lee
- 1 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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9
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Lau ASY, Yanagisawa N, Hor YY, Lew LC, Ong JS, Chuah LO, Lee YY, Choi SB, Rashid F, Wahid N, Sugahara H, Xiao JZ, Liong MT. Bifidobacterium longum BB536 alleviated upper respiratory illnesses and modulated gut microbiota profiles in Malaysian pre-school children. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:61-70. [PMID: 29065707 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This 10-months randomised, double-blind, parallel and placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on diarrhoea and/or upper respiratory illnesses in 520 healthy Malaysian pre-school children aged 2-6 years old. The subjects randomly received a one-gram sachet containing either BB536 (5×109 cfu) or placebo daily. Data analysis was performed on 219 subjects who fully complied over 10-months (placebo n=110, BB536 n=109). While BB536 did not exert significant effects against diarrhoea in children, Poisson regression with generalised estimating equations model indicated significant intergroup difference in the mean number of times of respiratory illnesses over 10 months. The duration of sore throat was reduced by 46% (P=0.018), with marginal reduction for duration of fever (reduced by 27%, P=0.084), runny nose (reduced by 15%, P=0.087) and cough (reduced by 16%, P=0.087) as compared to the placebo. Principal coordinate analysis at genus level of the gut microbiota revealed significant differences between 0 and 10 months in the BB536 group (P<0.01) but not in placebo group (P>0.05). The abundance of the genus Faecalibacterium which is associated with anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties was significantly higher in the BB536 group (P<0.05) compared to the placebo group. Altogether, our present study illustrated the potential protective effects of BB536 against upper respiratory illnesses in pre-school Malaysian children, with gut microbiota modulating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S-Y Lau
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - N Yanagisawa
- 2 Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama 252-8583, Japan
| | - Y-Y Hor
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - L-C Lew
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - J-S Ong
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - L-O Chuah
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Y-Y Lee
- 3 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - S-B Choi
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - F Rashid
- 3 School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - N Wahid
- 4 Community Health Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - H Sugahara
- 2 Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama 252-8583, Japan
| | - J-Z Xiao
- 2 Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama 252-8583, Japan
| | - M-T Liong
- 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Lew LC, Choi SB, Tan PL, Liong MT. Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) synergistically enhanced lactic acid production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus FTDC 8313 via affecting different stages of the hexose monophosphate pathway. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:644-53. [PMID: 24267975 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) on lactic acid production using response surface methodology and to further study their effects on interactions between the enzymes and substrates along the hexose monophosphate pathway using a molecular modelling approach. METHODS AND RESULTS A rotatable central composite design matrix for lactic acid production was generated with two independent factors namely, manganese sulfate and magnesium sulfate. The second-order regression model indicated that the quadratic model was significant (P < 0·05), suggesting that the model accurately represented the data in the experimental region. Three-dimensional response surface showed that lactic acid production was high along the region where the ratio of MnSO4 to MgSO4 was almost 1 : 1, justifying the need for both Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) to be present simultaneously in stimulating the production of lactic acid. Molecular docking simulation was performed on a total of 13 essential enzymes involved in the hexose monophosphate pathway for the production of lactic acid with four different conditions namely in the presence of Mg(2+) , Mn(2+) , both Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) and in the absence of metal ions. Results showed that the presence of both Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) within the binding site improved the binding affinity for substrates in five enzymes namely, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphopyruvate hydratase and pyruvate kinase. CONCLUSIONS Using response surface methodology and molecular modelling approach, we illustrated that Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) synergistically enhanced lactic acid production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus FTDC 8313 via affecting different stages of the hexose monophosphate pathway. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS OF THE STUDY Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) synergistically improved lactic acid production of Lact. rhamnosus via improved binding affinity of the enzyme-substrate along the hexose monophosphate pathway, instead of purely affecting growth as previously understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-C Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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11
