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Longo M, Jericó D, Córdoba KM, Riezu-Boj JI, Urtasun R, Solares I, Sampedro A, Collantes M, Peñuelas I, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Ávila MA, Pierro ED, Barajas M, Milagro FI, Dongiovanni P, Fontanellas A. Nutritional Interventions with Bacillus coagulans Improved Glucose Metabolism and Hyperinsulinemia in Mice with Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11938. [PMID: 37569315 PMCID: PMC10418637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) gene, encoding the third enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway. Although AIP is characterized by low clinical penetrance (~1% of PBGD mutation carriers), patients with clinically stable disease report chronic symptoms and frequently show insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial impact of nutritional interventions on correct carbohydrate dysfunctions in a mouse model of AIP that reproduces insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism. The addition of spores of Bacillus coagulans in drinking water for 12 weeks modified the gut microbiome composition in AIP mice, ameliorated glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia, and stimulated fat disposal in adipose tissue. Lipid breakdown may be mediated by muscles burning energy and heat dissipation by brown adipose tissue, resulting in a loss of fatty tissue and improved lean/fat tissue ratio. Probiotic supplementation also improved muscle glucose uptake, as measured using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) analysis. In conclusion, these data provide a proof of concept that probiotics, as a dietary intervention in AIP, induce relevant changes in intestinal bacteria composition and improve glucose uptake and muscular energy utilization. Probiotics may offer a safe, efficient, and cost-effective option to manage people with insulin resistance associated with AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- Hepatology: Porphyrias & Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.); (D.J.); (K.M.C.); (A.S.); (M.A.Á.)
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Daniel Jericó
- Hepatology: Porphyrias & Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.); (D.J.); (K.M.C.); (A.S.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - Karol M. Córdoba
- Hepatology: Porphyrias & Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.); (D.J.); (K.M.C.); (A.S.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - José Ignacio Riezu-Boj
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.R.-B.); (M.J.M.-A.); (F.I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.B.)
| | - Isabel Solares
- Rare Disease Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ana Sampedro
- Hepatology: Porphyrias & Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.); (D.J.); (K.M.C.); (A.S.); (M.A.Á.)
| | - María Collantes
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
- MicroPET Research Unit, CIMA-CUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine-Department, CUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ivan Peñuelas
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
- MicroPET Research Unit, CIMA-CUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine-Department, CUN, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Moreno-Aliaga
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.R.-B.); (M.J.M.-A.); (F.I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Hepatology: Porphyrias & Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.); (D.J.); (K.M.C.); (A.S.); (M.A.Á.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Di Pierro
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.B.)
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.I.R.-B.); (M.J.M.-A.); (F.I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (E.D.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Antonio Fontanellas
- Hepatology: Porphyrias & Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, CIMA-University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.); (D.J.); (K.M.C.); (A.S.); (M.A.Á.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.C.); (I.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Cabello-Olmo M, Oneca M, Urtasun R, Pajares MJ, Goñi S, Riezu-Boj JI, Milagro FI, Ayo J, Encio IJ, Barajas M, Araña M. Pediococcus acidilactici pA1c ® Improves the Beneficial Effects of Metformin Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes by Controlling Glycaemia and Modulating Intestinal Microbiota. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041203. [PMID: 37111688 PMCID: PMC10143274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease, which involves maintained hyperglycemia, mainly due to the development of an insulin resistance process. Metformin administration is the most prescribed treatment for diabetic patients. In a previously published study, we demonstrated that Pediococcus acidilactici pA1c® (pA1c) protects from insulin resistance and body weight gain in HFD-induced diabetic mice. The present work aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial impact of a 16-week administration of pA1c, metformin, or the combination of pA1c and metformin in a T2D HFD-induced mice model. We found that the simultaneous administration of both products attenuated hyperglycemia, increased high-intensity insulin-positive areas in the pancreas and HOMA-β, decreased HOMA-IR and also provided more beneficial effects than metformin treatment (regarding HOMA-IR, serum C-peptide level, liver steatosis or hepatic Fasn expression), and pA1c treatment (regarding body weight or hepatic G6pase expression). The three treatments had a significant impact on fecal microbiota and led to differential composition of commensal bacterial populations. In conclusion, our findings suggest that P. acidilactici pA1c® administration improved metformin beneficial effects as a T2D treatment, and it would be a valuable therapeutic strategy to treat T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cabello-Olmo
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Oneca
- Genbioma Aplicaciones S.L. Polígono Industrial Noain-Esquíroz, Calle S, Nave 4, 31191 Esquíroz, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Pajares
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Goñi
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José I Riezu-Boj
- IDISNA Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I Milagro
- IDISNA Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josune Ayo
- Genbioma Aplicaciones S.L. Polígono Industrial Noain-Esquíroz, Calle S, Nave 4, 31191 Esquíroz, Spain
| | - Ignacio J Encio
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Araña
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Riezu-Boj JI, Barajas M, Pérez-Sánchez T, Pajares MJ, Araña M, Milagro FI, Urtasun R. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM20174 Attenuates the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota, Improving Metabolic Risk Factors, and Attenuating Adipose Inflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245212. [PMID: 36558371 PMCID: PMC9787191 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Targeting the gut-adipose tissue-liver axis by modulating the gut microbiota can be a promising therapeutic approach in NAFLD. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a potent lactic-acid-producing bacterium, has been shown to attenuate NAFLD. However, to our knowledge, the possible effect of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain DSM20174 (L.p. DSM20174) on the gut-adipose tissue axis, diminishing inflammatory mediators as fuel for NAFLD progression, is still unknown. Using a NAFLD mouse model fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) diet for 10 weeks, we show that L.p DSM20174 supplementation of HFHF mice prevented weight gain, improved glucose and lipid homeostasis, and reduced white adipose inflammation and NAFLD progression. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the faecal microbiota suggested that treatment of HFHF-fed mice with L.p DSM20174 changed the diversity and altered specific bacterial taxa at the levels of family, genus, and species in the gut microbiota. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of L.p DSM20174 in preventing fatty liver progression may be related to modulations in the composition and potential function of gut microbiota associated with lower metabolic risk factors and a reduced M1-like/M2-like ratio of macrophages and proinflammatory cytokine expression in white adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I. Riezu-Boj
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tania Pérez-Sánchez
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J. Pajares
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Araña
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.I.M.); (R.U.); Tel.: +34-948-425600 (F.I.M.); +34-948-169000 (R.U.)
