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Yazdanpanah F, Maurino VG, Mettler-Altmann T, Buijs G, Bailly MN, Karimi Jashni M, Willems L, Sergeeva LI, Rajjou LC, Hilhorst HWM, Bentsink LN. NADP-MALIC ENZYME 1 Affects Germination after Seed Storage in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:318-328. [PMID: 30388244 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging decreases the quality of seeds and results in agricultural and economic losses. The damage that occurs at the biochemical level can alter the seed physiological status. Although loss of viability has been investigated frequently, little information exists on the molecular and biochemical factors involved in seed deterioration and loss of viability. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a major contributor to seed deterioration, and several pathways are involved in protection against this. In this study, we show that seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana lacking a functional NADP-MALIC ENZYME 1 (NADP-ME1) have reduced seed viability relative to the wild type. Seeds of the NADP-ME1 loss-of-function mutant display higher levels of protein carbonylation than those of the wild type. NADP-ME1 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate with the simultaneous production of CO2 and NADPH. Upon seed imbibition, malate and amino acids accumulate in embryos of aged seeds of the NADP-ME1 loss-of-function mutant compared with those of the wild type. NADP-ME1 expression is increased in imbibed aged as compared with non-aged seeds. NADP-ME1 activity at testa rupture promotes normal germination of aged seeds. In seedlings of aged seeds, NADP-ME1 is specifically active in the root meristematic zone. We propose that NADP-ME1 activity is required for protecting seeds against oxidation during seed dry storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Yazdanpanah
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology Group, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universit�tsstra�e 1, D�sseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universit�tsstra�e 1, D�sseldorf, Germany
| | - Gonda Buijs
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marlï Ne Bailly
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universit� Paris-Saclay, Versailles cedex, France
- DBV Technologies - Technology Center, Green Square BAT D, 80-84 rue des Meuniers, Bagneux France
| | - Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Willems
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lidiya I Sergeeva
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Loï C Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Universit� Paris-Saclay, Versailles cedex, France
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leï Nie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mesarich CH, Ӧkmen B, Rovenich H, Griffiths SA, Wang C, Karimi Jashni M, Mihajlovski A, Collemare J, Hunziker L, Deng CH, van der Burgt A, Beenen HG, Templeton MD, Bradshaw RE, de Wit PJGM. Specific Hypersensitive Response-Associated Recognition of New Apoplastic Effectors from Cladosporium fulvum in Wild Tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2018; 31:145-162. [PMID: 29144204 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-17-0114-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf mold disease is caused by the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum. During infection, C. fulvum produces extracellular small secreted protein (SSP) effectors that function to promote colonization of the leaf apoplast. Resistance to the disease is governed by Cf immune receptor genes that encode receptor-like proteins (RLPs). These RLPs recognize specific SSP effectors to initiate a hypersensitive response (HR) that renders the pathogen avirulent. C. fulvum strains capable of overcoming one or more of all cloned Cf genes have now emerged. To combat these strains, new Cf genes are required. An effectoromics approach was employed to identify wild tomato accessions carrying new Cf genes. Proteomics and transcriptome sequencing were first used to identify 70 apoplastic in planta-induced C. fulvum SSPs. Based on sequence homology, 61 of these SSPs were novel or lacked known functional domains. Seven, however, had predicted structural homology to antimicrobial proteins, suggesting a possible role in mediating antagonistic microbe-microbe interactions in planta. Wild tomato accessions were then screened for HR-associated recognition of 41 SSPs, using the Potato virus X-based transient expression system. Nine SSPs were recognized by one or more accessions, suggesting that these plants carry new Cf genes available for incorporation into cultivated tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H Mesarich
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 2 Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, Institute of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- 3 Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ӧkmen
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Scott A Griffiths
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Changchun Wang
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 4 College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 5 Department of Plant Pathology, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, P.O. Box 19395‒1454, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aleksandar Mihajlovski
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Collemare
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Hunziker
- 3 Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
- 6 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia H Deng
- 7 Breeding & Genomics/Bioprotection Portfolio, the New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; and
| | - Ate van der Burgt
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriek G Beenen
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew D Templeton
- 3 Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
- 7 Breeding & Genomics/Bioprotection Portfolio, the New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; and
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- 3 Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