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Lew LC, Liong MT. Bioactives from probiotics for dermal health: functions and benefits. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1241-53. [PMID: 23311666 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have been extensively reviewed for decades, emphasizing on improving general gut health. Recently, more studies showed that probiotics may exert other health-promoting effects beyond gut well-being, attributed to the rise of the gut-brain axis correlations. Some of these new benefits include skin health such as improving atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis, healing of burn and scars, skin-rejuvenating properties and improving skin innate immunity. Increasing evidence has also showed that bacterial compounds such as cell wall fragments, their metabolites and dead bacteria can elicit certain immune responses on the skin and improve skin barrier functions. This review aimed to underline the mechanisms or the exact compounds underlying the benefits of bacterial extract on the skin based on evidences from in vivo and in vitro studies. This review could be of help in screening of probiotic strains with potential dermal enhancing properties for topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-C Lew
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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12
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Lye HS, Khoo BY, Karim AA, Rusul G, Liong MT. Ultrasound enhanced growth and cholesterol removal of Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 1311 in the parent cells but not the subsequent passages. Ultrason Sonochem 2012; 19:901-908. [PMID: 22265020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the intestinal adherence ability, cell growth, and cholesterol removal ability of parent cells and subsequent passages of Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 1311. Ultrasound significantly decreased the intestinal adherence ability of treated parent cells compared to that of the control by 11.32% (P<0.05), which may be due to the protein denaturation upon local heating. Growth of treated parent cells also decreased by 4.45% (P<0.05) immediately upon ultrasound (0-4h) and showed an increase (P<0.05) in the viability by 2.18-2.34% during the later stage of fermentation (12-20 h) compared to that of the control. In addition, an increase (P<0.05) in assimilation of cholesterol (>9.74%) was also observed for treated parent cells compared to that of the control, accompanied by increased (P<0.05) incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane. This was supported by the increased ratio of membrane cholesterol:phospholipids (C:P), saturation of cholesterol in the apolar regions, upper phospholipids regions, and polar regions of membrane phospholipids of parent cells compared to that of the control (P<0.05). However, such traits were not inherited by the subsequent passages of treated cells (first, second, and third passages). Our data suggested that ultrasound treatment could be used to improve cholesterol removal ability of parent cells without inducing permanent damage/defects on treated cells of subsequent passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lye
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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13
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Lye HS, Karim AA, Rusul G, Liong MT. Electroporation enhances the ability of lactobacilli to remove cholesterol. J Dairy Sci 2012; 94:4820-30. [PMID: 21943733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of electroporation on the membrane properties of lactobacilli and their ability to remove cholesterol in vitro. The growth of lactobacilli cells treated at 7.5 kV/cm for 4 ms was increased by 0.89 to 1.96 log(10) cfu/mL upon fermentation at 37 °C for 20 h, the increase being attributed to the reversible and transient formation of pores and defragmentation of clumped cells. In addition, an increase of cholesterol assimilation as high as 127.2% was observed for most cells electroporated at a field strength of 7.5 kV/cm for 3.5 ms compared with a lower field strength of 2.5 kV/cm. Electroporation also increased the incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane, as shown by an increased cholesterol:phospholipids ratio (50.0-59.6%) upon treatment at 7.5 kV/cm compared with treatment at 2.5 kV/cm. Saturation of cholesterol was observed in different regions of the membrane bilayer such as upper phospholipids, apolar tail, and polar heads, as indicated by fluorescence anisotropy using 3 fluorescent probes. Electroporation could be a useful technique to increase the ability of lactobacilli to remove cholesterol for possible use as cholesterol-lowering adjuncts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lye
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
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Ooi LG, Ahmad R, Yuen KH, Liong MT. Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 and inulin reduced plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol via alteration of lipid transporters. J Dairy Sci 2011; 93:5048-58. [PMID: 20965319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-designed study was conducted to investigate the effect of a synbiotic product containing Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 and inulin on lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemic men and women. Thirty-two hypercholesterolemic men and women with initial mean plasma cholesterol levels of 5.7±0.32 mmol/L were recruited for the 12-wk study. The subjects were randomly allocated to 2 groups; namely the treatment group (synbiotic product) and the control group (placebo), and each received 4 capsules of synbiotic or placebo daily. Our results showed that the mean body weight, energy, and