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.I.M.); (R.U.); Tel.: +34-948-425600 (F.I.M.); +34-948-169000 (R.U.)
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Qi X, Liu Z, Liao R, Torr PHS, Urtasun R, Jia J. GeoNet++: Iterative Geometric Neural Network with Edge-Aware Refinement for Joint Depth and Surface Normal Estimation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2022; 44:969-984. [PMID: 32870785 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2020.3020800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a geometric neural network with edge-aware refinement (GeoNet++) to jointly predict both depth and surface normal maps from a single image. Building on top of two-stream CNNs, GeoNet++ captures the geometric relationships between depth and surface normals with the proposed depth-to-normal and normal-to-depth modules. In particular, the "depth-to-normal" module exploits the least square solution of estimating surface normals from depth to improve their quality, while the "normal-to-depth" module refines the depth map based on the constraints on surface normals through kernel regression. Boundary information is exploited via an edge-aware refinement module. GeoNet++ effectively predicts depth and surface normals with high 3D consistency and sharp boundaries resulting in better reconstructed 3D scenes. Note that GeoNet++ is generic and can be used in other depth/normal prediction frameworks to improve 3D reconstruction quality and pixel-wise accuracy of depth and surface normals. Furthermore, we propose a new 3D geometric metric (3DGM) for evaluating depth prediction in 3D. In contrast to current metrics that focus on evaluating pixel-wise error/accuracy, 3DGM measures whether the predicted depth can reconstruct high quality 3D surface normals. This is a more natural metric for many 3D application domains. Our experiments on NYUD-V2 [1] and KITTI [2] datasets verify that GeoNet++ produces fine boundary details and the predicted depth can be used to reconstruct high quality 3D surfaces.
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Gárate-Rascón M, Recalde M, Jimenez M, Elizalde M, Azkona M, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Bilbao I, Sangro B, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Corrales FJ, Esquivel A, Pineda-Lucena A, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Arechederra M, Berasain C. Splicing Factor SLU7 Prevents Oxidative Stress-Mediated Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α Degradation, Preserving Hepatic Differentiation and Protecting From Liver Damage. Hepatology 2021; 74:2791-2807. [PMID: 34170569 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular dedifferentiation is emerging as an important determinant in liver disease progression. Preservation of mature hepatocyte identity relies on a set of key genes, predominantly the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) but also splicing factors like SLU7. How these factors interact and become dysregulated and the impact of their impairment in driving liver disease are not fully understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Expression of SLU7 and that of the adult and oncofetal isoforms of HNF4α, driven by its promoter 1 (P1) and P2, respectively, was studied in diseased human and mouse livers. Hepatic function and damage response were analyzed in wild-type and Slu7-haploinsufficient/heterozygous (Slu7+/- ) mice undergoing chronic (CCl4 ) and acute (acetaminophen) injury. SLU7 expression was restored in CCl4 -injured mice using SLU7-expressing adeno-associated viruses (AAV-SLU7). The hepatocellular SLU7 interactome was characterized by mass spectrometry. Reduced SLU7 expression in human and mouse diseased livers correlated with a switch in HNF4α P1 to P2 usage. This response was reproduced in Slu7+/- mice, which displayed increased sensitivity to chronic and acute liver injury, enhanced oxidative stress, and marked impairment of hepatic functions. AAV-SLU7 infection prevented liver injury and hepatocellular dedifferentiation. Mechanistically we demonstrate a unique role for SLU7 in the preservation of HNF4α1 protein stability through its capacity to protect the liver against oxidative stress. SLU7 is herein identified as a key component of the stress granule proteome, an essential part of the cell's antioxidant machinery. CONCLUSIONS Our results place SLU7 at the highest level of hepatocellular identity control, identifying SLU7 as a link between stress-protective mechanisms and liver differentiation. These findings emphasize the importance of the preservation of hepatic functions in the protection from liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Recalde
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jimenez
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Elizalde
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Azkona
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Uxue Latasa
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bilbao
- Hepatology Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C Fernandez-Checa
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Argitxu Esquivel
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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Urtasun R, Díaz-Gómez J, Araña M, Pajares MJ, Oneca M, Torre P, Jiménez M, Munilla G, Barajas M, Encío I. A Combination of Apple Vinegar Drink with Bacillus coagulans Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Body Weight Gain, Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092504. [PMID: 32825073 PMCID: PMC7551919 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic characterized by excessive fat accumulation, associated with multiple comorbidities and complications. Emerging evidence points to gut microbiome as a driving force in the pathogenesis of obesity. Vinegar intake, a traditional remedy source of exogenous acetate, has been shown to improve glycemic control and to have anti-obesity effects. New functional foods may be developed by supplementing traditional food with probiotics. B. coagulans is a suitable choice because of its resistance to high temperatures. To analyze the possible synergic effect of Vinegar and B. coagulans against the metabolic alterations induced by a high fat diet (HFD), we fed twelve-week-old C57BL/6 mice with HFD for 5 weeks after 2 weeks of acclimation on a normal diet. Then, food intake, body weight, blood biochemical parameters, histology and liver inflammatory markers were analyzed. Although vinegar drink, either alone or supplemented with B. coagulans, reduced food intake, attenuated body weight gain and enhanced glucose tolerance, only the supplemented drink improved the lipid serum profile and prevented hepatic HFD-induced overexpression of CD36, IL-1β, IL-6, LXR and SREBP, thus reducing lipid deposition in the liver. The beneficial properties of the B. coagulans-supplemented vinegar appear to be mediated by a reduction in insulin and leptin circulating levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Joana Díaz-Gómez
- Ecovinal S.L., Pol. Ind Gobella, 1, 31589 Sartaguda, Spain; (J.D.-G.); (G.M.)
| | - Miriam Araña
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.O.)
| | - María José Pajares
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.O.)
- Navarre’s Health Research Institute (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Oneca
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Paloma Torre
- Nutrition and Bromatology area, Department of Natural Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Maddalen Jiménez
- Division of Hematological-Oncology, CIMA, University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Germán Munilla
- Ecovinal S.L., Pol. Ind Gobella, 1, 31589 Sartaguda, Spain; (J.D.-G.); (G.M.)
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (I.E.); Tel.: +34-948-169-000 (M.B. & I.E.)
| | - Ignacio Encío
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.O.)
- Navarre’s Health Research Institute (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (I.E.); Tel.: +34-948-169-000 (M.B. & I.E.)
