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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Luchesi BM, Matias M, Chagas MHN. Effects of empathy training on psychological concerns and empathy in caregivers of older people: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, clinical trial with follow-up. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 57:1-10. [PMID: 38452492 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of empathy training on psychological concerns and empathy in caregivers of older people. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, crossover, clinical trial with follow-up was conducted online. Thirty paid and unpaid caregivers of older people from different regions of Brazil participated in an empathy training program. The caregivers answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and measures for the evaluation of empathy (affective and cognitive domains), burden, the impact of providing care as well as depressive symptoms and psychiatric symptoms before and immediately after training. Empathy and its domains were also assessed at three post-intervention follow-ups. RESULTS Empathy training diminished levels of psychological concerns. Moreover, an increase was found in levels of cognitive empathy 15, 30 and 60 days after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Empathy training with a focus on cognitive empathy diminished psychological concerns in caregivers of older people and increased the levels of this ability over time. This intervention can be considered a coping strategy for negative impacts related to providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson Alan Maximiano-Barreto
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Department of Psychology Center for Education and Human Sciences. Rodovia Washington Luís, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP: 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Department of Psychology Center for Education and Human Sciences. Rodovia Washington Luís, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP: 13565-905, Brazil; Três Lagoas Campus, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Marisa Matias
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Department of Psychology Center for Education and Human Sciences. Rodovia Washington Luís, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, km 235, São Carlos, SP CEP: 13565-905, Brazil; Neurociences and Behavioral Sciences Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Leal LR, Pessoa RMDP, Bomfim AJDL, Morais DD, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 56:124-137. [PMID: 38340433 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with self-reported happiness among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were conducted in the PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases for relevant articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese using the following search strategy and Boolean operators: (happiness*) AND (elder* OR (old adult*)). No restriction was imposed with regards to year of publication. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018107302). RESULTS Forty-six articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Economic, social and health-related factors were associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults. The sociodemographic characteristics of older adults, such as the female sex, being married, an older age, a higher level of schooling and having a religion, were also associated with happiness. CONCLUSIONS The articles included in the present systematic review demonstrate that social, economic and health-related aspects have an association with happiness in community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lívio Rodrigues Leal
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Mendes de Paula Pessoa
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiene de Morais
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Três Lagoas Campus, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Lima ACP, Maximiano-Barreto MA, Martins TCR, Luchesi BM. Factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults: A systematic review. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 55:242-254. [PMID: 38070263 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted, employing the descriptors "Aged" and "Health Literacy". PROSPERO - CRD 42022350140. RESULTS Out of 23,500 articles screened, 176 were selected. Several factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults were identified, such as sociodemographic (e.g., advanced age, low educational level, non-white population, and others), social (e.g., poor family/social support, loneliness, social isolation, few social activities, and others), economic (e.g., lower income and/or lower socioeconomic status) and health aspects (e.g., poor health, chronic conditions, mental health challenges, hospitalizations, frailty, physical inactivity, cognitive impairment, and others). CONCLUSIONS The factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults identified in this review could contribute to future research, support interventions to improve health literacy, and assist professionals in planning educational activities and public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Pinto Lima
- Campus de Três Lagoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Carvalho Reis Martins
- Campus de Três Lagoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil; Instituto Integrado de Saúde, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Campus de Três Lagoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil; Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Wercelens VO, Bueno ML, Bueno JL, Abrahim RP, Ydy JGM, Zanetti HR, Montayre J, Maximiano-Barreto MA. Empathy and psychological concerns among medical students in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023:912174231179069. [PMID: 37220887 PMCID: PMC10208949 DOI: 10.1177/00912174231179069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Being in direct contact with COVID-19 patients for long periods of time increases the risk of infection among frontline workers. The purpose of this study was to identify levels of empathy and psychological concern among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS An online cross-sectional study was conducted among medical interns divided into two groups; those who worked in the frontline (n = 87) and non-frontline (n = 63) during the COVID pandemic. The students completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics as well as the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire. RESULTS The majority of study respondents were women (70.7%) and mean age was 25.45 ± 3.93 years. In the unadjusted analysis, those who worked with COVID-19 patients had higher levels of empathy, stress, burnout syndrome and depressive symptoms. In the logistic regression analysis, students who worked on the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic had higher levels of empathy (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.16-1.14), stress (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.05-1.39) and burnout syndrome (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.30). CONCLUSION Medical students in the internship period who worked on the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic had more psychological concerns and higher levels of empathy compared to those who did not work on the frontline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jed Montayre