nutrient intake of the subjects did not differ between the 2 groups over the study period. The supplementation of synbiotic reduced plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol by 7.84 and 9.27%, respectively, compared with the control over 12 wk. Lipoproteins were subsequently subfractionated and characterized. The synbiotic supplementation resulted in a lower concentration of triglycerides in the very low, intermediate, low, and high-density lipoprotein particles compared with the control over 12 wk. The concentration of triglycerides in lipoproteins is positively correlated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Our results showed that the synbiotic might exhibit an atheropreventive characteristic. Cholesteryl ester (CE) in the high-density lipoprotein particles of the synbiotic group was also higher compared with the control, indicating greater transport of cholesterol in the form of CE to the liver for hydrolysis. This may have led to the reduced plasma total cholesterol level of the synbiotic group. The supplementation of synbiotic also reduced the concentration of CE in the LDL particles compared with the control, leading to the formation of smaller and denser particles that are more easily removed from blood. This supported the reduced LDL-cholesterol level of the synbiotic group compared with the control. Our present study showed that the synbiotic product improved plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol levels by modifying the interconnected pathways of lipid transporters. In addition, although Lactobacillus gasseri [corrected] CHO-220 could deconjugate bile, our results showed a statistically insignificant difference in the levels of conjugated, deconjugated, primary, and secondary bile acids between the synbiotic and control groups over 12 wk, indicating safety from bile-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-G Ooi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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15
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Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 synbiotic diets: 1) containing Lactobacillus casei ASCC 292 and fructooligosaccharides (LF diet); 2) containing L. casei ASCC 292 and maltodextrin (LM diet); and 3) containing L. casei ASCC 292, fructooligosaccharide, and maltodextrin (LFM diet) to reduce serum cholesterol in male Wistar rats. The effect of the synbiotic diets on intestinal microflora, concentration of organic acids, and the possibility of translocation of lactobacilli were also investigated. The LFM diet lowered serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, whereas the LM diet increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. However, synbiotic diets did not contribute to a change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level compared with the control diet. There was a decrease in the population of staphylococci, bacteroides, Escherichia coli, and total coliforms in most bowel regions with the LFM diet compared with the control (which did not contain any synbiotic). In general, the LFM diet contributed to a higher concentration of lactic acid that may have contributed to the decrease in the population of pathogenic microorganisms compared with the control. Fructooligosaccharide was the preferred substrate for production of acetic acid. Results from this study showed that the synbiotic diet that contained L. casei ASCC 292, fructooligosaccharide, and maltodextrin beneficially altered cholesterol levels and produced a healthier bowel microbial population without translocation of lactobacilli to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, 8001, Australia
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Liong MT, Shah NP. Production of organic acids from fermentation of mannitol, fructooligosaccharide and inulin by a cholesterol removing Lactobacillus acidophilus strain. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 99:783-93. [PMID: 16162229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Assessment of individual production of organic acids by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 in the presence of mannitol, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin. METHODS AND RESULTS The production patterns of individual organic acids by L. acidophilus ATCC 4962 were assessed using the experimental region for optimum cholesterol removal from the interaction between L. acidophilus ATCC 4962 and prebiotics selected in our previous study. The production of acetic and formic acids was growth associated and was greatly influenced by the inoculum size of the organism and the concentration of mannitol. The growth of the organism was repressed with the fermentation end products of FOS and inulin, which subsequently exhibited repressed production of acetic and formic acids as well. The inoculum size, mannitol and FOS linearly affected the formation of butyric acid and the response surface generated showed a correlation between butyric acid and acetic acid. The experimental regions with increased production of lactic acid showed cessation of growth of the organism, indicating inhibition of growth at high concentration of lactic acid. CONCLUSIONS The production of individual organic acids was dependent on growth and the fermentability of prebiotics. Mannitol, FOS and inulin favoured the production of formic, lactic and butyric acids respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fermentability of prebiotics to produce metabolites has been a controversial issue. Information gathered in this study provides a better understanding on the production of organic acids from fermentation of mannitol, FOS and inulin by L. acidophilus ATCC 4962, and on changes in their production as a response from interaction of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne City Mail Centre, Vic., Australia