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7
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Pajares MJ, Palanca-Ballester C, Urtasun R, Alemany-Cosme E, Lahoz A, Sandoval J. Methods for analysis of specific DNA methylation status. Methods 2020; 187:3-12. [PMID: 32640317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation of CpG dinucleotides plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression and therefore in the development of different pathologies. Aberrant methylation has been associated to the majority of the diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders. Analysis of DNA methylation patterns is crucial to understand the underlying molecular mechanism of these diseases. Moreover, DNA methylation patterns could be used as biomarker for clinical management, such as diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response. Nowadays, a variety of high throughput methods for DNA methylation have been developed to analyze the methylation status of a high number of CpGs at once or even the whole genome. However, identification of specific methylation patterns at specific loci is essential for validation and also as a tool for diagnosis. In this review, we describe the most commonly used approaches to evaluate specific DNA methylation. There are three main groups of techniques that allow the identification of specific regions that are differentially methylated: bisulfite conversion-based methods, restriction enzyme-based approaches, and affinity enrichment-based assays. In the first group, specific restriction enzymes recognize and cleave unmethylated DNA, leaving methylated sequences intact. Bisulfite conversion methods are the most popular approach to distinguish methylated and unmethylated DNA. Unmethylated cytosines are deaminated to uracil by sodium bisulfite treatment, while the methyl cytosines remain unconverted. In the last group, proteins with methylation binding domains or antibodies against methyl cytosines are used to recognize methylated DNA. In this review, we provide the theoretical basis and the framework of each technique as well as the analysis of their strength and the weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pajares
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IDISNA Navarra's Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cora Palanca-Ballester
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ester Alemany-Cosme
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustin Lahoz
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Sandoval
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; Epigenomics Core Facility, Health Research Institute la Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Homayounfar N, Xiong Y, Liang J, Ma WC, Urtasun R. LevelSet R-CNN: A Deep Variational Method for Instance Segmentation. Computer Vision – ECCV 2020 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58592-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Jiménez M, Urtasun R, Elizalde M, Azkona M, Latasa MU, Uriarte I, Arechederra M, Alignani D, Bárcena-Varela M, Álvarez-Sola G, Colyn L, Santamaría E, Sangro B, Rodriguez-Ortigosa C, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Berasain C. Splicing events in the control of genome integrity: role of SLU7 and truncated SRSF3 proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3450-3466. [PMID: 30657957 PMCID: PMC6468163 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is related to disease development and carcinogenesis. DNA lesions are caused by genotoxic compounds but also by the dysregulation of fundamental processes like transcription, DNA replication and mitosis. Recent evidence indicates that impaired expression of RNA-binding proteins results in mitotic aberrations and the formation of transcription-associated RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops), events strongly associated with DNA injury. We identify the splicing regulator SLU7 as a key mediator of genome stability. SLU7 knockdown results in R-loops formation, DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest and severe mitotic derangements with loss of sister chromatid cohesion (SCC). We define a molecular pathway through which SLU7 keeps in check the generation of truncated forms of the splicing factor SRSF3 (SRp20) (SRSF3-TR). Behaving as dominant negative, or by gain-of-function, SRSF3-TR impair the correct splicing and expression of the splicing regulator SRSF1 (ASF/SF2) and the crucial SCC protein sororin. This unique function of SLU7 was found in cancer cells of different tissue origin and also in the normal mouse liver, demonstrating a conserved and fundamental role of SLU7 in the preservation of genome integrity. Therefore, the dowregulation of SLU7 and the alterations of this pathway that we observe in the cirrhotic liver could be involved in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalen Jiménez
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Elizalde
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Azkona
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - M Ujue Latasa
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - María Arechederra
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Diego Alignani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Cytometry Unit, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Álvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Leticia Colyn
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Eva Santamaría
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Ortigosa
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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10
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Santamaría E, Rodríguez-Ortigosa CM, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Alvarez-Sola G, Bárcena-Varela M, Colyn L, Arcelus S, Jiménez M, Deutschmann K, Peleteiro-Vigil A, Gómez-Cambronero J, Milkiewicz M, Milkiewicz P, Sangro B, Keitel V, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Fernández-Barrena MG, Ávila MA, Berasain C. The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligand Amphiregulin Protects From Cholestatic Liver Injury and Regulates Bile Acids Synthesis. Hepatology 2019; 69:1632-1647. [PMID: 30411380 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) causes hepatocellular injury. Upon liver damage, a potent protective response is mounted to restore the organ's function. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is essential for regeneration after most types of liver damage, including cholestatic injury. However, EGFR can be activated by a family of growth factors induced during liver injury and regeneration. We evaluated the role of the EGFR ligand, amphiregulin (AREG), during cholestatic liver injury and regulation of AREG expression by BAs. First, we demonstrated increased AREG levels in livers from patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In two murine models of cholestatic liver injury, bile duct ligation (BDL) and alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) gavage, hepatic AREG expression was markedly up-regulated. Importantly, Areg-/- mice showed aggravated liver injury after BDL and ANIT administration compared to Areg+/+ mice. Recombinant AREG protected from ANIT and BDL-induced liver injury and reduced BA-triggered apoptosis in liver cells. Oral BA administration induced ileal and hepatic Areg expression, and, interestingly, cholestyramine feeding reduced postprandial Areg up-regulation in both tissues. Most interestingly, Areg-/- mice displayed high hepatic cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression, reduced serum cholesterol, and high BA levels. Postprandial repression of Cyp7a1 was impaired in Areg-/- mice, and recombinant AREG down-regulated Cyp7a1 mRNA in hepatocytes. On the other hand, BAs promoted AREG gene expression and protein shedding in hepatocytes. This effect was mediated through the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as demonstrated in Fxr-/- mice, and involved EGFR transactivation. Finally, we show that hepatic EGFR expression is indirectly induced by BA-FXR through activation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOC3). Conclusion: AREG-EGFR signaling protects from cholestatic injury and participates in the physiological regulation of BA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Santamaría
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Rodríguez-Ortigosa
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Leticia Colyn
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Arcelus
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jiménez
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kathleen Deutschmann
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ana Peleteiro-Vigil
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julian Gómez-Cambronero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bruno Sangro
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Navarra University Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Verena Keitel
