Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on cocaine addiction: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

While pharmacological strategies appear to be ineffective in treating long-term addiction, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is emerging as a promising new tool for the attenuation of craving among multiple substance dependent populations.

METHOD

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted on the efficacy and tolerability of rTMS in treating cocaine use disorder (CUD). Relevant papers published in English through November 30th 2022 were identified, searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library.

RESULTS

Eight studies matched inclusion criteria. The best findings were reported by the RCTs conducted at high-frequency (≥5 Hz) multiple sessions of rTMS delivered over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC): a significant decrease in self-reported cue-induced cocaine craving and lower cocaine craving scores and a considerable amelioration in the tendency to act rashly under extreme negative emotions (impulsivity) were found in the active group compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

Although still scant and heterogeneous, the strongest evidence so far on the use of rTMS on individuals with CUD support the high frequency stimulation over the left DLPFC as a well tolerated treatment of cocaine craving and impulsivity.

One-year efficacy of a lifestyle behavioural intervention on physical and mental health in people with severe mental disorders: results from a randomized controlled trial

This multicentric randomized controlled trial (RCT), carried out in six Italian University mental health sites, aims to test the efficacy of a six-month psychosocial intervention (LYFESTYLE) on Body Mass Index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, Framingham and HOmeostasis Model Assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indexes in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Moreover, the efficacy of the intervention has also been tested on several other physical and mental health domains. Patients were randomly allocated to receive the six-month experimental intervention (LIFESTYLE) or a behavioural control intervention. All enrolled patients were assessed at baseline and after one year. We recruited 401 patients (206 in the experimental and 195 in the control group) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder (29.9%), bipolar disorder (43.3%), or major depression (26.9%). At one year, patients receiving the experimental intervention reported an improvement in body mass index, body weight, waist circumference, HOMA-IR index, anxiety and depressive symptoms and in quality of life. Our findings confirm the efficacy of the LIFESTYLE intervention in improving physical and mental health-related outcomes in patients with severe mental illnesses after one year.

Oxytocin as a peripheral biomarker for Autism Spectrum Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of life-long neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impairments in social communication and by the presence of restricted interests or repetitive behaviors. Several genetic, biological, and psychosocial mechanisms seem to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of this complex condition. Preclinical models have shown a potential role of oxytocin (OT), a peptide involved in a complex range of behaviors, including those related to social interaction. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that OT levels may be decreased in autistic people.

Objectives

To compare the levels of peripheral OT in autistic people vs neurotypical controls.

Methods

We performed a systematic literature search up to December 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines. Final inclusion was based on the following criteria: (1) Participants: individuals of any age diagnosed with ASD; (2) Controls: neurotypical subjects; (3) Outcome: OT levels, either in saliva, serum, or plasma; (4) Study design: case-control. Meta-analyses are ongoing.

Results

We finally included 21 papers published between 1998 and 2020, of which one recruited adult participants. Fifteen studies measured OT levels in plasma, 4 in saliva, and 2 in serum. Preliminary meta-analyses on 10 studies showed that peripheral OT levels in autistic individuals are reduced compared to neurotypical controls, with sex differences.

Conclusions

Our preliminary findings show that peripheral OT might represent a potential biomarker for ASD. Future well-conducted case-control studies with a detailed phenotypical characterization of samples are needed to understand the role of OT deficits in specific subgroups.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Assessing response, remission and treatment resistance in patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with and without Tic Disorders: results from a multicenter study

Introduction

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Tic Disorder (TD) are two highly disabling, comorbid and difficult-to-treat conditions. DSM-5 acknowledged a new “tic-related” specifier for OCD, i.e., Obsessive-Compulsive Tic-related Disorder (OCTD), which may show poor treatment response.

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to evaluate rates and clinical correlates of response, remission and resistance to treatment in a large multicentre sample of OCD patients with versus without tics.

Methods

398 patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of OCD with and without comorbid TD was assessed from ten psychiatric departments across Italy. Treatment response profiles in the whole sample were analysed comparing the rates of response, remission and treatment-resistance as well as related clinical features. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to highlight possible treatment response related factors.

Results

Later ages of onset of TD and OCD were found in the remission group. Moreover, significantly higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities, TD, and lifetime suicidal ideation and attempts were associated to the treatment-resistant group, with larger degrees of perceived worsened quality of life and family involvement.

Conclusions

While remission was related to later ages of OCD and TD onset, specific clinical factors, such as early onset and presence of psychiatric comorbidities and concomitant TD, predicted a worse treatment response, with a significant impairment in quality of life for both patients and their caregivers. These findings suggest a worse profile of treatment response for patients with OCTD.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Hyper/neuroinflammation in COVID-19 and suicide etiopathogenesis: Hypothesis for a nefarious collision?

Accumulating scientific and clinical evidence highlighted pathological hyperinflammation as a cardinal feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute COVID-19 disease. With the emergence of long COVID-19 syndrome, several chronic health consequences, including neuropsychiatric sequelae, have gained attention from the public and medical communities. Since inflammatory mediators have also been accredited as putative biomarkers of suicidal ideations and behaviors, hyper- and neuroinflammation might share some colliding points, overlapping and being interconnected in the context of COVID-19. This review aims to provide a summary of current knowledge on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of COVID-19-associated hyper/neuroinflammation with focus on their relevance to the inflammatory hypothesis of suicide development. Subsequently, strategies to alleviate COVID-19 hyper/neuroinflammation by immunomodulatory agents (many of which at experimental stages) as well as psychopharmacologic/psychotherapeutic approaches are also mentioned. While suicide risk in COVID-19 survivors - until now little known - needs further analysis through longitudinal studies, current observations and mechanistic postulates warrant additional attention to this possibly emerging mental health concern.

Physical Exercise for Late-Life Major Depression

(Reprinted with permission from Br J Psychiatry 2005; 207: 235-242).

