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Abstract
Background and Purpose: Dermatophytes are a group of fungi specialized in invading humans and other vertebrate keratinized tissues. These fungi cause a variety of skin, nail, and hair disorders, called dermatophytosis (tinea). In some cases, drug resistance to antifungals necessitates special treatment. Among the antifungal agents, sertaconazole (i.e., a third-generation imidazole) has a broad-spectrum against dermatophyte species. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate the antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes obtained from patients with dermatophytosis in Mashhad located in northeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 clinical dermatophyte isolates, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n=21), T. interdigital (n=18), T. tonsurans (n=16), Epidermophyton floccosum (n=11), Microsporum canis (n=5), Nannizzia fulvum (n=2), T. benhamiae (n=1), and T. verrucosum (n=1), were evaluated against five antifungal agents of sertaconazole, itraconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin based on the CLSI M38-A2 guideline. Results: According to the results, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges ofsertaconazole, terbinafine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and clotrimazole were estimated at 0.125-16, 0.002-1, 0.5-4, 0.031-4, and 0.016-4 µg/ml, respectively, for dermatophyte species. In addition, the geometric mean (GM) values of the MIC of sertaconazole, terbinafine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and clotrimazole were obtained as 3.39, 1, 1.44, 1.52, and 1.93, respectively. Conclusion: Among the tested antifungals, terbinafine and griseofulvin were the most effective agents against dermatophyte isolates. However, sertaconazole, a third-generation imidazole, did not show any significant effect. Furthermore, M. canis and E. floccosum showed the best response to the antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Behnam
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Naseri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Humbatova A, Maroofian R, Romano MT, Tafazzoli A, Behnam M, Dilaver N, Nouri N, Salehi M, Wolf S, Frank J, Kokordelis P, Betz RC. An insertion mutation in HOXC13 underlies pure hair and nail ectodermal dysplasia with lacrimal duct obstruction. Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:e265-e267. [PMID: 29278420 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Humbatova
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Resources, Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - R Maroofian
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, U.K
| | - M-T Romano
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Tafazzoli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Behnam
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Genome, Isfahan, Iran
| | - N Dilaver
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Wales, U.K
| | - N Nouri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Genome, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Salehi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory of Genome, Isfahan, Iran.,Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - S Wolf
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Frank
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P Kokordelis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R C Betz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Adamo A, Beingessner RL, Behnam M, Chen J, Jamison TF, Jensen KF, Monbaliu JCM, Myerson AS, Revalor EM, Snead DR, Stelzer T, Weeranoppanant N, Wong SY, Zhang P. On-demand continuous-flow production of pharmaceuticals in a compact, reconfigurable system. Science 2016; 352:61-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Maroufi SS, Gharavi MJ, Behnam M, Samadikuchaksaraei A. Nitrous oxide levels in operating and recovery rooms of Iranian hospitals. Iran J Public Health 2011; 40:75-9. [PMID: 23113075 PMCID: PMC3481765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) is the oldest anesthetic in routine clinical use and its occupational exposure is under regulation by many countries. As studies are lacking to demonstrate the status of nitrous oxide levels in operating and recovery rooms of Iranian hospitals, we aimed to study its level in teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. METHODS During a 6-month period, we have measured the shift-long time weighted average concentration of N(2)O in 43 operating and 12 recovery rooms of teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. RESULTS The results show that the level of nitrous oxide in all hospitals is higher than the limits set by different countries and anesthetists are at higher risk of exposure. In addition, it was shown that installation of air ventilation could reduce not only the overall exposure level, but also the level of exposure of anesthetists in comparison with other personnel. CONCLUSION The high nitrous oxide level in Iranian hospitals necessitates improvement of waste gas evacuation systems and regular monitoring to bring the concentration of this gas into the safe level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sh Sadigh Maroufi
- Dept. of Anesthetics, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MJ Gharavi
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Behnam
- Dept. of Anesthetics, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Samadikuchaksaraei
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Tel: +98 21 8805 2984, Fax: +98 21 8805 4355, E-mail:
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Rustaiyan A, Naji-Hosseinzadeh T, Behnam M, Anaraki MT. Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Leaves and Flowers of Anvillea garcini(Burm.) DC. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2011.9700428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaigala GV, Bercovici M, Behnam M, Elliott D, Santiago JG, Backhouse CJ. Miniaturized system for isotachophoresis assays. Lab Chip 2010; 10:2242-2250. [PMID: 20571691 DOI: 10.1039/c004120c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present an inexpensive hand-held device (240 g) that implements microchip isotachophoresis (ITP) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. This self-contained instrument integrates the functionality required for high voltage generation onto a microelectronic chip, includes LIF detection and is powered by a universal serial bus (USB) link connected to a laptop computer. Using this device we demonstrate focusing and detection of a fluorescent species with a limit of detection of 100 pM. We show that the response of the detector is linear with the initial analyte concentration, making this device suitable for quantitative analysis. We also demonstrate the use of our simulation tools for design and prediction of ITP assays, and validate these results with a demonstration of multiplexed indirect detection of (unlabeled) analytes performed using the device. We find good agreement between simulations and experimental results. Using a label-free isotachaphoresis assay implemented in the hand-held device we detect two explosives and an endocrine disruptor spiked in river water, with no prior sample processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Kaigala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Behnam M, Kaigala G, Khorasani M, Martel S, Elliott D, Backhouse C. Integrated circuit-based instrumentation for microchip capillary electrophoresis. IET Nanobiotechnol 2010; 4:91-101. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2009.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kaigala GV, Behnam M, Bidulock ACE, Bargen C, Johnstone RW, Elliott DG, Backhouse CJ. A scalable and modular lab-on-a-chip genetic analysis instrument. Analyst 2010; 135:1606-17. [DOI: 10.1039/b925111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Khorasani M, Behnam M, van den Berg L, Backhouse CJ, Elliott DG. High-Voltage CMOS Controller for Microfluidics. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2009; 3:89-96. [PMID: 23853200 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2009.2012868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-voltage microfluidic controller designed using DALSA semiconductor's 0.8-mum low-voltage/high-voltage complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/double diffused metal-oxide semiconductor process is presented. The chip's four high-voltage output drivers can switch 300 V, and the dc-dc boost converter can generate up to 68 V using external passive components. This integrated circuit represents an advancement in microfluidic technology when used in conjunction with a charge coupling device (CCD)-based optical system and a glass microfluidic channel, enabling a portable and cost-efficient platform for genetic analysis.
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Kaigala G, Behnam M, Bliss C, Khorasani M, Ho S, McMullin J, Elliott D, Backhouse C. Inexpensive, universal serial bus-powered and fully portable lab-on-a-chip-based capillary electrophoresis instrument. IET Nanobiotechnol 2009; 3:1-7. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt:20080005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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11
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Behnam M, Tillotson R, Davis S. 428: Violence in the Emergency Department: A National Survey of Emergency Medicine Resident and Attending Physicians. Ann Emerg Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.06.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Behnam M, Kaigala GV, Khorasani M, Marshall P, Backhouse CJ, Elliott DG. An integrated CMOS high voltage supply for lab-on-a-chip systems. Lab Chip 2008; 8:1524-1529. [PMID: 18818808 DOI: 10.1039/b804275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a mainstay of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) implementations of molecular biology procedures and is the basis of many medical diagnostics. High voltage (HV) power supplies are necessary in electrophoresis instruments and are a significant part of the overall system cost. This cost of instrumentation is a significant impediment to making LOC technologies more widely available. We believe one approach to overcoming this problem is to use microelectronic technology (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, CMOS) to generate and control the HV. We present a CMOS-based chip (3 mm x 2.9 mm) that generates high voltages (hundreds of volts), switches HV outputs, and is powered by a 5 V input supply (total power of 28 mW) while being controlled using a standard computer serial interface. Microchip electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is implemented using this HV CMOS chip. With the other advancements made in the LOC community (e.g. micro-fluidic and optical devices), these CMOS chips may ultimately enable 'true' LOC solutions where essentially all the microfluidics, photonics and electronics are on a single chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behnam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Edmonton, AB, T6G 2V4, Canada
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13
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Melling M, Hochmeister S, Blumer R, Schilcher K, Mostler S, Behnam M, Wilde J, Karimian-Teherani D. Atomic force microscopy imaging of the human trigeminal ganglion. Neuroimage 2001; 14:1348-52. [PMID: 11707090 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an investigation of gangliocytes via imaging semithin sections of two human trigeminal ganglia with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Whereas semithin sections are usually employed for transmission electron microscopy, we adopted this special type of sample preparation for our AFM studies to extract topographical data from the gangliocyte itself and from the nucleus, the nucleolus, the crystal-arranged lipofuscin granules, and the cell-surrounding mantle cells; simultaneously we characterized the samples with error signal mode. This AFM-related technique revealed no information concerning friction force and elasticity due to the presence of the embedding material (epoxy), but it gave additional topographical contrast. These are the first images of the human trigeminal ganglion by AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melling
- First Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna, A-1170 Vienna, Austria.
