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Ezzat S, Magda I Mohamad, Manal Basyouni Ahmed, Sara Elsayed Abdelrahman, Nesma Hussein Abdel Hay, Nashwa El-Khazragy, Maha Imam Ismail. The tumor suppressor effect of miRNA 200-c-3p on A549 non-small cell lung cancer cell line is associated with down-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1; an immune-check point mechanism. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2024; 70:13-21. [PMID: 38650161 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
MiRNA 200-c-3p has varying functions in different tumor types, whether tumor suppression or promotion. Comprehensive assessment of its function in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) together with its effect on antitumor immune response have not been declared before. We aimed to explore the effect of replacement and suppression of miRNA 200-c-3p on non-small cell lung cancer and its impact on immune checkpoint function and subsequently antitumor immunity. MiRNA 200-c-3p mimic/inhibitor was transfected into the A549 cells. A 549 non-small cell lung cancer cells viability was done by trypan blue staining and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flowcytometric analysis was done for apoptosis detection. Real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to study its effect on relative gene expression and relative protein level of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Finally, co-culture with isolated and activated T cells was performed. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test. Decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, reduced PD-L1 relative gene expression and its relative protein level, together with enhanced T cell cytotoxicity towards tumor cells were detected after miRNA 200-c-3p mimic transfection of A549 NSCLC cell line. However, these results were reversed in miRNA 200-c-3p suppression. MiRNA 200-c-3p had a tumor suppressive effect in non-small cell lung cancer cells which might be through down regulation of PD-L1 relative gene expression, and it may be used as a new target to improve immune checkpoint dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ezzat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Magda I Mohamad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Manal Basyouni Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Sara Elsayed Abdelrahman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Nesma Hussein Abdel Hay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Nashwa El-Khazragy
- Department of Clinical Pathology-Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Maha Imam Ismail
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
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Zohny SM, Habib MZ, Mohamad MI, Elayat WM, Elhossiny RM, El-Salam MFA, Hassan GAM, Aboul-Fotouh S. Memantine/Aripiprazole Combination Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction in Valproic Acid Rat Model of Autism: Hippocampal CREB/BDNF Signaling and Glutamate Homeostasis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:464-483. [PMID: 36918475 PMCID: PMC10121975 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts are increasingly directed towards identifying novel therapeutic targets for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a rising role of aberrant glutamatergic transmission in the pathogenesis of ASD-associated cellular and behavioral deficits. This study aimed at investigating the role of chronic memantine (20 mg/kg/day) and aripiprazole (3 mg/kg/day) combination therapy in the management of prenatal sodium valproate (VPA)-induced autistic-like/cognitive deficits in male Wistar rats. Pregnant female rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of VPA (600 mg/kg) to induce autistic-like behaviors in their offspring. Prenatal VPA induced autistic-like symptoms (decreased social interaction and the appearance of stereotyped behavior) with deficits in spatial learning (in Morris water maze) and cognitive flexibility (in the attentional set-shifting task) in addition to decreased hippocampal protein levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and gene expression of glutamate transporter-1 (Glt-1) with a decline in GABA/glutamate ratio (both measured by HPLC). These were accompanied by the appearance of numerous neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) with enhanced apoptosis in hippocampal sections. Memantine/aripiprazole combination increased the protein levels of p-CREB, BDNF, and Glt-1 gene expression with restoration of GABA/glutamate balance, attenuation of VPA-induced neurodegenerative changes and autistic-like symptoms, and improvement of cognitive performance. This study draws attention to the favorable cognitive effects of memantine/aripiprazole combination in autistic subjects which could be mediated via enhancing CREB/BDNF signaling with increased expression of astrocytic Glt-1 and restoration of GABA/glutamate balance, leading to inhibition of hippocampal NFTs formation and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohir M Zohny
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Habib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Magda I Mohamad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael M Elayat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham M Elhossiny
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ghada A M Hassan
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Al Galala, Egypt