- 6 Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 8 Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mesarich CH, Stergiopoulos I, Beenen HG, Cordovez V, Guo Y, Karimi Jashni M, Bradshaw RE, de Wit PJGM. A conserved proline residue in Dothideomycete Avr4 effector proteins is required to trigger a Cf-4-dependent hypersensitive response. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:84-95. [PMID: 25845605 PMCID: PMC6638486 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
CfAvr4, a chitin-binding effector protein produced by the Dothideomycete tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, protects the cell wall of this fungus against hydrolysis by secreted host chitinases during infection. However, in the presence of the Cf-4 immune receptor of tomato, CfAvr4 triggers a hypersensitive response (HR), which renders the pathogen avirulent. Recently, several orthologues of CfAvr4 have been identified from phylogenetically closely related species of Dothideomycete fungi. Of these, DsAvr4 from Dothistroma septosporum also triggers a Cf-4-dependent HR, but CaAvr4 and CbAvr4 from Cercospora apii and Cercospora beticola, respectively, do not. All, however, bind chitin. To identify the region(s) and specific amino acid residue(s) of CfAvr4 and DsAvr4 required to trigger a Cf-4-dependent HR, chimeric and mutant proteins, in which specific protein regions or single amino acid residues, respectively, were exchanged between CfAvr4 and CaAvr4 or DsAvr4 and CbAvr4, were tested for their ability to trigger an HR in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transgenic for the Cf-4 immune receptor gene. Based on this approach, a single region common to CfAvr4 and DsAvr4 was determined to carry a conserved proline residue necessary for the elicitation of this HR. In support of this result, a Cf-4-dependent HR was triggered by mutant CaAvr4 and CbAvr4 proteins carrying an arginine-to-proline substitution at this position. This study provides the first step in deciphering how Avr4 orthologues from different Dothideomycete fungi trigger a Cf-4-dependent HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751, USA
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henriek G Beenen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Viviane Cordovez
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Guo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Jashni MK, Dols IHM, Iida Y, Boeren S, Beenen HG, Mehrabi R, Collemare J, de Wit PJGM. Synergistic Action of a Metalloprotease and a Serine Protease from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Cleaves Chitin-Binding Tomato Chitinases, Reduces Their Antifungal Activity, and Enhances Fungal Virulence. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2015; 28:996-1008. [PMID: 25915453 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0074-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of their defense strategy against fungal pathogens, plants secrete chitinases that degrade chitin, the major structural component of fungal cell walls. Some fungi are not sensitive to plant chitinases because they secrete chitin-binding effector proteins that protect their cell wall against these enzymes. However, it is not known how fungal pathogens that lack chitin-binding effectors overcome this plant defense barrier. Here, we investigated the ability of fungal tomato pathogens to cleave chitin-binding domain (CBD)-containing chitinases and its effect on fungal virulence. Four tomato CBD chitinases were produced in Pichia pastoris and were incubated with secreted proteins isolated from seven fungal tomato pathogens. Of these, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Verticillium dahliae, and Botrytis cinerea were able to cleave the extracellular tomato chitinases SlChi1 and SlChi13. Cleavage by F. oxysporum removed the CBD from the N-terminus, shown by mass spectrometry, and significantly reduced the chitinase and antifungal activity of both chitinases. Both secreted metalloprotease FoMep1 and serine protease FoSep1 were responsible for this cleavage. Double deletion mutants of FoMep1 and FoSep1 of F. oxysporum lacked chitinase cleavage activity on SlChi1 and SlChi13 and showed reduced virulence on tomato. These results demonstrate the importance of plant chitinase cleavage in fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ivo H M Dols
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuichiro Iida
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 3 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 514-2392, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Sjef Boeren
- 4 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriek G Beenen
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Collemare
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Jashni MK, Mehrabi R, Collemare J, Mesarich CH, de Wit PJGM. The battle in the apoplast: further insights into the roles of proteases and their inhibitors in plant-pathogen interactions. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:584. [PMID: 26284100 PMCID: PMC4522555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon host penetration, fungal pathogens secrete a plethora of effectors to promote disease, including proteases that degrade plant antimicrobial proteins, and protease inhibitors (PIs) that inhibit plant proteases with antimicrobial activity. Conversely, plants secrete proteases and PIs to protect themselves against pathogens or to mediate recognition of pathogen proteases and PIs, which leads to induction of defense responses. Many examples of proteases and PIs mediating effector-triggered immunity in host plants have been reported in the literature, but little is known about their role in compromising basal defense responses induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns. Recently, several reports appeared in literature on secreted fungal proteases that modify or degrade pathogenesis-related proteins, including plant chitinases or PIs that compromise their activities. This prompted us to review the recent advances on proteases and PIs involved in fungal virulence and plant defense. Proteases and PIs from plants and their fungal pathogens play an important role in the arms race between plants and pathogens, which has resulted in co-evolutionary diversification and adaptation shaping pathogen lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Jérôme Collemare
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- UMR1345, IRHS-INRA, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Bioprotection Technologies, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre J. G. M. de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Pierre J. G. M. de Wit, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 9, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands,