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria J Monte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, University of Navarra, Cima, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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11
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Bárcena-Varela M, Caruso S, Llerena S, Álvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Rebouissou S, Alvarez L, Jimenez M, Santamaría E, Rodriguez-Ortigosa C, Mazza G, Rombouts K, San José-Eneriz E, Rabal O, Agirre X, Iraburu M, Santos-Laso A, Banales JM, Zucman-Rossi J, Prósper F, Oyarzabal J, Berasain C, Ávila MA, Fernández-Barrena MG. Dual Targeting of Histone Methyltransferase G9a and DNA-Methyltransferase 1 for the Treatment of Experimental Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2019; 69:587-603. [PMID: 30014490 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications such as DNA and histone methylation functionally cooperate in fostering tumor growth, including that of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pharmacological targeting of these mechanisms may open new therapeutic avenues. We aimed to determine the therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanism of action of our dual G9a histone-methyltransferase and DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) inhibitor in human HCC cells and their crosstalk with fibrogenic cells. The expression of G9a and DNMT1, along with that of their molecular adaptor ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains-1 (UHRF1), was measured in human HCCs (n = 268), peritumoral tissues (n = 154), and HCC cell lines (n = 32). We evaluated the effect of individual and combined inhibition of G9a and DNMT1 on HCC cell growth by pharmacological and genetic approaches. The activity of our lead compound, CM-272, was examined in HCC cells under normoxia and hypoxia, human hepatic stellate cells and LX2 cells, and xenograft tumors formed by HCC or combined HCC+LX2 cells. We found a significant and correlative overexpression of G9a, DNMT1, and UHRF1 in HCCs in association with poor prognosis. Independent G9a and DNMT1 pharmacological targeting synergistically inhibited HCC cell growth. CM-272 potently reduced HCC and LX2 cells proliferation and quelled tumor growth, particularly in HCC+LX2 xenografts. Mechanistically, CM-272 inhibited the metabolic adaptation of HCC cells to hypoxia and induced a differentiated phenotype in HCC and fibrogenic cells. The expression of the metabolic tumor suppressor gene fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), epigenetically repressed in HCC, was restored by CM-272. Conclusion: Combined targeting of G9a/DNMT1 with compounds such as CM-272 is a promising strategy for HCC treatment. Our findings also underscore the potential of differentiation therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Inserm U1162, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, IUH, France
| | - Susana Llerena
- Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Santander, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Álvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ujue Latasa
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Rebouissou
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Inserm U1162, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, IUH, France
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Eva Santamaría
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Ortigosa
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edurne San José-Eneriz
- Oncohematology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Oncohematology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Iraburu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biodonostia Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Inserm U1162, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, IUH, France
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Oncohematology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, Cima-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Chen X, Kundu K, Zhu Y, Ma H, Fidler S, Urtasun R. 3D Object Proposals Using Stereo Imagery for Accurate Object Class Detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2018; 40:1259-1272. [PMID: 28541196 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2017.2706685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to perform 3D object detection in the context of autonomous driving. Our method aims at generating a set of high-quality 3D object proposals by exploiting stereo imagery. We formulate the problem as minimizing an energy function that encodes object size priors, placement of objects on the ground plane as well as several depth informed features that reason about free space, point cloud densities and distance to the ground. We then exploit a CNN on top of these proposals to perform object detection. In particular, we employ a convolutional neural net (CNN) that exploits context and depth information to jointly regress to 3D bounding box coordinates and object pose. Our experiments show significant performance gains over existing RGB and RGB-D object proposal methods on the challenging KITTI benchmark. When combined with the CNN, our approach outperforms all existing results in object detection and orientation estimation tasks for all three KITTI object classes. Furthermore, we experiment also with the setting where LIDAR information is available, and show that using both LIDAR and stereo leads to the best result.
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13
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14
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Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Jimenez M, Barcena-Varela M, Santamaría E, Urtasun R, Rodriguez-Ortigosa C, Prieto J, Corrales FJ, Baulies A, García-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Berraondo P, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Avila MA. Engineered fibroblast growth factor 19 protects from acetaminophen-induced liver injury and stimulates aged liver regeneration in mice. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3083. [PMID: 28981086 PMCID: PMC5682649 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver displays a remarkable regenerative capacity triggered upon tissue injury or resection. However, liver regeneration can be overwhelmed by excessive parenchymal destruction or diminished by pre-existing conditions hampering repair. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19, rodent FGF15) is an enterokine that regulates liver bile acid and lipid metabolism, and stimulates hepatocellular protein synthesis and proliferation. FGF19/15 is also important for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Therefore recombinant FGF19 would be an ideal molecule to stimulate liver regeneration, but its applicability may be curtailed by its short half-life. We developed a chimaeric molecule termed Fibapo in which FGF19 is covalently coupled to apolipoprotein A-I. Fibapo retains FGF19 biological activities but has significantly increased half-life and hepatotropism. Here we evaluated the pro-regenerative activity of Fibapo in two clinically relevant models where liver regeneration may be impaired: acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning, and PH in aged mice. The only approved therapy for APAP intoxication is N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and no drugs are available to stimulate liver regeneration. We demonstrate that Fibapo reduced liver injury and boosted regeneration in APAP-intoxicated mice. Fibapo improved survival of APAP-poisoned mice when given at later time points, when NAC is ineffective. Mechanistically, Fibapo accelerated recovery of hepatic glutathione levels, potentiated cell growth-related pathways and increased functional liver mass. When Fibapo was administered to old mice prior to PH, liver regeneration was markedly increased. The exacerbated injury developing in these mice upon PH was attenuated, and the hepatic biosynthetic capacity was enhanced. Fibapo reversed metabolic and molecular alterations that impede regeneration in aged livers. It reduced liver steatosis and downregulated p21 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (Hnf4α) levels, whereas it stimulated Foxm1b gene expression. Together our findings indicate that FGF19 variants retaining the metabolic and growth-promoting effects of this enterokine may be valuable for the stimulation of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jimenez
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marina Barcena-Varela
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Eva Santamaría
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Ortigosa
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, USA
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, USA
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC and Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Matías A Avila
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 36, Pamplona 31008, Spain.,Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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15