A specific “at risk” profile related to recent stressful life events in euthymic major depressive disorder

Introduction

Stressful life events (SLE) may influence the illness course and outcome.

Objectives

The present study aimed to characterize socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of euthymic major depressive disorder (MDD) outpatients with SLE relative to those without.

Methods

This sample included 628 (mean age=55.1 ± 16.1) currently euthymic MDD outpatients, among them 250 (39.8%) reported SLE and 378 (60.2%) did not.

Results

After univariate analyses, outpatients with SLE were most frequently widowed and lived predominantly with friends/others. Furthermore, compared to outpatients without SLE, those with SLE were more likely to have a family history of suicidal behavior, manifested melancholic characteristics and higher Coping Orientation to the Problems Experienced (COPE) positive reinterpretation/growth and less likely to manifest a comorbid panic disorder, residual interepisodic symptoms, have used psychiatric medications, and use current antidepressant medications. After regression analyses, having a family history of suicide (OR=9.697; p=≤.05), history of psychotropic medications use (OR=2.888; p=≤.05), and reduced use of antidepressants (OR=.321; p=.001) were significantly associated with SLE. Mediation analyses demonstrated that the association between current use of antidepressants and SLE was mediated by previous psychiatric medications.

Conclusions

Having a family history of suicide, history of psychotropic medications use, and reduced use of antidepressants may confer a specific “at risk” profile related to the enhanced vulnerability to experience SLE.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

The experience of northern italy in elderly patients with COVID-19 infection and mental disorders

Introduction

In December 2019, the first cases of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak related to acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were reported in the Chinese city of Wuhan. European countries experienced a tragic growth in the number of Covid-19 cases although several restrictions have been imposed.

Objectives

The study is aimed to describe the first experience of the Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII in the city of Bergamo, Northern Italy.

Methods

The most relevant clinical characteristics of aged patients with COVID-19 and mental disorders have been described.

Results

According to the experience of the Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, medical departments, after appropriate training of all healthcare workers, have been rapidly converted into specific units aimed at treating patients with COVID-19 infection. Specifically, we directly observed a rapidly growing request of psychiatric interventions in aged patients with COVID-19 infection due to the emergence of severe delirium (mainly hyperkinetic) which was reported in approximately 30−50% of cases increasing with age, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. When compared with younger subjects, we found that subjects aged 65 or above with prolonged hospitalization in our hospital are more vulnerable to: 1) environmental factors (e.g., social isolation and distance from family members, stay in intensive/subintensive units, communication difficulties due to therapeutic devices); 2) individual factors (e.g., COVID-19 possible neurotropic properties, impairments in insight and cognitive dysfunctions, comorbid medical conditions, and use of multiple medications).

Conclusions

The main implications of the present findings have been discussed.

Essential information on genetic testing methods that each clinician needs to know/understand

Genetic testing is well established in many areas of clinical medicine, is increasingly used in clinical psychiatry and it becomes increasingly important to understand the scope and limitations of the different genetic tests applied. The recommended genetic work-up of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (such as intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorders) includes conventional karyotyping (low resolution) able to detect chromosomal rearrangement and structural variants (>5Mb, 5 million-bp), testing for fragile X-Syndrome, screening for deletions and duplications down to 20 Kb by Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (CGH), able to detect Copy Number Variation (CNVs; gain or loss of genetic material compared to the reference genome). Sanger sequencing is used for mapping of single base pair genetic variants in single genes but unable to identify deletions or duplications. The more advanced Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) have enabled to detect variants in panels of 10-100 (or more) genes, or in all coding regions using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES; 23.000 genes). Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis enables also the detection of all size range and types of genetic variation including CNVs, trinucleotide repeats and translocations. All this led to an impressive change in interpreting genomic variants that need to be strictly linked to clinical information before it can be used by clinicians to improve diagnosis or care. Bioinformatic tools to annotate variants, predict their effects and select the genes and genomic regions of interest are needed to guide the clinical work followed with careful evaluation of the prioritized variants based on the clinical knowledge (https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA17130/#tabs|Name:overview).

Psychopathological consequences related to COVID-19 infection: The most relevant reactions of the general population

Introduction

As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.

Objectives

This work aimed to comprehensively review the current literature about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the mental health in the general population.

Methods

A detailed review has been conducted in order to identify the main psychopatological consequences related to Covid-19 infection in the general population.

Results

Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively. The psychological impact of quarantine related to COVID-19 infection has been additionally documented together with the most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to COVID-19 outbreak.

Conclusions

The role of risk and protective factors against the potential to develop psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals with Covid-19 infection need to be carefully addressed in the clinical practice.

Personal autonomy and hopelessness are associated with antidepressant drugs prescription in currently euthymic bipolar patients

Introduction

The patterns and clinical correlates related to antidepressant drugs (ADs) prescription for BD remain poorly understood.

Objectives

This study aimed to compare socio-demographic and clinical features of BD patients treated vs. not treated with ADs.

Methods

The sample consists of 287 currently euthymic bipolar patients. Among participants (mean age=51.9±15.02), 157 (40.1%) were receiving ADs.

Results

Based on the main findings, subjects given ADs were older and more frequently retired than those without receiving ADs. Moreover, patients given ADs were more likely to have had a first major depressive episode and present with psychotic symptoms at illness onset. Lifetime substance abuse/dependence history was less frequently reported among patients given ADs. Furthermore, ADs given patients have a higher number of affective episodes, and longer duration of their illness. Additionally, subjects treated with ADs reported higher hopelessness levels, and lower positive reinterpretations than those who were not treated with ADs. Factors associated with ADs-use by multivariate modeling were reduced personal autonomy (OR=.070), and hopelessness levels (OR=1.391).

Conclusions

These results may help clinicians to better understand the clinical correlates of BD subtypes and improve their differential management. Additional studies are needed to replicate these findings, and facilitate the differential trajectories of BD patients based on socio-demographic/clinical profile.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Bullying victimization/perpetration and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review

Introduction

Experience of bullying may be a significant risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).