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamad MI, Desoky IA, Zaki KA, Sadek DR, Kassim SK, Mohamed DAW. Corrigendum to "Pterostilbene ameliorates the disrupted Adars expression and improves liver fibrosis in DEN-induced liver injury in Wistar rats: A novel potential effect" [Gene 813 (2022) 146124]. Gene 2022; 813:146145. [PMID: 35012790 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magda I Mohamad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Islam A Desoky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamelia Ahmed Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa R Sadek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abdel-Wahab Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamad MI, Desoky IA, Ahmed Zaki K, Sadek DR, Kamal Kassim S, Abdel-Wahab Mohamed D. Pterostilbene ameliorates the disrupted Adars expression and improves liver fibrosis in DEN-induced liver injury in Wistar rats: A novel potential effect. Gene 2021; 813:146124. [PMID: 34921950 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of RNA editing modifications and its subsequent proteomic diversity in is still limited and represents only the tip of the iceberg. Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is the most prevalent in RNA editome with a rising role for ADARgene family as a major regulator of the dynamic landscape of RNA editing. This study aimed at evaluating the potential chemopreventive effects of the epigenetic regulator "pterostilbene" in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-exposedrat model. Consequently, the hepatic Adars expression was investigated as a possible mechanism for mediation of the putative pterostilbene-induced chemopreventive effect. The effects of administration of pterostilbene were investigated on the structural changes, immunohistochemical staining, liver function test, serum alpha feto-protein (AFP), IL-6, and hepatic Adar1 and Adar2 relative gene expression at the beginning and at the 6th week of the study. Pterostilbene attenuated DEN-induced liver injury, improves hepatocyte parrafin-1 (Hep Par-1), decreases heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), improved AFP, serum albumin, transaminases, IL-6 with alleviation of disturbed hepatic Adar1 and Adar2 expression. This study spotlights the role of pterostilbene in attenuation of DEN-induced liver injury which could be mediated, at least partially, through the alleviation of the aberrant expression of Adar enzymes. Yet, more in-depth studies are needed to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of pterostilbene on RNA editing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda I Mohamad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Islam A Desoky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamelia Ahmed Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Doaa R Sadek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abdel-Wahab Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamed DAW, Elazeem HMA, Al-Hameid HA, Mohamed RH, Abdel-Salam MF, Abuelela S, Abozeid AA, Mohamad MI. Low dose pterostilbene-mediated hepatic chemoprevention in diethylnitrosamine-treated rats: Modulation of Ppar alpha, Nrf2 and Capase3 expression. Gene Reports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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El-sherbeni AR, Ghattas MH, Shehata HH, Mohamad MI. Silencing the epitranscriptomic writer METTL3 in Hepatocellular carcinoma cells: A prospective therapeutic approach. Gene Reports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Elnahas EM, Abuelezz SA, Mohamad MI, Nabil MM, Abdelraouf SM, Bahaa N, Hassan GA, Ibrahim EA, Ahmed AI, Aboul-Fotouh S. Validation of prenatal versus postnatal valproic acid rat models of autism: A behavioral and neurobiological study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110185. [PMID: 33238165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is still a deficiency in understanding its exact pathophysiology and treatment, therefore validation of translational ASD animal model is warranted. Although strong evidences support the valproic acid (VPA) model of autism, yet a controversy exists regarding the best timing of exposure whether prenatal or postnatal. Accordingly, this study was designed to compare the time dependent effects of VPA exposure as regard its ability to induce autistic like changes in male Wistar rats. In this study, two different protocols of VPA exposure (prenatal and postnatal) were compared at different levels (behavioral, neurochemical and histopathological). Results of this study revealed that both prenatal and postnatal VPA exposures induced autistic-like behaviors manifested by reduced social interaction, increased repetitive stereotyped behavior and anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, lowered sensitivity to pain, and neurodevelopmental delay. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative/nitrosative stress markers were elevated in prefrontal cortex and hippocampal homogenates. Likewise, histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment confirmed the neurodegenerative and the apoptotic changes in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum exhibited by decreased viable cells number and Nissl's granules optical density, and increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity respectively. Interestingly, ASD core symptoms and histopathological changes were significantly (P < 0.05) altered in prenatal VPA model compared to postnatal VPA model. Additionally, postnatal mortality in prenatal model (4.3%) was much lower compared to the postnatal model (22.7%). In conclusion, our study overweighs the ability of prenatal VPA model over postnatal VPA model to induce behavioral and neuropathological alterations that simulate those observed in autistic individuals with a lower postnatal animal mortality, highlighting the privilege of prenatal over postnatal VPA exposure as a translational model for understanding pathophysiology and developing novel targets for management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Elnahas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally A Abuelezz
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Magda I Mohamad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai M Nabil
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Abdelraouf
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine Bahaa
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Am Hassan