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Pessoa RMDP, Maximiano-Barreto MA, Lambert L, Leite ÉDM, Chagas MHN. The frequency of psychotic symptoms in types of dementia: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20220044. [PMID: 37223834 PMCID: PMC10202325 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of psychotic symptoms in older adults is high, mainly in neurocognitive cognitions of the most varied etiologies. Objectives This study aimed to review the studies that analyze the frequency of the types of delusions, hallucinations, and misidentifications in dementia conditions of different etiologies. Methods A systematic review was conducted on August 9, 2021, in the PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with the following descriptors: (dementia OR alzheimer disease OR dementia with Lewy bodies OR frontotemporal dementia OR mixed dementia OR vascular dementia OR major neurocognitive disorder OR parkinson disease dementia) AND (psychotic symptoms OR psychosis OR hallucinations OR delusions OR psychopathology OR misidentification) AND (prevalence OR epidemiology). Results A total of 5,077 articles were found, with a final inclusion of 35. The overall frequency of psychotic symptoms ranged from 34 to 63% in dementia conditions of the most varied etiologies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents more delusions and hallucinations and has a higher frequency regarding the presence of misidentifications. On the contrary, Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) seems to present more hallucinations, even auditory, when compared to the other dementias, concomitantly with delusions. Vascular and frontotemporal dementia present fewer psychotic symptoms than DLB and AD. Conclusions We identified a gap in the literature on the description of the psychotic symptoms of dementia, mainly in those of non-AD etiologies. Studies that assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementias deeply might contribute in a more definite manner to the causal diagnosis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Mendes de Paula Pessoa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurociências e do Comportamento, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Saúde Mental, Cognição e Envelhecimento, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Madson Alan Maximiano-Barreto
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Saúde Mental, Cognição e Envelhecimento, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | | | - Érica Dayanne Meireles Leite
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurociências e do Comportamento, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Saúde Mental, Cognição e Envelhecimento, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurociências e do Comportamento, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Saúde Mental, Cognição e Envelhecimento, São Carlos SP, Brazil
- Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria, Itapira SP, Brazil
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Fabrício DDM, Ferreira BLC, Maximiano-Barreto MA, Muniz M, Chagas MHN. Construction of face databases for tasks to recognize facial expressions of basic emotions: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2022; 16:388-410. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT. Recognizing the other's emotions is an important skill for the social context that can be modulated by variables such as gender, age, and race. A number of studies seek to elaborate specific face databases to assess the recognition of basic emotions in different contexts. Objectives: This systematic review sought to gather these studies, describing and comparing the methodologies used in their elaboration. Methods: The databases used to select the articles were the following: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The following word crossing was used: “Facial expression database OR Stimulus set AND development OR Validation.” Results: A total of 36 articles showed that most of the studies used actors to express the emotions that were elicited from specific situations to generate the most spontaneous emotion possible. The databases were mainly composed of colorful and static stimuli. In addition, most of the studies sought to establish and describe patterns to record the stimuli, such as color of the garments used and background. The psychometric properties of the databases are also described. Conclusions: The data presented in this review point to the methodological heterogeneity among the studies. Nevertheless, we describe their patterns, contributing to the planning of new research studies that seek to create databases for new contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monalisa Muniz
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto Bairral de Psiquiatria, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Alves LCDS, Monteiro DQ, Gratão ACM, Pavarini SCI, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Cultural factors associated with burden in unpaid caregivers of older adults: A systematic review. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:e3629-e3642. [PMID: 36069278 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate cultural factors associated with burden in unpaid caregivers of older adults. Searches were conducted in the Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scopus, Embase, LILACs and SciELO databases for relevant articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish using the search terms 'Caregiver AND Culture AND (Burnout OR Caregiver Burden) AND Aged'. No restriction was imposed regarding year of publication. A total of 1234 articles were identified, 34 of which were selected for the present review. The following sociodemographic characteristics were associated with burden: being female, married, White caregivers, young and the spouse of the care recipient; having no siblings; having low schooling and low economic status. Cultural factors associated with burden were living with the care recipient, not professing a religion or having little spirituality, familism (i.e. less reciprocity) and an absence of social support. The present findings underscore the importance of developing intervention strategies that consider cultural factors to minimise the negative impacts of care on unpaid caregivers of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aline Cristina Martins Gratão
- Nursing Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Gerontology Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sofia Cristina Iost Pavarini