Objectives

This study had three aims: to systematically investigate the association between bullying and NSSI, to analyze the possible mechanisms underlying the two phenomena, and to evaluate any differences between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration with respect to NSSI.

Methods

A systematic search about the association between bullying victimization and perpetration and NSSI was conducted using specific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct). The following keywords were used in all database searches: “bullying” AND “NSSI” OR “peer victimization” and NSSI.

Results

The searches in PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct revealed a total of 88 articles about bullying or peer victimization and NSSI. However, only 29 met our inclusion criteria and were used for the present review. Overall, all studies examined victimization; 4 studies also evaluated the effects of perpetration and 1 included bully-victims. According to the main findings, both being a victim of bullying and perpetrating bullying may increase the risk of adverse psychological outcomes in terms of NSSI and suicidality in the short and the long run.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to systematically evaluate the relation between bullying victimization/perpetration and NSSI. The main results support a positive association. Future research should evaluate the possible role of specific mediators/moderators of the association between experience of bullying and NSSI.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Digital biomarkers and digital phenotyping in mental health care and prevention

Biomarkers are physiologic or pathologic characteristics that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of biologic processes, or biological responses to therapeutic interventions. Traditionally, psychiatry has suffered from a relative paucity of these, with no lab tests or medical devices available for the diagnosis or monitoring of mental health disorders. The widespread adoption of personal digital devices including smartphones and wearables allow to retrieve, record and store large amounts of user-generated data that have been hypothesized to play as “digital biomarkers” - intended as a new type of medical information that can produce actionable insights into the biological state of individuals, just as “normal” biomarkers, but collected through digital tools.

As well described by Onnela in 2015, digital biomarkers can define a digital phenotyping characterized by a “moment-by-moment quantification of the individual-level human phenotype in situ using data from personal digital devices,” in particular smartphones and mobile devices. Simpler said, digital biomarkers, can provide a comprehensive representation of people and patients' functioning. Their use in health research, prevention and practice is particularly relevant in the field of mental health being mental disorders highly heterogeneous in nature and over time. In the next years these novel ways of measuring mental health status will provide observations and perspectives into disease that were unavailable before and which will fruitfully inform personalized prevention and care. The presentation will introduce the concept of digital biomarkers and digital phenotyping, it will provide the state of the art on their identification and use in the field of mental health and will discuss the way forward to ensure their potential is exploited through effective collaboration between clinicians, public health researchers and the tech world in a joint effort to promote population well-being.

COVID-19 lockdown: housing built environment’s effects on mental health

Background

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a pandemic on March 11th, severe 'lockdown' measures have been adopted by the Italian Government. For over two months of stay-at-home, houses became the only place where people slept, ate, worked, practiced sports, and socialized. As consolidated evidence exists on housing as a determinant of health, it is of great interest to explore the impact that COVID-19 response-related lockdown measures had on mental health and wellbeing.

Methods

We conducted a large web-based survey on 9261 subjects in Northern Italy, one of the Regions most heavily hit by the pandemic in Europe. Participants were recruited among university staff, faculty and students. The questions included socio-demographic features of the participants; international evaluation scales designed to recognize depressive-, anxiety- and sleep-related symptoms, impulsivity, quality of life; architectural parameters investigating housing physical characteristics.

Results

As emerges from our analysis poor housing is associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms during lockdown. In particular, living in apartments < 60 m2, with poor quality view and indoor area is associated with, respectively, 1.31 (95CI), 1.368 (95CI), and 2.253 (95CI) time the risk of moderate/severe and severe depressive symptoms. Subjects reporting worsened working performance from home were over four times more likely to also report depression (OR = 4.28, 95%CI).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest housing played a major role in influencing people mental health and wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic. We argue strengthened multi-interdisciplinary approach involving urban planning, public mental health, environmental health, epidemiology, and sociology, is needed to inform the planning implementation and monitoring of housing policies centered on population health.

Key messages

COVID-19 lockdown mitigation measures strongly impacted on Mental Health. Living in apartments < 60 m2, with poor quality view and indoor area significatively increase the risk of moderate and severe depressive symptoms.

The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population

As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively. This work aimed to comprehensively review the current literature about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the mental health in the general population. The psychological impact of quarantine related to COVID-19 infection has been additionally documented together with the most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to COVID-19 outbreak. The role of risk and protective factors against the potential to develop psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals has been addressed as well. The main implications of the present findings have been discussed.

Alexithymia and Coping Strategies: Predictors of Hopelessness?

Introduction

Alexithymic traits and coping strategies may affect the onset and course of many psychiatric conditions. However, their role in determining hopelessness and suicide risk has been not still elucidated.

Objectives

The present study analyzed the correlations between alexithymia, coping strategies, and hopelessness.

Aims

We aimed to evaluate whether specific coping strategies and alexithymia may predict hopelessness which is widely considered an independent risk factor for suicide.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 276 patients (19.9% men, 81.1% women; mean age: 48.1 years, SD: 16.9), of which most with major affective disorders, who were admitted at the Psychiatric Unit of the University of Genoa (Italy). All participants were assessed using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (COPE), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).

Results

Alexythimic subjects significantly differ from non-alexythimic individuals in terms of substance abuse (χ2 = 23.1; P = .027). According to bivariate analyses, we found a significant correlation between hopelessness and suicidal thoughts/wishes (r = .34; P = .01), humor (r = –.24; P = .05), and behavioural disengagement (r = .205; P = .05). Behavioural disengagement is also a positive predictor of hopelessness (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.03–1.52) while humour is a negative predictor of hopelessness (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73–0.99).