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van der Burgt A, Karimi Jashni M, Bahkali AH, de Wit PJGM. Pseudogenization in pathogenic fungi with different host plants and lifestyles might reflect their evolutionary past. Mol Plant Pathol 2014; 15:133-44. [PMID: 24393451 PMCID: PMC6638865 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudogenes are genes with significant homology to functional genes, but contain disruptive mutations (DMs) leading to the production of non- or partially functional proteins. Little is known about pseudogenization in pathogenic fungi with different lifestyles. Here, we report the identification of DMs causing pseudogenes in the genomes of the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium fulvum, Dothistroma septosporum, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Verticillium dahliae and Zymoseptoria tritici. In these fungi, we identified 1740 gene models containing 2795 DMs obtained by an alignment-based gene prediction method. The contribution of sequencing errors to DMs was minimized by analyses of resequenced genomes to obtain a refined dataset of 924 gene models containing 1666 true DMs. The frequency of pseudogenes varied from 1% to 5% in the gene catalogues of these fungi, being the highest in the asexually reproducing fungus C. fulvum (4.9%), followed by D. septosporum (2.4%) and V. dahliae (2.1%). The majority of pseudogenes do not represent recent gene duplications, but members of multi-gene families and unitary genes. In general, there was no bias for pseudogenization of specific genes in the six fungi. Single exceptions were those encoding secreted proteins, including proteases, which appeared more frequently pseudogenized in C. fulvum than in D. septosporum. Most pseudogenes present in these two phylogenetically closely related fungi are not shared, suggesting that they are related to adaptation to a different host (tomato versus pine) and lifestyle (biotroph versus hemibiotroph).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ate van der Burgt
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Applied Bioinformatics, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Collemare J, Griffiths S, Iida Y, Karimi Jashni M, Battaglia E, Cox RJ, de Wit PJGM. Secondary metabolism and biotrophic lifestyle in the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85877. [PMID: 24465762 PMCID: PMC3895014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium fulvum is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes leaf mould of tomato. Analysis of its genome suggested a high potential for production of secondary metabolites (SM), which might be harmful to plants and animals. Here, we have analysed in detail the predicted SM gene clusters of C. fulvum employing phylogenetic and comparative genomic approaches. Expression of the SM core genes was measured by RT-qrtPCR and produced SMs were determined by LC-MS and NMR analyses. The genome of C. fulvum contains six gene clusters that are conserved in other fungal species, which have undergone rearrangements and gene losses associated with the presence of transposable elements. Although being a biotroph, C. fulvum has the potential to produce elsinochrome and cercosporin toxins. However, the corresponding core genes are not expressed during infection of tomato. Only two core genes, PKS6 and NPS9, show high expression in planta, but both are significantly down regulated during colonization of the mesophyll tissue. In vitro SM profiling detected only one major compound that was identified as cladofulvin. PKS6 is likely involved in the production of this pigment because it is the only core gene significantly expressed under these conditions. Cladofulvin does not cause necrosis on Solanaceae plants and does not show any antimicrobial activity. In contrast to other biotrophic fungi that have a reduced SM production capacity, our studies on C. fulvum suggest that down-regulation of SM biosynthetic pathways might represent another mechanism associated with a biotrophic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Collemare
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuichiro Iida
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Evy Battaglia
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Russell J. Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J. G. M. de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mehrabi R, Bahkali AH, Abd-Elsalam KA, Moslem M, Ben M'barek S, Gohari AM, Jashni MK, Stergiopoulos I, Kema GHJ, de Wit PJGM. Horizontal gene and chromosome transfer in plant pathogenic fungi affecting host range. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:542-54. [PMID: 21223323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi adapt quickly to changing environments including overcoming plant disease resistance genes. This is usually achieved by mutations in single effector genes of the pathogens, enabling them to avoid recognition by the host plant. In addition, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and horizontal chromosome transfer (HCT) provide a means for pathogens to broaden their host range. Recently, several reports have appeared in the literature on HGT, HCT and hybridization between plant pathogenic fungi that affect their host range, including species of Stagonospora/Pyrenophora, Fusarium and Alternaria. Evidence is given that HGT of the ToxA gene from Stagonospora nodorum to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis enabled the latter fungus to cause a serious disease in wheat. A nonpathogenic Fusarium species can become pathogenic on tomato by HCT of a pathogenicity chromosome from Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici, a well-known pathogen of tomato. Similarly, Alternaria species can broaden their host range by HCT of a single chromosome carrying a cluster of genes encoding host-specific toxins that enabled them to become pathogenic on new hosts such as apple, Japanese pear, strawberry and tomato, respectively. The mechanisms HGT and HCT and their impact on potential emergence of fungal plant pathogens adapted to new host plants will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Mehrabi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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