Exploring the role and mechanism of potential probiotics in mitigating the shrimp pathogens

Shrimp aquaculture has rapidly developed into a significant industry worldwide, providing not only financial gain and high-quality food but also tens of thousands of trained and competent workers. Frequent diseases are now regarded as a significant risk factor for shrimp aquaculture, as they have the potential to significantly reduce shrimp production and result in economic losses. Over the years various traditional methods including the use of antibiotics have been followed to control diseases yet unsuccessful. Probiotic is considered potential supplements for shrimps during farming, they may also act beneficially as disease control and increased production. Probiotics are described as a live microbial supplement that benefits the host by modifying the microbial population associated with the host and its ambient. The present state of research about probiotics demonstrates notable impacts on the immune defences of the host's gastrointestinal system, which play a crucial role in safeguarding against diseases and managing inflammation inside the digestive tract. In the past ten years, many studies on probiotics have been published. However, there is a lack of information about the processes by which probiotics exert their effects in aquaculture systems, with only limited elucidations being offered. This study explores the variety of procedures behind the positive effects of probiotics in shrimp culture. These mechanisms include the augmentation of the immune system, control of growth, antagonistic action against pathogens, competitive exclusion, and modification of the gut microbiota. Mechanisms involved in the probiotic mode of action are mostly interlinked. This provides a greater understanding of the importance of probiotics in shrimp culture as an environmentally friendly practice.

Mechanical and morphological characterization of sisal/kenaf/pineapple mat reinforced hybrid composites

The objective of this research is to produce and analyze natural fiber-based composites (sisal/polyester, kenaf/polyester, pineapple/polyester) and their hybrid composites (sisal/kenaf/polyester, kenaf/pineapple/polyester, and sisal/kenaf/pineapple/polyester) made by compression molding. These composites were characterized mechanically using hardness (shore D), tensile, flexural, and impact (Charpy) tests. Fiber matrix bonding was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Among all the fiber-based samples (sisal/polyester, kenaf/polyester, and pineapple/polyester), sisal/polyester shows a high hardness value of 93.24 Sd, a tensile strength of 43.00 MPa, and an impact strength around 7.42 kJ/m2, while pineapple/polyester produces a better flexural strength of 83.21 MPa. Hybrid composites showed improved mechanical performance. The mechanical characteristics of the sisal/kenaf/pineapple/polyester hybrid composite were 56.16 MPa, 1.71 GPa, and 9.34 kJ/m2. The highest flexural strength of the Sisal/kenaf/polyester multi-layered samples was observed as 83.24 MPa.

(Benzyl-amine)chloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) dichloride hemihydrate

In the title compound, [CoCl(C(2)H(8)N(2))(2)(C(7)H(9)N)]Cl(2)·0.5H(2)O, there are two crystallographically independent cations and anions and one water mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. Both Co(III) ions are bonded to two chelating ethylenediamine ligands, one benzylamine molecule and one chloride ion. The crystal packing is through N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl inter-actions.

Chloridobis(ethyl-enediamine-κN,N')(n-pentyl-amine-κN)cobalt(III) dichloride monhydrate

The title complex, [CoCl(C₅H₁₃N)(C₂H₈N₂)₂]Cl₂·H₂O, comprises one chloridobis(ethyl­enediamine)(n-pentyl­amine)cobalt(III) cation, two chloride counter-anions and a water mol­ecule. The Co^III atom of the complex is hexa­coordinated by five N and one Cl atoms. The five N atoms are from two chelating ethyl­enediamine and one n-pentyl­amine ligands. Neighbouring cations and anions are connected by N—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to each other and also to the water mol­ecule.