Conclusions

Behavioural disengagement needs to be considered a risk factor while humor is a protective factor for suicide. Surprisingly, we found no significant association between alexithymia and hopelessness. Further additional studies are requested to test these exploratory findings in order to more deeply elucidate the role of both alexithymia and coping strategies in suicidal behaviour.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Clinical and neurocognitive characteristics associated with treatment-resistant depression

Introduction

Treatment resistant depression (TRD) is a disabling condition associated with a relevant psychosocial impairment worldwide.

Objectives

This exploratory study is aimed to evaluate the main clinical and neurocognitive characteristics in a sample of 21 subjects admitted to the Psychiatric Clinic of University of Genoa as inpatients between 2015 and 2016 and diagnosed with TRD according to Thase and Rush staging method.

Methods

Patients have been assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Trial Making Test (TMT-A/B), Stroop Color Word Interference Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Rey auditory-verbal learning test (RAVLT) have been administered as well.

Results

Subjects with early-onset (< 50 years) depression had a longer illness duration, higher depressive episodes and more impaired performance at RAVLT while individuals with late-onset (> 50 years) depression showed a higher severity of depressive symptoms and more anxiety symptoms. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with anxiety (r = 0.82; P = 0.00) and negatively with TMT-A/B (r = −0.56, P = 0.01), Stroop Color Word Interference Test (r = −0.72, P = 0.005 and r = −0.616, P = 0.008), and RAVLT (r = −0.60; P = 0.02) performances. According to regression analyses, anxiety symptoms were the only significant predictor of depression severity (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Early-onset depression is associated with more disability and worse neurocognitive performance whereas late-onset depression is linked to more anxiety symptoms and more depressive symptoms severity. Clinicians should closely monitor patients with TRD for the presence of anxiety symptoms that may represent a significant risk factor of poorer long-term outcome.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Deficits in Mentalization Predict Suicide Risk Among Psychiatric Inpatients

Introduction

Suicide is a major public health issue.

Objectives

Mentalization is a form of imaginative mental activity about others or oneself that may shed light on the phenomenology of suicide.

Aims

To assess the role of a number of variables in suicide risk.

Methods

Participants were 156 (73 men and 83 women) adult psychiatric inpatients (age range = 18/74 year). Most of the patients had a major mood disorder (26.3% BD-I, 3.2% BD-II, and 11.5 MDD), psychosis (16.7%), or a schizoaffective disorder (20.5%). All the patients were administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) for assessing diagnosis and suicide risk, and the Impact of event scale, Mentalization Questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Some patients (18.6%) were admitted for a recent suicide attempt and 34.6% had attempted suicide in the past.

Results

At the MINI, 44.9% of the patients resulted at a moderate to high risk of suicide, and 55.1% at no or low risk of suicide with no difference for sociodemographic variables (sex and age) and diagnosis, but they differed for mentalization and symptoms of intrusions and avoidance caused by a traumatic event. Groups also did not differ for self-reported childhood trauma. Only mentalization was independently associated with higher suicide risk, and patients with moderate to severe risk of suicide were 1.7 times more likely to report more mentalization deficits than those with no or low risk of suicide.

Conclusions

Our study supports the notion that the investigation of mentalization among patients may help in proper assessment of suicide risk.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Premorbid academic and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia and its associations with negative symptoms and cognition

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to explore premorbid academic and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia, and its associations with the severity of negative symptoms and neurocognitive impairment.

METHOD

Premorbid adjustment (PA) in patients with schizophrenia was compared to early adjustment in unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy controls. Its associations with psychopathology, cognition, and real-life functioning were investigated. The associations of PA with primary negative symptoms and their two factors were explored.

RESULTS

We found an impairment of academic and social PA in patients (P ≤ 0.000001) and an impairment of academic aspects of early adjustment in relatives (P ≤ 0.01). Patients with poor PA showed greater severity of negative symptoms (limited to avolition after excluding the effect of depression/parkinsonism), working memory, social cognition, and real-life functioning (P ≤ 0.01 to ≤0.000001). Worse academic and social PA were associated with greater severity of psychopathology, cognitive impairment, and real-life functioning impairment (P ≤ 0.000001). Regression analyses showed that worse PA in the academic domain was mainly associated to the impairment of working memory, whereas worse PA in the social domain to avolition (P ≤ 0.000001).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that poor early adjustment may represent a marker of vulnerability to schizophrenia and highlight the need for preventive/early interventions based on psychosocial and/or cognitive programs.

Familial aggregation of MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery scores in a large sample of outpatients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives

BACKGROUND

The increased use of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) to investigate cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia fostered interest in its sensitivity in the context of family studies. As various measures of the same cognitive domains may have different power to distinguish between unaffected relatives of patients and controls, the relative sensitivity of MCCB tests for relative-control differences has to be established. We compared MCCB scores of 852 outpatients with schizophrenia (SCZ) with those of 342 unaffected relatives (REL) and a normative Italian sample of 774 healthy subjects (HCS). We examined familial aggregation of cognitive impairment by investigating within-family prediction of MCCB scores based on probands' scores.

METHODS

Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze group differences in adjusted MCCB scores. Weighted least-squares analysis was used to investigate whether probands' MCCB scores predicted REL neurocognitive performance.

RESULTS

SCZ were significantly impaired on all MCCB domains. REL had intermediate scores between SCZ and HCS, showing a similar pattern of impairment, except for social cognition. Proband's scores significantly predicted REL MCCB scores on all domains except for visual learning.

CONCLUSIONS

In a large sample of stable patients with schizophrenia, living in the community, and in their unaffected relatives, MCCB demonstrated sensitivity to cognitive deficits in both groups. Our findings of significant within-family prediction of MCCB scores might reflect disease-related genetic or environmental factors.