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Czerwenka KF, Manavi M, Hosmann J, Jelincic D, Pischinger KI, Battistutti WB, Behnam M, Kubista E. Comparative analysis of two-dimensional protein patterns in malignant and normal human breast tissue. Cancer Detect Prev 2001; 25:268-79. [PMID: 11425269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Malignant and normal human breast tissue were compared by evaluating two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) maps of frozen tissue samples. Image analyzing software was used to scan and process 34 gels. Eight (8/34) of these gels (4 malignant breast tumor samples, 4 normal tissue samples) were selected on the basis of gel and image quality to build a database to identify and measure the expression of a previously unidentified proteome. Growth factor receptor proteins (GFRs), including ERBB2 (HER2) and ERBB3 (HER3), were expressed in the malignant tissue samples. Growth factor receptor proteins were not expressed in the normal tissue. Also, expression of PS2-protein (pS2) was detected in neither malignant nor normal tissue. In benign breast samples a higher intensity of protein expression could be observed for maspin, desmoglein 3 and keratin 8 than in malignant samples. Other proteins expressed in malignant breast tissue include mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MK03), heat shock protein 27 kDa (HS27), growth factor receptor-bound protein (GRB2), cathepsin D, G1/S specific cyclin E1 (CGEI), glucose transporter type 5 (GTR5), and a number of as yet unidentified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Czerwenka
- Department of Gynecopathology, General Hospital, University of Vienna, Austria
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Melling M, Karimian-Teherani D, Mostler S, Behnam M, Sobal G, Menzel EJ. Changes of biochemical and biomechanical properties in Dupuytren disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:1275-81. [PMID: 10975920 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-1275-cobabp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major biochemical characteristic of Dupuytren disease is the progressive and irreversible deposition of excess fibrous collagen characterized by an enhanced type III collagen proportion. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of changes of the collagen spectrum on the biophysical properties of the palmar aponeurosis. DESIGN Variably affected palmar regions from 30 individuals with Dupuytren disease were classified according to histologic test results and clinical stage. Biochemical, biomechanical, and thermal contracture studies were performed. RESULTS The relative type III collagen content increased with increasing tissue involvement and was found to correlate with calorimetric and biomechanical properties with the exception of the Young modulus. In experiments on the thermal isometric contracture, the collagen denaturation temperature decreased with increasing type III collagen content, ie, increasing involvement. To study the dependence of biophysical properties from the collagen type distribution independent of structural changes, as seen in Dupuytren disease, we investigated rat skins from animals of an age range characterized by dramatic changes in type III collagen content (0-18 months). Biomechanical data also correlated significantly with type III collagen content in rat skin with the exception of the time constant of stress relaxation. CONCLUSION In light of these results, we suggest that structural changes, such as reduced collagen fibril diameters, associated with alterations in the type III collagen proportion may influence biophysical properties of connective tissues in the involved palmar aponeurosis in addition to alterations of the cross-linking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melling
- First Department of Anatomy, Währinger Strasse, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
This study concerns a variant of the brachial artery with a modified origin and course. The artery was studied in 418 upper limbs removed from cadavers. In one upper limb the left brachial artery bifurcated into: (1) a superficial brachial a. (the variant) crossing superficially to the bicipital aponeurosis in the cubital region and assuming the course, position, and supply area of the radial artery, and (2) the deep brachial a. (another variant). An embryologic interpretation of this anomaly is based on a variant vascular development derived from the eighth intersegmental artery. The variant is termed according to Adachi's classification schedule as arteria brachialis superficialis lateralis inferior Type VII with the addition EAB (epiaponeurosis bicipitalis, i.e., superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis). Accurate information concerning unusual patterns of the arteries in the upper limbs is clinically relevant, especially in the avoidance of accidental intra-arterial injection with reflectory vascular occlusion leading to necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melling
