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Gárate-Rascón M, Recalde M, Rojo C, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Arechederra M, Berasain C. SLU7: A New Hub of Gene Expression Regulation—From Epigenetics to Protein Stability in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113411. [PMID: 36362191 PMCID: PMC9658179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SLU7 (Splicing factor synergistic lethal with U5 snRNA 7) was first identified as a splicing factor necessary for the correct selection of 3′ splice sites, strongly impacting on the diversity of gene transcripts in a cell. More recent studies have uncovered new and non-redundant roles of SLU7 as an integrative hub of different levels of gene expression regulation, including epigenetic DNA remodeling, modulation of transcription and protein stability. Here we review those findings, the multiple factors and mechanisms implicated as well as the cellular functions affected. For instance, SLU7 is essential to secure liver differentiation, genome integrity acting at different levels and a correct cell cycle progression. Accordingly, the aberrant expression of SLU7 could be associated with human diseases including cancer, although strikingly, it is an essential survival factor for cancer cells. Finally, we discuss the implications of SLU7 in pathophysiology, with particular emphasis on the progression of liver disease and its possible role as a therapeutic target in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gárate-Rascón
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Recalde
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carla Rojo
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-194700; Fax: +34-948-194717
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Recalde M, Gárate-Rascón M, Herranz JM, Elizalde M, Azkona M, Unfried JP, Boix L, Reig M, Sangro B, Fernández-Barrena MG, Fortes P, Ávila MA, Berasain C, Arechederra M. DNA Methylation Regulates a Set of Long Non-Coding RNAs Compromising Hepatic Identity during Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092048. [PMID: 35565178 PMCID: PMC9102946 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocarcinogenesis is a long process which implies the loss of hepatic functions. Our effort is to understand the mechanisms implicated in this pathological process in order to contribute to the development of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. In this study we have identified a set of lncRNAs significantly downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in correlation with the grade of tumor dedifferentiation and patients’ worse prognosis. Mechanistically, our results show that they are related with hepatic differentiation and at least a subset of those lncRNAs are essential to ensure the expression of other hepato-specific genes required for liver function. Moreover, we demonstrate that the expression of these lncRNAs in HCC is silenced by DNA methylation. All in all, we uncover connected epigenetic alterations involved in the progression of liver cancer and identify potential new biomarkers. Abstract Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we identify the mechanism implicated in the HCC inhibition of a set of lncRNAs, and their contribution to the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods and Results: The top-ranked 35 lncRNAs downregulated in HCC (Top35 LNDH) were validated in several human HCC cohorts. We demonstrate that their inhibition is associated with promoter hypermethylation in HCC compared to control tissue, and in HCC human cell lines compared to primary hepatocytes. Moreover, demethylating treatment of HCC human cell lines induced the expression of these lncRNAs. The Top35 LNDH were preferentially expressed in the adult healthy liver compared to other tissues and fetal liver and were induced in well-differentiated HepaRG cells. Remarkably, their knockdown compromised the expression of other hepato-specific genes. Finally, the expression of the Top35 LNDH positively correlates with the grade of tumor differentiation and, more importantly, with a better patient prognosis. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the selected Top35 LNDH are not only part of the genes that compose the hepatic differentiated signature but participate in its establishment. Moreover, their downregulation through DNA methylation occurs during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis compromising hepatocellular differentiation and HCC patients’ prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Recalde
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - María Gárate-Rascón
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - José María Herranz
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
| | - María Elizalde
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - María Azkona
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - Juan P. Unfried
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Loreto Boix
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Reig
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Hepatology Unit, Navarra University Clinic, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.A.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (C.B. & M.A.)
| | - María Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, Centre of Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (J.M.H.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (M.G.F.-B.); (M.A.Á.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.); (M.R.); (B.S.); (P.F.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.A.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (C.B. & M.A.)