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Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Urtasun R, Elizalde M, Barcena-Varela M, Jiménez M, Chang HC, Barbero R, Catalán V, Rodríguez A, Frühbeck G, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Villarroya F, Rodriguez-Ortigosa CM, Corrales FJ, Prieto J, Berraondo P, Berasain C, Avila MA. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) protects from diet-induced hepatic steatosis: development of an FGF19-based chimeric molecule to promote fatty liver regeneration. Gut 2017; 66:1818-1828. [PMID: 28119353 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), an enterokine that regulates synthesis of hepatic bile acids (BA), has been proposed to influence fat metabolism. Without FGF15/19, mouse liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) is severely impaired. We studied the role of FGF15/19 in response to a high fat diet (HFD) and its regulation by saturated fatty acids. We developed a fusion molecule encompassing FGF19 and apolipoprotein A-I, termed Fibapo, and evaluated its pharmacological properties in fatty liver regeneration. DESIGN Fgf15-/- mice were fed a HFD. Liver fat and the expression of fat metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes were measured. Influence of palmitic acid (PA) on FGF15/19 expression was determined in mice and in human liver cell lines. In vivo half-life and biological activity of Fibapo and FGF19 were compared. Hepatoprotective and proregenerative activities of Fibapo were evaluated in obese db/db mice undergoing PH. RESULTS Hepatosteatosis and ER stress were exacerbated in HFD-fed Fgf15-/- mice. Hepatic expression of Pparγ2 was elevated in Fgf15-/- mice, being reversed by FGF19 treatment. PA induced FGF15/19 expression in mouse ileum and human liver cells, and FGF19 protected from PA-mediated ER stress and cytotoxicity. Fibapo reduced liver BA and lipid accumulation, inhibited ER stress and showed enhanced half-life. Fibapo provided increased db/db mice survival and improved regeneration upon PH. CONCLUSIONS FGF15/19 is essential for hepatic metabolic adaptation to dietary fat being a physiological regulator of Pparγ2 expression. Perioperative administration of Fibapo improves fatty liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Ujue Latasa
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Elizalde
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maddalen Jiménez
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Haisul C Chang
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Barbero
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José M Gallego-Escuredo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando J Corrales
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus Prieto
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Immunology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA-University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEREHD, Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Jimenez M, Barcena-Varela M, Santamaría E, Urtasun R, Rodriguez-Ortigosa C, Prieto J, Berraondo P, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Avila MA. Bile acids, FGF15/19 and liver regeneration: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1326-1334. [PMID: 28709961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver has an extraordinary regenerative capacity rapidly triggered upon injury or resection. This response is intrinsically adjusted in its initiation and termination, a property termed the "hepatostat". Several molecules have been involved in liver regeneration, and among them bile acids may play a central role. Intrahepatic levels of bile acids rapidly increase after resection. Through the activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), bile acids regulate their hepatic metabolism and also promote hepatocellular proliferation. FXR is also expressed in enterocytes, where bile acids stimulate the expression of fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), which is released to the portal blood. Through the activation of FGFR4 on hepatocytes FGF15/19 regulates bile acids synthesis and finely tunes liver regeneration as part of the "hepatostat". Here we review the experimental evidences supporting the relevance of the FXR-FGF15/19-FGFR4 axis in liver regeneration and discuss potential therapeutic applications of FGF15/19 in the prevention of liver failure. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maddalen Jimenez
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marina Barcena-Varela
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Santamaría
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Ortigosa
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernandez-Barrena
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Matías A Avila
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pio XII, n 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Hepatology Programme, CIMA, Idisna, Universidad de Navarra, Avda, Pio XII, n 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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17
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Arriazu E, Ge X, Leung TM, Magdaleno F, Lopategi A, Lu Y, Kitamura N, Urtasun R, Theise N, Antoine DJ, Nieto N. Signalling via the osteopontin and high mobility group box-1 axis drives the fibrogenic response to liver injury. Gut 2017; 66:1123-1137. [PMID: 26818617 PMCID: PMC5532463 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver fibrosis is associated with significant collagen-I deposition largely produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs); yet, the link between hepatocyte damage and the HSC profibrogenic response remains unclear. Here we show significant induction of osteopontin (OPN) and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in liver fibrosis. Since OPN was identified as upstream of HMGB1, we hypothesised that OPN could participate in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis by increasing HMGB1 to upregulate collagen-I expression. DESIGN AND RESULTS Patients with long-term hepatitis C virus (HCV) progressing in disease stage displayed enhanced hepatic OPN and HMGB1 immunostaining, which correlated with fibrosis stage, whereas it remained similar in non-progressors. Hepatocyte cytoplasmic OPN and HMGB1 expression was significant while loss of nuclear HMGB1 occurred in patients with HCV-induced fibrosis compared with healthy explants. Well-established liver fibrosis along with marked induction of HMGB1 occurred in CCl4-injected OpnHep transgenic yet it was less in wild type and almost absent in Opn-/- mice. Hmgb1 ablation in hepatocytes (Hmgb1ΔHep) protected mice from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Coculture with hepatocytes that secrete OPN plus HMGB1 and challenge with recombinant OPN (rOPN) or HMGB1 (rHMGB1) enhanced collagen-I expression in HSCs, which was blunted by neutralising antibodies (Abs) and by Opn or Hmgb1 ablation. rOPN induced acetylation of HMGB1 in HSCs due to increased NADPH oxidase activity and the associated decrease in histone deacetylases 1/2 leading to upregulation of collagen-I. Last, rHMGB1 signalled via receptor for advanced glycation end-products and activated the PI3K-pAkt1/2/3 pathway to upregulate collagen-I. CONCLUSIONS During liver fibrosis, the increase in OPN induces HMGB1, which acts as a downstream alarmin driving collagen-I synthesis in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arriazu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tung-Ming Leung
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fernando Magdaleno
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aritz Lopategi
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yongke Lu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Naoto Kitamura
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil Theise
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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18
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Alvarez-Sola G, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Bárcena-Varela M, Elizalde M, Jiménez M, Rodriguez-Ortigosa CM, Corrales FJ, Fernández-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Avila MA. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19 in Hepatocarcinogenesis. Dig Dis 2017; 35:158-165. [PMID: 28249259 DOI: 10.1159/000450905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a neoplastic disease with a very bad prognosis and increasing worldwide incidence. HCCs are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is the only agent that has shown some clinical efficacy. It is therefore important to identify key molecular mechanisms driving hepatocarcinogenesis for the development of more efficacious therapies. However, HCCs are heterogeneous tumors and different molecular subclasses have been characterized. This heterogeneity may underlie the poor performance of most of the targeted therapies so far tested in HCC patients. The fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) and beta-Klotho (KLB) correceptor signaling system, a key regulator of bile acids (BA) synthesis and intermediary metabolism, is emerging as an important player in hepatocarcinogenesis. Key Messages: Aberrant signaling through the FGF15/19-FGFR4 pathway participates in the neoplastic behavior of HCC cells, promotes HCC development in mice and its overexpression has been characterized in a subset of HCC tumors from patients with poorer prognosis. Pharmacological interference with FGF15/19-FGFR4 signaling inhibits experimental hepatocarcinogenesis, and specific FGFR4 inhibitors are currently being tested in selected HCC patients with tumoral FGF19-FGFR4/KLB expression. CONCLUSIONS Interference with FGF19-FGFR4 signaling represents a novel strategy in HCC therapy. Selection of candidate patients based on tumoral FGF19-FGFR4/KLB levels as biomarkers may result in increased efficacy of FGFR4-targeted drugs. Nevertheless, attention should be paid to the potential on target toxic effects of FGFR4 inhibitors due to the key role of this signaling system in BA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- CIBERehd, University Clinic Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Abstract