- First Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Melling M, Reihsner R, Pfeiler W, Schnallinger M, Karimian-Teherani D, Behnam M, Mostler S, Menzel EJ. Comparison of palmar aponeuroses from individuals with diabetes mellitus and Dupuytren's contracture. Anat Rec 1999; 255:401-6. [PMID: 10409813 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990801)255:4<401::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that Dupuytren's contracture is often associated with diabetes mellitus. Palmar fascia from individuals with diabetes mellitus and/or Dupuytren's contracture as well as controls were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry, biomechanical and biochemical analysis. The collagen denaturation temperature of the palmar aponeurosis from individuals with diabetes mellitus in the presence (71.0 degrees C) or absence of Dupuytren's contracture (70. 6 degrees C) was increased as compared with controls (68.5 degrees C), while this parameter was significantly reduced (about 3.5 degrees C) in contracture bands of Dupuytren's contracture. Stress relaxation experiments revealed that the viscous fraction was slightly reduced in diabetes mellitus (6.5%) vs. controls (8.3%), whereas in Dupuytren's contracture, irrespective of additional diabetes mellitus, a pronounced increase of this parameter was seen (36.5% vs. 24.5%) in the presence of diabetes mellitus. The time constants were significantly elevated by both disorders, this increase being more pronounced in Dupuytren's contracture. Taken together, these changes can be explained by increased cross-linking in diabetes mellitus, while in Dupuytren's contracture other structural changes, such as increased collagen type III content and loss of fascicular organization, play an additional role besides the finding of reduced cross linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melling
- First Department of Anatomy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Melling M, Reihsner R, Steindl M, Karimian-Teherani D, Schnallinger M, Behnam M. Biomechanical stability of abductor pollicis longus muscles with variable numbers of tendinous insertions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1998; 250:475-9. [PMID: 9566538 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199804)250:4<475::aid-ar11>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the course of a study of different variants of the tendon of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) muscle, the unusual finding of a tendon with six subdivisions was observed in the first compartment. Using this preparation and others with various numbers of tendons (2, 3, 4, and 6), we intended to establish whether the multitendoned muscles increased the strength of the thumb. METHODS Fifty-two upper extremities were examined with attention to the tendons of the APL muscle. The strain on each tendon was biomechanically determined using a microcomputer and potentiometer. The stress was measured continuously and plotted against strain. RESULTS Following treatment with elastase, it is seen that the significance of changes in stability and Young's modulus is inversely proportional to the number of tendons arising from the APL. CONCLUSIONS Division of the tendon into several parts leads to better mechanical distribution of stress and extension on thumb abduction. In addition, palmar-flexion in the wrist may be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melling
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Vienna, Austria
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Wulle KG, Behnam M, Abdelhamid S, Böttcher D, Christl HL. [Significance of fundus evaluation in the staging of hypertensive disease compared to electrocardiography and renal circulation]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 1986; 189:463-6. [PMID: 3560756 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1050854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the relevance of ophthalmoscopic findings in cases of hypertension as compared to electrocardiographic abnormalities and disorders of the renal function, the authors examined 728 patients admitted to the German diagnostic Clinic (Wiesbaden) with hypertension over a period of 2 years. In all cases blood pressure was measured twice, and ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiography, a chest X-ray, and a laboratory checkup were performed. The effective renal plasma flow was measured in 100 cases using the 131 iodine-Hippuran clearance method. The results revealed that ophthalmoscopy is the most reliable method for classifying early and more advanced stages of hypertension, as compared to ECG and measurement of the effective renal plasma flow.
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