Plantar lymphatic network

Anatomical descriptions of the lymphatic system of the foot remain imprecise. In the present report, we aim to elucidate the anatomical lymphatic plantar network in order to improve current clinical practice on the foot. Lower limbs from a total of 25 human cadavers, 4 amputated limbs, and 8 term fetuses were studied. All cadavers were subjected to injection procedures, formalized, immersed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide, and finally dissected. On 6 of the fetal samples, the diaphanization Spatelholz technique was followed. The superficial lymphatic network of the sole is morphologically divided into three plexuses: anterior, medium, and posterior, with the medium differing from the rest. The anterior plexus presents lymphatic vessels forming scarce polygonal figures of considerable size that converge towards the medial edge to constitute ascending trunks. The middle plexus is characterized by the presence of transverse interconnected trunks that extend from one edge to the other of the sole. The posterior plexus presents polygonal figures of smaller size and greater number than the anterior plexus and forms ascending trunks that are directed to the dorsal surface of the foot. These observations demonstrate that the plantar lymphatic network display important differences among the caliber of the lymphatic vessels as well as in the communication and morphological shape of their plexus. Finally, a comparative distribution and organization between the lymphatic and the venous networks was also examined.

Childhood Traumatic Experiences and Coping Strategies: Correlations With Quality of Life

Introduction

Individuals with a history of childhood traumatic experiences may exert maladaptive coping strategies and impaired adult quality of life.

Objectives

The present study explored the association between childhood traumatic experiences, coping strategies, and quality of life.

Aims

We aimed to evaluate whether childhood traumatic experiences or specific coping strategies may significantly predict quality of life.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study including 276 patients (19.9% men, 81.1% women; mean age: 48.1 years, SD: 16.9), of which most with major affective disorders, who were recruited at the psychiatric unit of the university of Genoa (Italy). All participants were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Cope), and Short Form 12 Health Survey version 2 (SF-12).

Results

Subjects with a history of emotional abuse were more likely to have an earlier age of onset of their psychiatric conditions, an earlier age of their first treatment/hospitalization, higher recurrent episodes and days of hospitalization, longer illness duration and non-psychiatric treatments at intake when compared with those who did not present any history of abuse. Based on regression analyses, only positive reinterpretation and growth, focus on and venting of emotions, and substance abuse, but not childhood traumatic experiences, resulted positive predictors of physical quality of life. Moreover, focus on and venting of emotions was able to predict mental quality of life.

Conclusions

While traumatic experiences did not predict quality of life, specific coping strategies were significant predictors of quality of life. Further studies are requested to test these preliminary results.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

A new combined operative technique using crossed inguinal lymphatic rescue for pediatric patients with mixed lymphatic and venous malformations

Truncular venous malformations and acquired functional or anatomical venous occlusions (or sub-occlusions) can be the cause of secondary lymphedema and even the cause of primary lymphedema when they are associated with lymphatic malformations (lymphangiodysplasia - LAD I, lymphadenodysplasia - LAD II, or a combination of both) in pediatric patients. This understanding recognizes the shared and successive embryogenesis of both systems. These conditions can exhibit hypertension in the venous pedicles intended for lymph-venous anastomosis, and this finding would be a formal contraindication to the procedure. However, this hypertension is a rarely considered condition and is not commonly identified. As a technique to solve this problem, we have combined Nielubowicz, Olszewski, Campisi, and Palma's proposals and created a lymph-venous anastomosis from the side with lymphedema and venous hypertension (lymphatic donor and venous recipient) with an internal suprapubic saphenous venous bridge (from the normal side to the lymphedematous side with venous hypertension) to enable a crossed inguinal lymphatic/venous rescue. We believe this newly synthesized approach will allow better clinical care of pediatric patients with complex and combined lymphatic-venous malformations and is worthy of further investigation.

Anatomical Variations of the Thoracic Duct: A Preliminary Report in Adult and Fetal Specimens

The study aim is to evaluate anatomical variations of the thoracic duct using a specialized sequential injection procedure. The different types, frequencies, and anatomical topography were recorded and evaluated using 12 adult and 16 fetus specimens. By employing a perfusion pump device, cadavers were sequentially perfused with acrylic colored latex first through the internal marginal vein, then the thoracic duct at the interazygous-aortic recess, and finally through the posterior tibial artery. After perfusion, thoracic ducts were identified, partially dissected, and cadavers fixed by soaking in an aqueous solution of 5% formalin (v/v). Finally, further dissection and detailed photography were performed. Plexus shapes at different levels were clearly evident in 80% of the adult specimens. Whereas the presence of the cisterna chyli was detected in 100% of fetuses as an ampule dilatation at the beginning of the thoracic duct, in only one adult specimen was a dilatation found at the lumbar lymphatic trunk level. Functionally it is not known whether these modified anatomical features (plexus shapes) have served to compensate (as a derivative pathway) for lymphatic hypertension in life as a reflection of lymphatic system challenges and subsequent growth in the adult specimens.

Abnormal functional-structural cingulum connectivity in mania: combined functional magnetic resonance imaging-diffusion tensor imaging investigation in different phases of bipolar disorder

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) in the cingulum in bipolar disorder (BD) and its various phases.

METHOD

We combined resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and probabilistic tractographic diffusion tensor imaging to investigate FC and SC of the cingulum and its portions, the SC-FC relationship, and their correlations with clinical and neurocognitive measures on sustained attention in manic (n = 21), depressed (n = 20), and euthymic (n = 20) bipolar patients and healthy controls (HC) (n = 42).

RESULTS

First, we found decreased FC between the anterior and posterior parts of the cingulum in manic patients when compared to depressed patients and HC. Second, we observed decreased SC of the cingulum bundle, particularly in its anterior part, in manic patients when compared to HC. Finally, alterations in the cingulum FC (but not SC) correlated with clinical severity scores while changes in the cingulum SC (but not FC) were related with neurocognitive deficits in sustained attention in BD.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrate for the first time a reduction in FC and concomitantly in SC of the cingulum in mania, which correlated with psychopathological and neurocognitive parameters, respectively, in BD. This supports the central role of cingulum connectivity specifically in mania.