To provide efficient tools for the capture and modeling of acceptable virtual human poses, we propose a method for constraining the underlying joint structures based on real life data. Current tools for delimiting valid postures often employ techniques that do not represent joint limits in an intuitively satisfying manner, and furthermore are seldom directly derived from experimental data. Here, we propose a semi-automatic scheme for determining ball-and-socket joint limits by actual measurement and we apply it to modeling the shoulder complex, which—along with the hip complex—can be approximated by a three-degree-of-freedom ball-and-socket joint. Our first step is to measure the joint motion range using optical motion capture. We next convert the recorded values to joint poses encoded using a coherent quaternion field representation of the joint orientation space. Finally, we obtain a closed, continuous implicit surface approximation for the quaternion orientation-space boundary whose interior represents the complete space of valid orientations, enabling us to project invalid postures to the closest valid ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Fua
- Computer Vision Laboratory, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hanson
- Computer Science Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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20
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Abstract
Accurate and efficient self-localization is a critical problem for autonomous systems. This paper describes an affordable solution to vehicle self-localization which uses odometry computed from two video cameras and road maps as the sole inputs. The core of the method is a probabilistic model for which an efficient approximate inference algorithm is derived. The inference algorithm is able to utilize distributed computation in order to meet the real-time requirements of autonomous systems in some instances. Because of the probabilistic nature of the model the method is capable of coping with various sources of uncertainty including noise in the visual odometry and inherent ambiguities in the map (e.g., in a Manhattan world). By exploiting freely available, community developed maps and visual odometry measurements, the proposed method is able to localize a vehicle to 4 m on average after 52 seconds of driving on maps which contain more than 2,150 km of drivable roads.
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21
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Mottaghi R, Fidler S, Yuille A, Urtasun R, Parikh D. Human-Machine CRFs for Identifying Bottlenecks in Scene Understanding. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2016; 38:74-87. [PMID: 26656579 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2015.2437377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in image understanding have pushed for scene understanding models that jointly reason about various tasks such as object detection, scene recognition, shape analysis, contextual reasoning, and local appearance based classifiers. In this work, we are interested in understanding the roles of these different tasks in improved scene understanding, in particular semantic segmentation, object detection and scene recognition. Towards this goal, we "plug-in" human subjects for each of the various components in a conditional random field model. Comparisons among various hybrid human-machine CRFs give us indications of how much "head room" there is to improve scene understanding by focusing research efforts on various individual tasks.
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22
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García-Irigoyen O, Latasa MU, Carotti S, Uriarte I, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Morini S, Benito P, Ladero JM, Rodriguez JA, Prieto J, Orbe J, Páramo JA, Fernández-Barrena MG, Berasain C, Avila MA. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in a novel crosstalk with the stromal derived factor 1/C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 axis. Hepatology 2015; 62:166-78. [PMID: 25808184 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in tissue repair after acute injury, but also participate in cancer by promoting a protumorigenic microenvironment. Previously, we reported on a key role for MMP10 in mouse liver regeneration. Herein, we investigated MMP10 expression and function in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. MMP10 was induced in human and murine HCC tissues and cells. MMP10-deficient mice showed less HCC incidence, smaller histological lesions, reduced tumor vascularization, and less lung metastases. Importantly, expression of the protumorigenic, C-X-C chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), was reduced in DEN-induced MMP10-deficient mice livers. Human HCC cells stably expressing MMP10 had increased CXCR4 expression and migratory capacity. Pharmacological inhibition of CXCR4 significantly reduced MMP10-stimulated HCC cell migration. Furthermore, MMP10 expression in HCC cells was induced by hypoxia and the CXCR4 ligand, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1), through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway, involving an activator protein 1 site in MMP10 gene promoter. CONCLUSION MMP10 contributes to HCC development, participating in tumor angiogenesis, growth, and dissemination. We identified a new reciprocal crosstalk between MMP10 and the CXCR4/SDF1 axis contributing to HCC progression and metastasis. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the role of a MMP in hepatocarcinogenesis in the corresponding genetic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Simone Carotti
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Center for Integrated Biomedical Research- CIR, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, University Clinic Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Elizalde
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Morini
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Center for Integrated Biomedical Research- CIR, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Benito
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Ladero
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus Prieto
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, University Clinic Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose A Páramo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, University Clinic Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBEREHD, University Clinic Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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23
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Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Carotti S, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Morini S, de Mingo A, Mari M, Corrales FJ, Prieto J, Berasain C, Avila MA. Ileal FGF15 contributes to fibrosis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2469-75. [PMID: 25346390 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), FGF19 in humans, is a gut-derived hormone and a key regulator of bile acids and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF15 also participates in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy inducing hepatocellular proliferation. FGF19 is overexpressed in a significant proportion of human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), and activation of its receptor FGFR4 promotes HCC cell growth. Here we addressed for the first time the role of endogenous Fgf15 in hepatocarcinogenesis. Fgf15(+/+) and Fgf15(-/-) mice were subjected to a clinically relevant model of liver inflammation and fibrosis-associated carcinogenesis. Fgf15(-/-) mice showed less and smaller tumors, and histological neoplastic lesions were also smaller than in Fgf15(+/+) animals. Importantly, ileal Fgf15 mRNA expression was enhanced in mice undergoing carcinogenesis, but at variance with human HCC it was not detected in liver or HCC tissues, while circulating FGF15 protein was clearly upregulated. Hepatocellular proliferation was also reduced in Fgf15(-/-) mice, which also expressed lower levels of the HCC marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Interestingly, lack of FGF15 resulted in attenuated fibrogenesis. However, in vitro experiments showed that liver fibrogenic stellate cells were not direct targets for FGF15/FGF19. Conversely we demonstrate that FGF15/FGF19 induces the expression of the pro-fibrogenic and pro-tumorigenic connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in hepatocytes. These findings suggest the existence of an FGF15-triggered CTGF-mediated paracrine action on stellate cells, and an amplification mechanism for the hepatocarcinogenic effects of FGF15 via CTGF production. In summary, our observations indicate that ileal FGF15 may contribute to HCC development in a context of chronic liver injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Uriarte