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Gárate-Rascón M, Recalde M, Jimenez M, Elizalde M, Azkona M, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Bilbao I, Sangro B, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Corrales FJ, Esquivel A, Pineda-Lucena A, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Arechederra M, Berasain C. Splicing Factor SLU7 Prevents Oxidative Stress-Mediated Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Degradation, Preserving Hepatic Differentiation and Protecting From Liver Damage. Hepatology 2021; 74:2791-2807. [PMID: 34170569 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular dedifferentiation is emerging as an important determinant in liver disease progression. Preservation of mature hepatocyte identity relies on a set of key genes, predominantly the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) but also splicing factors like SLU7. How these factors interact and become dysregulated and the impact of their impairment in driving liver disease are not fully understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Expression of SLU7 and that of the adult and oncofetal isoforms of HNF4α, driven by its promoter 1 (P1) and P2, respectively, was studied in diseased human and mouse livers. Hepatic function and damage response were analyzed in wild-type and Slu7-haploinsufficient/heterozygous (Slu7+/- ) mice undergoing chronic (CCl4 ) and acute (acetaminophen) injury. SLU7 expression was restored in CCl4 -injured mice using SLU7-expressing adeno-associated viruses (AAV-SLU7). The hepatocellular SLU7 interactome was characterized by mass spectrometry. Reduced SLU7 expression in human and mouse diseased livers correlated with a switch in HNF4α P1 to P2 usage. This response was reproduced in Slu7+/- mice, which displayed increased sensitivity to chronic and acute liver injury, enhanced oxidative stress, and marked impairment of hepatic functions. AAV-SLU7 infection prevented liver injury and hepatocellular dedifferentiation. Mechanistically we demonstrate a unique role for SLU7 in the preservation of HNF4α1 protein stability through its capacity to protect the liver against oxidative stress. SLU7 is herein identified as a key component of the stress granule proteome, an essential part of the cell's antioxidant machinery. CONCLUSIONS Our results place SLU7 at the highest level of hepatocellular identity control, identifying SLU7 as a link between stress-protective mechanisms and liver differentiation. These findings emphasize the importance of the preservation of hepatic functions in the protection from liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Recalde
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jimenez
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Elizalde
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Azkona
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Uxue Latasa
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bilbao
- Hepatology Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C Fernandez-Checa
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Argitxu Esquivel
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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Recalde M, Gárate-Rascón M, Elizalde M, Azkona M, Latasa MU, Bárcena-Varela M, Sangro B, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Arechederra M, Berasain C. The splicing regulator SLU7 is required to preserve DNMT1 protein stability and DNA methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:8592-8609. [PMID: 34331453 PMCID: PMC8421144 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is finely and dynamically controlled through the tightly coordinated and interconnected activity of epigenetic modulators, transcription and splicing factors and post-translational modifiers. We have recently identified the splicing factor SLU7 as essential for maintaining liver cell identity and genome integrity and for securing cell division both trough transcriptional and splicing mechanisms. Now we uncover a new function of SLU7 controlling gene expression at the epigenetic level. We show that SLU7 is required to secure DNMT1 protein stability and a correct DNA methylation. We demonstrate that SLU7 is part in the chromatome of the protein complex implicated in DNA methylation maintenance interacting with and controlling the integrity of DNMT1, its adaptor protein UHRF1 and the histone methyl-transferase G9a at the chromatin level. Mechanistically, we found that SLU7 assures DNMT1 stability preventing its acetylation and degradation by facilitating its interaction with HDAC1 and the desubiquitinase USP7. Importantly, we demonstrate that this DNMT1 dependency on SLU7 occurs in a large panel of proliferating cell lines of different origins and in in vivo models of liver proliferation. Overall, our results uncover a novel and non-redundant role of SLU7 in DNA methylation and present SLU7 as a holistic regulator of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Recalde
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Gárate-Rascón
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Elizalde
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Azkona
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - M Ujue Latasa
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marina Bárcena-Varela
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), Madrid 28029, Spain
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5
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Arechederra M, Recalde M, Gárate-Rascón M, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Berasain C. Epigenetic Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1265. [PMID: 33809263 PMCID: PMC7998165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decades has demonstrated the relevance of epigenetics in controlling gene expression to maintain cell homeostasis, and the important role played by epigenome alterations in disease development. Moreover, the reversibility of epigenetic marks can be harnessed as a therapeutic strategy, and epigenetic marks can be used as diagnosis biomarkers. Epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) expression have been associated with the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we summarize epigenetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (CLD), particularly focusing on DNA methylation. We also discuss their utility as epigenetic biomarkers in liquid biopsy for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, we discuss the potential of epigenetic therapeutic strategies for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arechederra
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Recalde
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - María Gárate-Rascón
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (M.R.); (M.G.-R.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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