Social cognition in people with schizophrenia: a cluster-analytic approach

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to subtype patients with schizophrenia on the basis of social cognition (SC), and to identify cut-offs that best discriminate among subtypes in 809 out-patients recruited in the context of the Italian Network for Research on Psychoses.

METHOD

A two-step cluster analysis of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), the Facial Emotion Identification Test and Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test scores was performed. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to identify the cut-offs of variables that best discriminated among clusters.

RESULTS

We identified three clusters, characterized by unimpaired (42%), impaired (50.4%) and very impaired (7.5%) SC. Three theory-of-mind domains were more important for the cluster definition as compared with emotion perception and emotional intelligence. Patients more able to understand simple sarcasm (⩾14 for TASIT-SS) were very likely to belong to the unimpaired SC cluster. Compared with patients in the impaired SC cluster, those in the very impaired SC cluster performed significantly worse in lie scenes (TASIT-LI <10), but not in simple sarcasm. Moreover, functioning, neurocognition, disorganization and SC had a linear relationship across the three clusters, while positive symptoms were significantly lower in patients with unimpaired SC as compared with patients with impaired and very impaired SC. On the other hand, negative symptoms were highest in patients with impaired levels of SC.

CONCLUSIONS

If replicated, the identification of such subtypes in clinical practice may help in tailoring rehabilitation efforts to the person's strengths to gain more benefit to the person.

The communication of suicidal intentions: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Among the myths that are often cited about suicide is that 'people who talk about killing themselves rarely die by suicide', but the evidence seems to contradict this statement. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of studies reporting a prevalence of suicide communication (SC), and to examine the diagnostic accuracy of SC towards suicide in case-control reports.

METHOD

Eligible studies had to examine data relative to completed suicides and report the prevalence of SC. Data relative to sample characteristics, study definition, modality and recipient of the SC were coded.

RESULTS

We included 36 studies, conducted on a total of 14 601 completed suicides. The overall proportion of SC was 44.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 35.4-53.8], with large heterogeneity (I 2 = 98.8%) and significant publication bias. The prevalence of SC was negatively associated with the detection of verbal communication as the sole means of SC and, positively, with study methodological quality. Based on seven case-control studies, SC was associated with an odds ratio of 4.66 for suicide (95% CI 3.00-7.25) and was characterized by sufficient diagnostic accuracy only if studies on adolescents were removed.

CONCLUSION

Available data suggest that SC occurs in nearly half of subjects who go on to die by suicide, but this figure is likely to be an underestimate given the operational definitions of SC. At present, SC seems associated with overall insufficient accuracy towards subsequent suicide, although further rigorous studies are warranted to draw definite conclusions on this issue.

Sensory hypersensitivity predicts reduced sleeping quality in patients with major affective disorders

Introduction

Major affective disorders ranging from subthreshold affective temperaments to severe affective diseases and anxiety, are frequently associated with sleep–wake dysregulation. Interestingly, recent studies suggested an active role of Sensory Processing Disorders (SPD) in the emergence of sleep disturbances.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between SPD and sleep quality in subjects with major affective disorders and specific affective temperaments.

Aims

This study aimed to examine the sensory profile (expressed in hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity) of patients with major affective disorders and its relative contribution to the prediction of sleep quality while also considering affective temperaments and depression, known as factors that may impact sleep quality.

Methods

We recruited 176 participants (mean age = 47.3) of which 56.8% have unipolar depression and 43.2% bipolar disorder. Reduced sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) whereas affective temperaments were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS).

Results

Sensory hypersensitivity, assessed using Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), significantly distinguished between poor and good sleepers. Sleep quality was mainly predicted by the Beck Depression Inventory-II total score and anxious temperament. Yet, sensory hypersensitivity contributed to this prediction mainly in regard to sleep efficiency and related daytime dysfunctions.

Conclusions

The careful assessment of the unique sensory profile and its behavioral/functional influence on patients’ quality of life may help clinicians and health providers in developing targeted treatment interventions.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Sensory processing disorders, duration of current episode, and severity of side effects in major affective and anxiety disorders

Introduction

Longer duration of untreated illness, longer duration of current episode, and severity of medication side effects may negatively influence the psychosocial functioning in major affective and anxiety disorders. Studies also suggested the involvement of sensory perception in emotional and psychopathological processes.

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate the nature of the association between duration of untreated illness, duration of current episode, and severity of medication side effects.

Aims

The study is aimed to examine the relationship between sensory processing disorders (SPD), duration of untreated illness, duration of current illness episode, and the severity of side effects related to psychoactive medications.

Methods

The sample included 178 participants with an age ranging from 17 to 85 years (mean = 53.84 ± 15.55); psychiatric diagnoses were as follow: unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) (50%), bipolar disorder (BD) (33.7%), and anxiety disorders (16.3%). subjects completed a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser (UKU), and Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) questionnaire.

Results

Longer duration of current episode correlated with greater registration of sensory input and lower avoidance from sensory input among unipolar patients, lower registration of sensory input, and higher tendency for sensory sensitivity/sensation avoidance among bipolar participants. In addition? longer duration of current episode correlated with lower sensory sensitivity/avoidance among anxiety participants, respectively. Mean UKU total scores were associated with lower sensory sensitivity among bipolar individuals as well.

Conclusions

SPD expressed in either hypo-/hypersensitivity may be used to clinically characterize subjects with major affective and anxiety disorders.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Sensory processing patterns, coping strategies, and quality of life among patients with major affective disorders

Introduction

Several studies suggested the involvement of sensory perception in emotional processes and major affective disorders. Similarly, cognitive capacities and coping strategies are reported to influence quality of life of patients with unipolar and bipolar disorders.

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to investigate the nature of the association between sensory processing patterns, coping strategies, and quality of life among patients with major affective disorders.

Aims

The study aimed to compare unipolar/bipolar patients concerning sensory processing, coping strategies and quality of life (QOL); examine correlations between sensory processing and QOL; investigate the relative contribution of socio-demographic characteristics, sensory processing, and coping strategies to the prediction of QOL.