- CIBEREHD Internal Medicine, University Clinic Navarra, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Division of Hepatology, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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24
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In human chronic liver disease, there is association between ductular reaction (DR) and fibrosis; yet, the mechanism triggering its onset and its role in scar formation remains unknown. Since we previously showed that osteopontin (OPN) is highly induced during drug-induced liver fibrosis, we hypothesised that OPN could drive oval cells (OC) expansion and DR and signal to hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to promote scarring. RESULTS In vivo studies demonstrated increased OPN expression in biliary epithelial cells (BEC) and in OC in thioacetamide (TAA)-treated mice. OPN ablation protected mice from TAA and bile duct ligation-induced liver injury, DR and scarring. This was associated with greater hepatocyte proliferation, lower OC expansion and DR along with less fibrosis, suggesting that OPN could activate the OC compartment to differentiate into BEC, which could then signal to HSC to enhance scarring. Since TAA-treated wild-type mice and cirrhotic patients showed TGF-β(+) BEC, which were lacking in TAA-treated Opn(-/-) mice and in healthy human explants, this suggested that OPN could regulate TGF-β, a profibrogenic factor. In vitro experiments confirmed that recombinant OPN (rOPN) decreases hepatocyte proliferation and increases OC and BEC proliferation. To evaluate how BEC regulate collagen-I production in HSC, co-cultures were established. Co-cultured BEC upregulated OPN and TGF-β expression and enhanced collagen-I synthesis by HSC. Lastly, recombinant TGF-β (rTGFβ) and rOPN promoted BEC proliferation and neutralisation of OPN and TGF-β reduced collagen-I expression in co-cultured HSC. CONCLUSIONS OPN emerges as a key matricellular protein driving DR and contributing to scarring and liver fibrosis via TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aritz Lopategi
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yongke Lu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Naoto Kitamura
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tung-Ming Leung
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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25
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Garcia-Irigoyen O, Carotti S, Latasa MU, Uriarte I, Fernández-Barrena MG, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Morini S, Banales JM, Parks WC, Rodriguez JA, Orbe J, Prieto J, Páramo JA, Berasain C, Ávila MA. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 expression is induced during hepatic injury and plays a fundamental role in liver tissue repair. Liver Int 2014; 34:e257-70. [PMID: 24119197 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Upon tissue injury, the liver mounts a potent reparative and regenerative response. A role for proteases, including serine and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in this process is increasingly recognized. We have evaluated the expression and function of MMP10 (stromelysin-2) in liver wound healing and regeneration. METHODS The hepatic expression of MMP10 was examined in two murine models: liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) and bile duct ligation (BDL). MMP10 was detected in liver tissues by qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of growth factors and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists on MMP10 expression was studied in cultured parenchymal and biliary epithelial cells and macrophages respectively. The role of MMP10 was evaluated by comparing the response of Mmp10+/+ and Mmp10-/- mice to PH and BDL. The intrahepatic turnover of the extracellular matrix proteins fibrin (ogen) and fibronectin was examined. RESULTS MMP10 mRNA was readily induced after PH and BDL. MMP10 protein was detected in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and macrophages. In cultured liver epithelial cells, MMP10 expression was additively induced by transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor receptor ligands. TLR4 ligands also stimulated MMP10 expression in macrophages. Lack of MMP10 resulted in increased liver injury upon PH and BDL. Resolution of necrotic areas was impaired, and Mmp10-/- mice showed increased fibrogenesis and defective turnover of fibrin (ogen) and fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS MMP10 expression is induced during mouse liver injury and participates in the hepatic wound healing response. The profibrinolytic activity of MMP10 may be essential in this novel hepatoprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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26
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Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Azkona M, Latasa MU, Goñi S, García-Irigoyen O, Uriarte I, Segura V, Collantes M, Di Scala M, Lujambio A, Prieto J, Ávila MA, Berasain C. Splicing regulator SLU7 is essential for maintaining liver homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2909-20. [PMID: 24865429 DOI: 10.1172/jci74382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise equilibrium between cellular differentiation and proliferation is fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Maintaining this balance is particularly important for the liver, a highly differentiated organ with systemic metabolic functions that is endowed with unparalleled regenerative potential. Carcinogenesis in the liver develops as the result of hepatocellular de-differentiation and uncontrolled proliferation. Here, we identified SLU7, which encodes a pre-mRNA splicing regulator that is inhibited in hepatocarcinoma, as a pivotal gene for hepatocellular homeostasis. SLU7 knockdown in human liver cells and mouse liver resulted in profound changes in pre-mRNA splicing and gene expression, leading to impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, refractoriness to key metabolic hormones, and reversion to a fetal-like gene expression pattern. Additionally, loss of SLU7 also increased hepatocellular proliferation and induced a switch to a tumor-like glycolytic phenotype. Slu7 governed the splicing and/or expression of multiple genes essential for hepatocellular differentiation, including serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (Srsf3) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α), and was critical for cAMP-regulated gene transcription. Together, out data indicate that SLU7 is central regulator of hepatocyte identity and quiescence.
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27
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Geiger A, Lauer M, Wojek C, Stiller C, Urtasun R. 3D Traffic Scene Understanding From Movable Platforms. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2014; 36:1012-1025. [PMID: 26353233 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2013.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic generative model for multi-object traffic scene understanding from movable platforms which reasons jointly about the 3D scene layout as well as the location and orientation of objects in the scene. In particular, the scene topology, geometry, and traffic activities are inferred from short video sequences. Inspired by the impressive driving capabilities of humans, our model does not rely on GPS, lidar, or map knowledge. Instead, it takes advantage of a diverse set of visual cues in the form of vehicle tracklets, vanishing points, semantic scene labels, scene flow, and occupancy grids. For each of these cues, we propose likelihood functions that are integrated into a probabilistic generative model. We learn all model parameters from training data using contrastive divergence. Experiments conducted on videos of 113 representative intersections show that our approach successfully infers the correct layout in a variety of very challenging scenarios. To evaluate the importance of each feature cue, experiments using different feature combinations are conducted. Furthermore, we show how by employing context derived from the proposed method we are able to improve over the state-of-the-art in terms of object detection and object orientation estimation in challenging and cluttered urban environments.
