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Maruthamuthu S, Rajalingam K, Kaur N, Morvan MG, Soto J, Lee N, Kong D, Hu Z, Reyes K, Ng D, Butte AJ, Chiu C, Rajalingam R. Individualized Constellation of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors and Cognate HLA Class I Ligands that Controls Natural Killer Cell Antiviral Immunity Predisposes COVID-19. Front Genet 2022; 13:845474. [PMID: 35273641 PMCID: PMC8902362 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.845474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in some individuals, while the majority remain asymptomatic. Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in antiviral defense. NK cell maturation and function are regulated mainly by highly polymorphic killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and cognate HLA class I ligands. Herein, we tested our hypothesis that the individualized KIR and HLA class I ligand combinations that control NK cell function determine the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We characterized KIR and HLA genes in 200 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and 195 healthy general population controls. Results: The KIR3DL1+HLA-Bw4+ [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, p = 0.03] and KIR3DL2+HLA-A3/11+ (OR = 0.6, p = 0.02) combinations were encountered at significantly lower frequency in COVID-19 patients than in the controls. Notably, 40% of the patients lacked both of these KIR+HLA+ combinations compared to 24.6% of the controls (OR = 2.04, p = 0.001). Additionally, activating receptors KIR2DS1+KIR2DS5+ are more frequent in patients with severe COVID-19 than patients with mild disease (OR = 1.8, p = 0.05). Individuals carrying KIR2DS1+KIR2DS5+ genes but missing either KIR3DL1+HLA-Bw4+ combination (OR = 1.73, p = 0.04) or KIR3DL2+HLA-A3/11+ combination (OR = 1.75, p = 0.02) or both KIR3DL1+HLA-Bw4+ and KIR2DL2+HLA-A3/11+ combinations (OR = 1.63, p = 0.03) were more frequent in the COVID-19 cohort compared to controls. Conclusions: The absence of KIR3DL1+HLA-Bw4+ and KIR3DL2+HLA-A3/11+ combinations presumably yields inadequate NK cell maturation and reduces anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense, causing COVID-19. An increased frequency of KIR2DS1+KIR2DS5+ in severe COVID-19 patients suggests vigorous NK cell response triggered via these activating receptors and subsequent production of exuberant inflammatory cytokines responsible for severe COVID-19. Our results demonstrate that specific KIR-HLA combinations that control NK cell maturation and function are underlying immunogenetic variables that determine the dual role of NK cells in mediating beneficial antiviral and detrimental pathologic action. These findings offer a framework for developing potential host genetic biomarkers to distinguish individuals prone to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalinraja Maruthamuthu
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karan Rajalingam
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Navchetan Kaur
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maelig G Morvan
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jair Soto
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nancy Lee
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Denice Kong
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zicheng Hu
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Reyes
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dianna Ng
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles Chiu
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Abstract
The CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) was discovered during studies of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects more than 30 years ago. In contrast to CD8+ T cell cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CNAR suppresses HIV replication without target cell killing. This activity has characteristics of innate immunity: it acts on all retroviruses and thus is neither epitope specific nor HLA restricted. The HIV-associated CNAR does not affect other virus families. It is mediated, at least in part, by a CD8+ T cell antiviral factor (CAF) that blocks HIV transcription. A variety of assays used to measure CNAR/CAF and the effects on other retrovirus infections are described. Notably, CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses have now been observed with other virus families but are mediated by different cytokines. Characterizing the protein structure of CAF has been challenging despite many biologic, immunologic, and molecular studies. It represents a low-abundance protein that may be identified by future next-generation sequencing approaches. Since CNAR/CAF is a natural noncytotoxic activity, it could provide promising strategies for HIV/AIDS therapy, cure, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Teque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jay A Levy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Morvan MG, Teque F, Ye L, Moreno ME, Wang J, VandenBerg S, Stoddart CA, Kan YW, Levy JA. Genetically edited CD34 + cells derived from human iPS cells in vivo but not in vitro engraft and differentiate into HIV-resistant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102404118. [PMID: 33975958 PMCID: PMC8158014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102404118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic editing of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represents a promising avenue for an HIV cure. However, certain challenges remain before bringing this approach to the clinic. Among them, in vivo engraftment of cells genetically edited in vitro needs to be achieved. In this study, CD34+ cells derived in vitro from iPS cells genetically modified to carry the CCR5Δ32 mutant alleles did not engraft in humanized immunodeficient mice. However, the CD34+ cells isolated from teratomas generated in vivo from these genetically edited iPS cells engrafted in all experiments. These CD34+ cells also gave rise to peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the mice that, when inoculated with HIV in cell culture, were resistant to HIV R5-tropic isolates. This study indicates that teratomas can provide an environment that can help evaluate the engraftment potential of CD34+ cells derived from the genetically modified iPS cells in vitro. The results further confirm the possibility of using genetically engineered iPS cells to derive engraftable hematopoietic stem cells resistant to HIV as an approach toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270
| | - Fernando Teque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Scott VandenBerg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Biorepository and Tissue Biomarker Technology Core, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0875
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Yuet Wai Kan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
| | - Jay A Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1270;
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Yu X, Liu H, Hamel KA, Morvan MG, Yu S, Leff J, Guan Z, Braz JM, Basbaum AI. Dorsal root ganglion macrophages contribute to both the initiation and persistence of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2020; 11:264. [PMID: 31937758 PMCID: PMC6959328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralleling the activation of dorsal horn microglia after peripheral nerve injury is a significant expansion and proliferation of macrophages around injured sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Here we demonstrate a critical contribution of DRG macrophages, but not those at the nerve injury site, to both the initiation and maintenance of the mechanical hypersensitivity that characterizes the neuropathic pain phenotype. In contrast to the reported sexual dimorphism in the microglial contribution to neuropathic pain, depletion of DRG macrophages reduces nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and expansion of DRG macrophages in both male and female mice. However, fewer macrophages are induced in the female mice and deletion of colony-stimulating factor 1 from sensory neurons, which prevents nerve injury-induced microglial activation and proliferation, only reduces macrophage expansion in male mice. Finally, we demonstrate molecular cross-talk between axotomized sensory neurons and macrophages, revealing potential peripheral DRG targets for neuropathic pain management. Interactions among spinal dorsal horn neurons and microglia contribute to the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. The authors show that depletion of macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia prevents and reverses ongoing nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Hongju Liu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Katherine A Hamel
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maelig G Morvan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen Yu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Leff
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joao M Braz
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Morvan MG, Champsaur M, Reizis B, Lanier LL. Chronic In Vivo Interaction of Dendritic Cells Expressing the Ligand Rae-1ε with NK Cells Impacts NKG2D Expression and Function. Immunohorizons 2017; 1:10-19. [PMID: 28815225 PMCID: PMC5555644 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate how dendritic cells (DCs) interact with NK cells in vivo, we developed a novel mouse model in which Rae-1ε, a ligand of the NKG2D receptor, is expressed in cells with high levels of CD11c. In these CD11c-Rae1 mice, expression of Rae-1 was confirmed on all subsets of DCs and a small subset of B and T cells, but not on NK cells. DC numbers and activation status were unchanged, and NK cells in these CD11c-Rae1 mice presented the same Ly49 repertoire and maturation levels as their littermate wildtype controls. Early NK cell activation after mouse CMV infection was slightly lower than in wildtype mice, but NK cell expansion and viral control were comparable. Notably, we demonstrate that chronic interaction of NK cells with NKG2D ligand-expressing DCs leads to a reversible NKG2D down-modulation, as well as impaired NKG2D-dependent NK cell functions, including tumor rejection. In addition to generating a useful mouse model, our studies reveal in vivo the functional importance of the NK cell and DC cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G. Morvan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Marine Champsaur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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