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Northrup RA, Jones E, Singh V, Holingue C, Meck M, Gurnett CA, van Stone M, Kalb LG. Caregiver perspectives on the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1196275. [PMID: 37609365 PMCID: PMC10440736 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1196275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted caregivers, especially those raising a child with an intellectual/developmental disability (IDD). While research has shown substantial disruption to the family, school, and occupational lives of the IDD community, little is known about the long-term impacts of COVID-19. To address this question, 249 caregivers were surveyed via an online questionnaire, between April and August of 2022 (more than 2 years into the pandemic) about potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on their child's access to health- and school-based therapeutic services, caregiver mental health, and family life. The majority of caregivers reported disruptions in access to and quality of school-based therapeutic services for their child as well as a reduction in educational accommodations in the 2021-2022 academic year. Nearly half of caregivers reported feeling anxious and almost a quarter reported feeling depressed for the majority of their days. More than half of respondents reported decreased social support, and one-fifth reported employment disruptions and decreased access to food. These findings suggest that families of children with IDD are still experiencing ongoing negative impacts of the pandemic, emphasizing the critical need for continued support in the wake of the initial and more obvious disruptions caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Northrup
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - E. Jones
- Information Systems Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - V. Singh
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - C. Holingue
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M. Meck
- Maryland Center for Developmental Disabilities, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - C. A. Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - M. van Stone
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Maryland Center for Developmental Disabilities, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - L. G. Kalb
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Hagopian LP, Crockett JL, van Stone M, DeLeon IG, Bowman LG. Effects of noncontingent reinforcement on problem behavior and stimulus engagement: the role of satiation, extinction, and alternative reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2000; 33:433-49. [PMID: 11214021 PMCID: PMC1284269 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2000.33-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) with and without extinction on problem behavior and stimulus engagement (consumption of reinforcement) of 4 participants. Reductions in problem behavior using NCR have frequently been attributed to both satiation of the reinforcer and extinction. In the current study, aspects of the NCR treatment effects were difficult to explain based solely on either a satiation or an extinction account. Specifically, it was found that stimulus engagement remained high throughout the NCR treatment analysis, and that problem behavior was reduced to near-zero levels during NCR without extinction. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the satiation and extinction hypotheses frequently described in the applied literature. Findings from basic studies examining the effects of response-independent schedules are presented, and are used as the basis for a matching theory account of NCR-related effects. It is proposed that reductions in problem behavior observed during NCR interventions may be a function of the availability of alternative sources of reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Hagopian
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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