Methods

Two hundred and sixty-seven participants, aged 16–85 years (mean = 53.6 ± 15.7), 157 diagnosed with unipolar major depressive disorder and 110 with bipolar disorder type I and type II completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile, Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced, and Short Form 12 Health Survey 2.

Results

The unipolar and bipolar groups did not differ concerning sensory processing, coping strategies, and QOL. Sensory processing patterns correlated with QOL independently of the mediation by coping strategies. Correlations between low registration, sensory sensitivity, sensation avoidance, and reduced QOL were found more frequently in unipolar patients than bipolar patients. Elevated physical QOL was mainly predicted by lower age and lower sensory sensitivity whereas elevated mental QOL was mainly predicted by coping strategies.

Conclusions

Future studies should further investigate the impact of sensory processing and coping strategies on patients’ QOL to enhance adaptive and functional behaviors related to affective disturbances.

Disclosure of interest

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

An updated Italian normative dataset for the Stroop color word test (SCWT)

The Stroop color and word test (SCWT) is widely used to evaluate attention, information processing speed, selective attention, and cognitive flexibility. Normative values for the Italian population are available only for selected age groups, or for the short version of the test. The aim of this study was to provide updated normal values for the full version, balancing groups across gender, age decades, and education. Two kinds of indexes were derived from the performance of 192 normal subjects, divided by decade (from 20 to 90) and level of education (4 levels: 3-5; 6-8; 9-13; >13 years). They were (i) the correct answers achieved for each table in the first 30 s (word items, WI; color items, CI; color word items, CWI) and (ii) the total time required for reading the three tables (word time, WT; color time, CT; color word time, CWT). For each index, the regression model was evaluated using age, education, and gender as independent variables. The normative data were then computed following the equivalent scores method. In the regression model, age and education significantly influenced the performance in each of the 6 indexes, whereas gender had no significant effect. This study confirms the effect of age and education on the main indexes of the Stroop test and provides updated normative data for an Italian healthy population, well balanced across age, education, and gender. It will be useful to Italian researchers studying attentional functions in health and disease.

Lymphedema: A General Outline of Its Anatomical Base

The anatomic research of the lymphatic system has been a very controversial subject throughout due to the complexity of the methods for its visualization. More than 30 years ago, together with Prof. Caplan, we began the vascular anatomy research, focusing on the lymphatic anatomy, developing and adapting different techniques of injection. On the third Normal Anatomy Chair of Buenos Aires University, we summarized the lymphatic drainage of the breast and the limbs to interpret the anatomic bases of lymphedema.

Physical exercise for late-life major depression

BACKGROUND

Interventions including physical exercise may help improve the outcomes of late-life major depression, but few studies are available.

AIMS

To investigate whether augmenting sertraline therapy with physical exercise leads to better outcomes of late-life major depression.

METHOD

Primary care patients (465 years) with major depression were randomised to 24 weeks of higher-intensity, progressive aerobic exercise plus sertraline (S+PAE), lower-intensity, non-progressive exercise plus sertraline (S+NPE) and sertraline alone. The primary outcome was remission (a score of ≤10 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression).

RESULTS

A total of 121 patients were included. At study end, 45% of participants in the sertraline group, 73% of those in the S+NPE group and 81% of those in the S+PAE group achieved remission (P = 0.001). A shorter time to remission was observed in the S+PAE group than in the sertraline-only group.

CONCLUSIONS

Physical exercise may be a safe and effective augmentation to antidepressant therapy in late-life major depression.

Dysregulated responses to emotions among abstinent heroin users: correlation with childhood neglect and addiction severity

The aim of this paper was to investigate the subjective responses of abstinent heroin users to both neutral and negative stimuli and the related hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal reactions to emotional experience in relationship to their perception of childhood adverse experiences. Thirty male abstinent heroin dependents were included in the study. Emotional responses and childhood neglect perception were measured utilizing the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Y-1 and the Child Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. Neutral and unpleasant pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System and the Self-Assessment Manikin procedure have been used to determine ratings of pleasure and arousal. These ratings were compared with normative values obtained from healthy volunteers used as control. Blood samples were collected before and after the experimental sessions to determine both adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol plasma levels. Basal anxiety scores, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were higher in abstinent heroin users than in controls. Tests showed that anxiety scores did not change in controls after the vision of neutral slides, whilst they did in abstinent heroin addicts, increasing significantly; and increased less significantly after the unpleasant task, in comparison to controls. Abstinent heroin users showed significantly higher levels of parent antipathy and childhood emotional neglect perception than controls for both the father and the mother. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels did not significantly increase after unpleasant slide set viewing among addicted individuals, because of the significantly higher basal levels characterizing the addicted subjects in comparison with controls. Multiple regression correlation showed a significant relationship between childhood neglect perception, arousal reaction, impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response and addiction severity. Early adverse experiences seem to affect the entire interaction between hyper-arousal, reduced hormonal response to stress and addiction severity. Our findings, although obtained in a small number of subjects, indicate a significant link between the perception of parental style/care/support during childhood and the ability to cope with stressful emotional stimuli in adulthood and addiction severity.

Insomnia as a predictor of high-lethality suicide attempts

INTRODUCTION

Research has demonstrated that patients with insomnia are at an increased risk of experiencing suicidal ideation and/or making a suicide attempt.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the relation between insomnia and suicidal behaviour.

AIMS

To examine factors associated with a diagnosis of insomnia in patients admitted to an Emergency Department (ED) and assessed by the psychiatrist in charge.

METHODS

Participants were 843 patients consecutively admitted to the ED of Sant'Andrea Hospital in Rome, between January 2010 and December 2011. All patients admitted were referred to a psychiatrist. A clinical interview based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and a semi-structured interview was conducted. Patients were asked about 'ongoing' suicidal ideation or plans for suicide.