- Nursing Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Gerontology Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Três Lagoas Campus, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Psychology Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Bairral Institute of Psychiatry, Itapira, SP, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Bomfim AJDL, Borges MM, de Moura AB, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion and Depressive Symptoms among Caregivers with Different Levels of Empathy. Clin Gerontol 2022; 45:1245-1252. [PMID: 34219607 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2021.1937426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess differences in the recognition of facial expressions of emotion among caregivers of older people with different levels of empathy. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 caregivers of older adults who provided care in family residences or nursing homes. The caregivers were divided into three groups based on the score of the multidimensional Interpersonal Reactivity Index: "lower empathy", "intermediate empathy", and "higher empathy". Data collection involved the administration of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Emotion Recognition Test, and the Patient Health Questionnaire. RESULTS No significant differences were found among the groups in terms of sociodemographic variables. Regarding clinical characteristics, the "higher empathy" group had more depressive symptoms than the other groups (p = .001). Moreover, the "higher empathy" group exhibited greater accuracy at recognizing the expression of sadness than the "lower empathy" group (p = .033). The recognition of sadness remained significant in the analysis of variance adjusted for depressive symptoms (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Caregivers with higher levels of empathy showed greater accuracy at recognizing sadness emotion compared to caregivers with lower levels of empathy. Additionally, caregivers with greater empathy have more depressive symptoms. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The recognition of facial expressions of sadness may give caregivers a skill to infer possible needs in older care recipients. However, a higher level of empathy may exert a negative psychological impact on caregivers of older people, which could have repercussions regarding the quality of care provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson Alan Maximiano-Barreto
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition, and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition, and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Department of Neurocience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marina Miranda Borges
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition, and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Amanda Barros de Moura
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition, and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition, and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Undergraduate Course in Medicine and Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition, and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Department of Neurocience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Bairral Psychiatry Institute, Itapira, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Ottaviani AC, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Empathy Training for Caregivers of Older People: A Systematic Review. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36148523 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2127390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify empathy training models and the effects on psychological concerns in paid and unpaid caregivers of older people. METHODS A systematic review was conducted. Searches for relevant articles were performed in the Embase, LILACS, PsycInfo, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases using the following search strategy: "Empathy AND (Education OR Training OR Intervention) AND Caregiver." No restrictions were imposed regarding language or year of publication. RESULTS Empathy training for caregivers of older people were performed in six studies, three of which identified a significant increase in empathy levels and consequent reduction in psychological concerns. Empathy training focused on aspects of empathy and/or the caregiver had significant effects on the outcome variables. Moreover, training conducted online, by telephone and/or in person can generate satisfactory results. The other three studies that conducted training with a focus on aspects of dementia and/or old age did not present any effect on the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS Empathy training for caregivers of older people can increase levels of this ability, especially in the cognitive domain, as well as diminish psychological concerns caused by the negative impact of providing care. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Empathy training directed at empathic abilities and/or aspects of providing care can be effective at increasing levels of this ability. Moreover, training in different care contexts can minimize the negative impacts of providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Campus de Três Lagoas, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Três Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Bairral Institute of Psychiatry, Itapira, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Fabrício DDM, de Moura AB, Brito TRPD, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Relationship of burden with depressive symptoms, mental disorders and older adults' functional dependence: A study with paid and unpaid caregivers in Brazil. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:e1785-e1793. [PMID: 34655132 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the relationship of burden with depressive symptoms, mental disorders and older adults' functional dependence in paid and unpaid caregivers. This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study, carried out in the inland of the state of São Paulo with 111 caregivers, 60 of whom were unpaid and 51 were paid. The caregivers answered a questionnaire for the assessment of sociodemographic and care characteristics, the Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), and the Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ). Unpaid caregivers were older, married, have been providing care for a longer period of time, and devoted more days and hours per week to care when compared to paid caregivers. Depressive symptoms and mental disorders (non-psychotic) are related to the levels of burden in both paid and unpaid caregivers (p < 0.001). The care process causes harm such as burden, depressive symptoms, and mental disorders in paid and unpaid caregivers. Thus, it is important to think about coping strategies to minimize the psychological consequences of the care process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madson Alan Maximiano-Barreto
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daiene de Morais Fabrício
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Amanda Barros de Moura