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Ahmed
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamad MI, Aboelhussein MM, Elayat WM, Elshormilisy AA. Aberrant renal expression of peroxisome coactivator PGC-1α and its regulators (Sirt1 & GSK3β) in rats with diabetic nephropathy. Gene Reports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nassef NA, Mohamad MI. Normalization of serum corticosterone, testosterone levels, and testicular estrogen receptor-α expression in Wistar rats subjected to restraint stress — Beneficial effects of olive oil supplementation. Gene Reports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mohamad MI, El-Sherbeny EE, Bekhet MM. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:399-404. [PMID: 26391639 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1026427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with regard to their glycemic control and lipid profile. METHODS One hundred subjects with T2DM were recruited and given 4500 IU/day of vitamin D for 2 months. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid profile were measured pre- and postsupplementation. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the mean value of 25(OH)D level after supplementation (baseline level 16 ± 5.3 ng/ml vs. after supplement level 49.2 ± 17.7 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Both FBG and HbA1c but not lipid profile were significantly decreased after supplementation. However, the univariate general linear model between 25(OH)D percentiles and lipid profile levels showed that diabetic subjects with high 25(OH)D levels (>61 ng/ml) had significantly lower levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in comparison to those in the low or middle percentiles. Furthermore, participants in a higher percentile had a significantly higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than those in the middle percentile. Lipid profile levels were not affected by the supplement except for triglycerides (TG) levels in females, which were significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial to diabetic subjects because it improved glycemic control. Diabetic subjects with high 25(OH)D levels (>61 ng/ml) had better lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enas E El-Sherbeny
- c Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EGYPT; Public Health & Community Medicine Department , Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGYPT
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Mohamad MI, Khater MS. Evaluation of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level and its impact on muscle and bone mineral density in frail elderly male. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 60:124-7. [PMID: 25240725 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Decrease in IGF-1 level is a major endocrine dysregulation that has been implicated in frailty, disability, and mortality in older adults. Our aim was to clarify the effect of IGF-1 on muscle and bone mineral density (BMD) in frail males. One hundred elderly males were included and divided into frail group (n=50) and robust group (n=50) based on the study of osteoporotic fractures (SOF) frailty index. Anthropometric measures, femoral BMD, and serum IGF-1 level were measured. Our results showed that the IGF-1 level was significantly lower in the frail males in comparison to the robust with mean value 37.1±24.2 versus 68.5±18.4ng/ml (P<0.05). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis of the IGF-1 level revealed that sensitivity was 88.5%, specificity was 100%, cutoff value was 46.5ng/ml and area under the curve (AUC) was 0.897 (P<0.05). Participants with low IGF-1 percentile had significantly higher odds ratio of being frail compared to those with high IGF-1 percentile (odds ratio=12.8, 95% CI: 4.2-38.8, P-value<0.05). Subjects with low IGF-1 percentile had 13.5 times the odds of having an abnormal BMD than those with middle IGF-1 percentile (95% CI: 3.4-53.3, P<0.05). In multivariate analysis BMD, mid arm circumference (MAC), mid calf circumference (MCC), and handgrip strength were significantly affected by IGF-1 percentiles with age and co-morbid diseases adjustment. Male subjects with a low IGF-1 level may be at risk of being frail and having abnormal BMD. 16.8% and 15% of variability in MCC and BMD may be attributed to IGF-1 level respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda I Mohamad
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Khater
- Geriatrics and Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Alsadany MA, Shehata HH, Mohamad MI, Mahfouz RG. Histone deacetylases enzyme, copper, and IL-8 levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:54-61. [PMID: 23242124 PMCID: PMC10697231 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512467680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive abilities. Epigenetic modification, oxidative stress, and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We aimed to detect noninvasive peripheral biomarkers with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis and progression of AD. METHODS A total of 25 elderly patients with AD and 25 healthy control participants were selected and subjected to cognitive assessment and laboratory measures including histone deacetylases (HDACs), copper, and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels. RESULTS The levels of HDACs, copper, and IL-8 were significantly higher in patients with AD (P < .001) and had a significant negative effect on all cognitive assessment tests. Receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis revealed that HDACs and copper levels had higher sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of HDACs and copper may be used as peripheral biomarkers in diagnosis of AD, while IL-8 level could be a useful biomarker in following AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad A Alsadany
- Geriatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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