RESULTS

Forty-eight percent of patients received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD) or an anxiety disorder; whereas, 17.1% were diagnosed with Schizophrenia or other non-affective psychosis. Patients with insomnia (compared to patients without insomnia) more frequently had a diagnosis of BD (23.9% vs. 12.4%) or MDD (13.3% vs. 9.5%; p < 0.001). Moreover, patients with insomnia less frequently had attempted suicide in the past 24 h (5.3% vs. 9.5%; p < 0.05) as compared with other patients, but those patients with insomnia who attempted suicide more frequently used a violent method (64.3% vs. 23.6%; p < 0.01) compared to other suicide attempters.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results do not support an association between insomnia and suicidal behaviour. However, suicide attempters with insomnia more frequently used violent methods, and this phenomenon should be taken into serious consideration by clinicians.

Supervised daily consumption, contingent take-home incentive and non-contingent take-home in methadone maintenance

Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) has been found effective in treating heroin addiction. Serious consideration should be given to the modality of methadone distribution, as it influences not only treatment outcome but the attitudes of policy makers and the community, too. On one hand, the choice of take-home methadone removes the need for daily attendance at a methadone clinic, which seems to improve patients' quality of life. On the other, this method, because of its lack of supervision and the absence of strict consumption monitoring, runs the risk of methadone misuse and diversion. In this study, we compared A) supervised daily consumption, B) contingent take-home incentives and C) non-contingent take-home in methadone maintenance in three groups of heroin-addicted patients attending three different MMT programmes. Retention rates at 12 months were significantly higher in contingent take-home patients (group B) than in those with supervised daily consumption (group A) and the non-contingent take-home (group C). Retention rates were higher in group A than in group C patients. Compared to patients in groups A and B, those in group C showed fewer negative urinalyses and higher rates of self-reported diversion and episodes of crime or violence. Results indicate a more positive outcomes following take-home methadone associated with behavioural incentives and other measures that aim to facilitate treatment compliance than those following daily supervised consumption. By contrast, non-contingent take-home methadone given to non-stabilized patients is associated with a high rate of diversion, along with more crime episodes and maladaptive behaviours.

FC14-04 - Tobacco smoking and suicidal ideation and planning in schoolchildren 12–15 years old from ten low- and middle-income countries: impact of cultural differences

Objective

The authors examined the association between tobacco smoking and suicidal ideation and planning in schoolchildren from 10 countries in Africa, the Americas, and the Western Pacific region.

Method

Data were collected through the Global school-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), a collaborative surveillance project between the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations, UNICEF, UNESCO, UNAIDS, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Suicidal ideation and planning, tobacco smoking, and drug and alcohol use were included in loglinear models to analyze, separately for each sex, higher order interactions among suicidality and regional and country differences.

Results

Schoolchildren who reported suicidal ideation and/or suicidal planning had a higher risk of smoking cigarettes even after controlling for drug and alcohol misuse. Furthermore, analyses indicated higher order interactions between suicidal ideation and planning and countries belonging to different regions with different exposure to tobacco smoking among schoolchildren.

Conclusion

Future studies analyzing the mechanism and sequencing of the relationship among suicidal ideation and tobacco smoking should explore cultural factors.

Olanzapine vs. risperidone in treating aggressive behaviours in adults with intellectual disability: a single blind study

BACKGROUND

Aggressive behaviour represents a frequent symptom in people with intellectual disability (PWID). Despite uncertain evidence of effectiveness, the use of antipsychotics (APs) drugs to treat aggressive behaviour is very common. Antipsychotic medication of aggressivity in PWID has recently become one of the most debated issues in mental health and the need of further research is persistently stressed by most researchers.

AIM

The present study was firstly aimed at evaluating the effectiveness (efficacy on target behaviour, safety and persistence on treatment) of new generation APs, in particular, olanzapine and risperidone in treating aggressive behaviour in PWID for who previous medication with first generation APs (FGAs) were not effective.

METHODS

62 subjects with intellectual disability underwent to a 2-arm, parallel group pragmatic trial of olanzapine and risperidone with balanced randomisation and blind assessment of outcome at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks after a switch (cross-tapering) from a 24-week treatment with FGAs. Aggressive behaviours were assessed by Overt Aggression Scale (OAS) and clinical outcome by Clinical Global Impression Scale. Side effects were assessed with Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symptoms Scale, other symptom-specific scales, laboratory and instrumental tests.

RESULTS

Both risperidone and olanzapine resulted to be more effective than FGAs in reducing aggressive behaviour. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed that treatment groups differed for cumulative number of aggressive episodes during the FGAs treatment, which was higher for olanzapine.

CONCLUSION

Our findings seem to confirm that olanzapine and risperidone can be effective in reducing aggressive behaviour in PWID. Both compounds resulted to be well tolerated, with side effects similar to those encountered in other patient populations.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), genetic polymorphisms and neurochemical correlates in experimentation with psychotropic drugs among adolescents

Epidemiological and clinical data show frequent associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and substance abuse susceptibility particularly in adolescents. A large body of evidences suggests that the possible dysregulation of neuroendocrine responses as well as neurotransmitters function induced by childhood traumatic experiences and emotional neglect could constitute one of the essential biological changes implementing substance abuse vulnerability. Moreover, genotype variables and its environment interactions have been associated with an increased risk for early onset substance abuse. In this paper we present several data that support the hypothesis of the involvement of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in mediating the combined effect of early adverse experiences and gene variants affecting neurotransmission. The presented data also confirm the relationship between basal plasma levels of cortisol and ACTH, on the one hand, and retrospective measures of neglect during childhood on the other hand: the higher the mother and father neglect (CECA-Q) scores are, the higher the plasma levels of the two HPA hormones are. Furthermore, such positive relationship has been proved to be particularly effective and important when associated with the "S" promoter polymorphism of the gene encoding the 5-HTT transporter, both in homozygote and heterozygote individuals.