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Três Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Bairral Institute of Psychiatry, Itapira, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, de Morais Fabrício D, de Lima Bomfim AJ, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Psychological Concerns Associated with Empathy in Paid and Unpaid Caregivers of Older People: A Systematic Review. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35726494 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify associations between psychological concerns and empathy (affective and cognitive domains) in paid and unpaid caregivers of older people. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were performed in the Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus and Embase databases using the search terms "Empathy," "Caregiver," "Depression," "Burnout," Anxiety", Caregiver Burden" and "Psychological Stresses" and the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR." No restrictions were imposed regarding language or year of publication. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021267276). RESULTS Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the present review. Most studies involved the participation of unpaid caregivers. Higher levels of empathy were associated with greater psychological concerns. Regarding affective empathy, direct associations were found with depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress. In contrast, high levels of cognitive empathy were associated with fewer depressive symptoms as well as less stress and burnout syndrome. CONCLUSIONS An association was found between greater affective empathy and psychological impairment in caregivers of older people. Higher levels of cognitive empathy can help minimize psychological concerns. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Working on empathic ability among caregivers of older people in different environments can contribute positively to the emotional impact of caregiving. Moreover, empathetic cognitive training among caregivers can serve as a strategy to minimize the negative consequences of the impact of caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiene de Morais Fabrício
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia de Lima Bomfim
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Campus de Três Lagoas, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Três Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Research Group on Mental Health, Cognition and Aging, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Bairral Institute of Psychiatry, Itapira, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Moretti Luchesi B, de Moura AB, Pavarini SCI, Chagas MHN. What factors are associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people? Australas J Ageing 2021; 41:50-58. [PMID: 33884711 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse factors associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 111 formal and informal caregivers divided into three groups (lower, intermediate and higher empathy) based on the Multidimensional Interpersonal Reactivity Index score (total, affective and cognitive empathy). A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Functional Assessment Questionnaire were applied. RESULTS The participants were predominantly women (91%), and median [IQR] age was 46 [33-57] years. In the multinomial regression analysis being an informal caregiver, being older and having depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of empathy (total score and the affective domain). No associations were found for the cognitive domain. CONCLUSION A high level of empathy, especially affective empathy, was associated with depressive symptoms, older age and being an informal caregiver. Family relationships and the lack of training among informal caregivers should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Undergraduate Course in Medicine and Postgraduate Program in Nursing, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Psychology Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Gerontology Department, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,Bairral Institute of Psychiatry, Itapira, Brazil
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Maximiano-Barreto MA. Relation Of Affective Disorders In The Cognitive Decline Of Disease Parkinson’s Patients. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2020. [DOI: 10.24966/ggm-8662/100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Maximiano-Barreto MA, Luchesi BM, Chagas MHN. Implicit attitudes toward the elderly among health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field: a systematic review. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019; 41:415-421. [PMID: 31939592 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of articles evaluating implicit attitudes of health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field toward the elderly. METHODS The PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS databases were searched for relevant articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish using the following search terms: implicit attitude AND (elderly OR aged OR older people). Seven articles were selected. RESULTS The majority of studies were conducted in developed countries and found negative attitudes toward the elderly, with males exhibiting more negative attitudes than females. CONCLUSION The articles analyzed in this review demonstrate an implicitly negative attitude among professionals and students in the field of health toward the elderly.
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Faria SMD, Maximiano-Barreto MA, Morais DD, Chagas MHN. Impacto dos sintomas de ansiedade na qualidade de vida na doença de Parkinson: uma revisão sistemática. J bras psiquiatr 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar estudos relacionados ao impacto da ansiedade na qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada nos bancos de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e PsycINFO, com os descritores: “anxiety”, “Parkinson's disease” e “quality of life”. Foram selecionados 20 artigos publicados em inglês e sem limite de tempo. Resultado: A maioria dos estudos demonstrou correlação direta entre ansiedade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Apenas dois estudos não encontraram essa associação. A presença de sintomas de ansiedade parece estar relacionada com a gravidade dos sintomas motores, sexo feminino e idade mais jovem, levando a um impacto maior na qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Os artigos analisados mostraram que a ansiedade tem impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil; Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil
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Alan Maximiano-Barreto M, Fernando de Oliveira Fermoseli A. PREVALENCE OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN THE ELDERLY WITH LOW EDUCATIONAL LEVEL IN MACEIÓ/AL. Psic , Saúde & Doenças 2017. [DOI: 10.15309/17psd180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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