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Abstract
Lactobacillus casei ASCC 292 was grown in the presence of six prebiotics, namely, sorbitol, mannitol, maltodextrin, high-amylose maize, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and inulin, in order to determine the combination of probiotic and prebiotics that would remove the highest level of cholesterol. A first-order model showed that the combination of L. casei ASCC 292, FOS, and maltodextrin was the most efficient for the removal of cholesterol, and the optimum experimental region was developed by using the steepest ascent. This led to the middle points of probiotic (1.70% [wt/vol]), FOS (4.80% [wt/vol]), and maltodextrin (6.80% [wt/vol]) for the development of a central composite design for optimization. Perturbation plot, response surface, and coefficient estimates showed that all three factors had significant quadratic effects on cholesterol removal, with FOS showing the most conspicuous quadratic change. A second-order polynomial regression model estimated that the optimum condition of the factors for cholesterol removal by L. casei ASCC 292 is 1.71% (wt/vol) probiotic, 4.95% (wt/vol) FOS, and 6.62% (wt/vol) maltodextrin. Validation experiments showed that the predicted optimum conditions were more efficient than the high and low levels of the factors and the center points. A response surface method proved reliable for developing the model, optimizing factors, and analyzing interaction effects. Analyses of growth, substrate utilization, growth yield, mean doubling time, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production by the use of quadratic models indicated that cholesterol removal was growth associated. The concentration of L. casei ASCC 292 had the most significant quadratic effect on all responses studied, except for substrate utilization and SCFA production, which were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the interactions between the probiotic and both prebiotics, indicating that they were closely associated with the uptake of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Liong MT, Shah NP. Optimization of cholesterol removal, growth and fermentation patterns of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 in the presence of mannitol, fructo-oligosaccharide and inulin: a response surface methodology approach. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:1115-26. [PMID: 15836481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To optimize cholesterol removal by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 in the presence of prebiotics, and study the growth and fermentation patterns of the prebiotics. METHODS AND RESULTS Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 was screened in the presence of six prebiotics, namely sorbitol, mannitol, maltodextrin, hi-amylose maize, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin in order to determine the best combination for highest level of cholesterol removal. The first-order model showed that the combination of inoculum size, mannitol, FOS and inulin was best for removal of cholesterol. The second-order polynomial regression model estimated the optimum condition of the factors for cholesterol removal by L. acidophilus ATCC 4962 to be 2.64% w/v inoculum size, 4.13% w/v mannitol, 3.29% w/v FOS and 5.81% w/v inulin. Analyses of growth, mean doubling time and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production using quadratic models indicated that cholesterol removal and the production of SCFA were growth associated. CONCLUSIONS Optimum cholesterol removal was obtained from the fermentation of L. acidophilus ATCC 4962 in the presence of mannitol, FOS and inulin. Cholesterol removal and the production of SCFA appeared to be growth associated and highly influenced by the prebiotics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Response surface methodology proved reliable in developing the model, optimizing factors and analysing interaction effects. The results provide better understanding on the interactions between probiotic and prebiotics for the removal of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Abstract
Eleven strains of lactobacilli were studied for their acid and bile tolerance. Possible mechanisms of cholesterol removal by strains of lactobacilli were examined. Cholesterol assimilation as determined by the difference in cholesterol content in the medium before and after the incubation period showed that all lactobacilli strains were able to assimilate cholesterol at varying levels ranging from 12.03 to 32.25 microg/mL. Cholesterol removal was associated with growth of cultures. Binding of cholesterol to lactobacilli cells was determined using growing, heat-killed, and resting cells in phosphate buffer. Cholesterol removed by dead and resting cells ranged from 0.79 to 3.82 mg/g of dry weight compared with growing cells, which ranged from 4.53 to 16.03 mg/g of dry weight. Fatty acid methyl esters, as quantified using gas chromatography, showed changes in lipid profiles in cells grown in the presence of cholesterol compared with those grown without cholesterol. Fatty acid profiles, especially of hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, total saturated, and unsaturated acids suggested that cholesterol from the medium was incorporated into the cellular membrane. These findings suggest that strains of lactobacilli could remove cholesterol via various mechanisms and may be promising candidates for use as a dietary adjunct to lower serum cholesterol in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Liong
- School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria University, Werribee Campus, PO Box 14428, Victoria 8001, Australia
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