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28
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Ge X, Leung TM, Arriazu E, Lu Y, Urtasun R, Christensen B, Fiel MI, Mochida S, Sørensen ES, Nieto N. Osteopontin binding to lipopolysaccharide lowers tumor necrosis factor-α and prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59:1600-16. [PMID: 24214181 PMCID: PMC3966944 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although osteopontin (OPN) is induced in alcoholic patients, its role in the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains unclear. Increased translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gut is key for the onset of ALD because it promotes macrophage infiltration and activation, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production, and liver injury. Since OPN is protective for the intestinal mucosa, we postulated that enhancing OPN expression in the liver and consequently in the blood and/or in the gut could protect from early alcohol-induced liver injury. Wild-type (WT), OPN knockout (Opn(-/-)), and transgenic mice overexpressing OPN in hepatocytes (Opn(HEP) Tg) were fed either the control or the ethanol Lieber-DeCarli diet. Ethanol increased hepatic, plasma, biliary, and fecal OPN more in Opn(HEP) Tg than in WT mice. Steatosis was less in ethanol-treated Opn(HEP) Tg mice as shown by decreased liver-to-body weight ratio, hepatic triglycerides, the steatosis score, oil red-O staining, and lipid peroxidation. There was also less inflammation and liver injury as demonstrated by lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration, LPS levels, the inflammation score, and the number of macrophages and TNFα(+) cells. To establish if OPN could limit LPS availability and its noxious effects in the liver, binding studies were performed. OPN showed binding affinity for LPS which prevented macrophage activation, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species generation and TNFα production. Treatment with milk OPN (m-OPN) blocked LPS translocation in vivo and protected from early alcohol-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION Natural induction plus forced overexpression of OPN in the liver or treatment with m-OPN protect from early alcohol-induced liver injury by blocking the gut-derived LPS and TNFα effects in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ge
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tung-Ming Leung
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Arriazu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yongke Lu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus Science Park, DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1468 Madison Avenue, Room 15-28A, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Satoshi Mochida
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Esben S. Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus Science Park, DK-8000 Denmark
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
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29
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Berasain C, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Castillo J, García-Irigoyen O, Uriarte I, Latasa MU, Prieto J, Avila MA. Alterations in the expression and activity of pre-mRNA splicing factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepat Oncol 2014; 1:241-252. [PMID: 30190958 DOI: 10.2217/hep.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a molecularly complex tumor that is resistant to standard and targeted therapies, and thus a deadly disease. In this context, the identification of key alterations driving HCC development is therefore essential. The implementation of next-generation sequencing techniques has underscored earlier realizations of the marked dysregulation of pre-mRNA splicing in HCC. Impairments in alternative splicing may lead to the expression of protumorigenic protein isoforms and to the generation of unstable mRNA species. Mechanistically, mutations in key nucleotides are responsible for many of these alterations in different types of tumors. However, changes in the expression of factors involved in the regulation of the splicing machinery are also important determinants in the derangement of pre-mRNA splicing. Here we discuss recent reports on the alteration of splicing factors in HCC, the pathological significance of these changes, and the identification of cell signaling pathways leading to the missplicing of genes in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Elizalde
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Castillo
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane García-Irigoyen
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria U Latasa
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A Avila
- Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Hepatology & Gene Therapy, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Avda, Pio XII, n55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Yamaguchi K, McAllester D, Urtasun R. Efficient Joint Segmentation, Occlusion Labeling, Stereo and Flow Estimation. Computer Vision – ECCV 2014 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Abstract
We present a novel dataset captured from a VW station wagon for use in mobile robotics and autonomous driving research. In total, we recorded 6 hours of traffic scenarios at 10–100 Hz using a variety of sensor modalities such as high-resolution color and grayscale stereo cameras, a Velodyne 3D laser scanner and a high-precision GPS/IMU inertial navigation system. The scenarios are diverse, capturing real-world traffic situations, and range from freeways over rural areas to inner-city scenes with many static and dynamic objects. Our data is calibrated, synchronized and timestamped, and we provide the rectified and raw image sequences. Our dataset also contains object labels in the form of 3D tracklets, and we provide online benchmarks for stereo, optical flow, object detection and other tasks. This paper describes our recording platform, the data format and the utilities that we provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geiger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Lenz
- Department of Measurement and Control Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - C Stiller
- Department of Measurement and Control Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
| | - R Urtasun
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, IL, USA
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32
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Latasa MU, Salis F, Urtasun R, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Elizalde M, Uriarte I, Santamaria M, Feo F, Pascale RM, Prieto J, Berasain C, Avila MA. Regulation of amphiregulin gene expression by β-catenin signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: a novel crosstalk between FGF19 and the EGFR system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52711. [PMID: 23285165 PMCID: PMC3527604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent liver tumor and a deadly disease with limited therapeutic options. Dysregulation of cell signaling pathways is a common denominator in tumorigenesis, including hepatocarcinogenesis. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling system is commonly activated in HCC, and is currently being evaluated as a therapeutic target in combination therapies. We and others have identified a central role for the EGFR ligand amphiregulin (AR) in the proliferation, survival and drug resistance of HCC cells. AR expression is frequently up-regulated in HCC tissues and cells through mechanisms not completely known. Here we identify the β-catenin signaling pathway as a novel mechanism leading to transcriptional activation of the AR gene in human HCC cells. Activation of β-catenin signaling, or expression of the T41A β-catenin active mutant, led to the induction of AR expression involving three specific β-catenin-Tcf responsive elements in its proximal promoter. We demonstrate that HCC cells expressing the T41A β-catenin active mutant show enhanced proliferation that is dependent in part on AR expression and EGFR signaling. We also demonstrate here a novel cross-talk of the EGFR system with fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). FGF19 is a recently identified driver gene in hepatocarcinogenesis and an activator of β-catenin signaling in HCC and colon cancer cells. We show that FGF19 induced AR gene expression through the β-catenin pathway in human HCC cells. Importantly, AR up-regulation and EGFR signaling participated in the induction of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation elicited by FGF19. Finally, we demonstrate a positive correlation between FGF19 and AR expression in human HCC tissues, therefore supporting in clinical samples our experimental observations. These findings identify the AR/EGFR system as a key mediator of FGF19 responses in HCC cells involving β-catenin signaling, and suggest that combined targeting of FGF19 and AR/EGFR may enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria U. Latasa
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fabiana Salis
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine & Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Elizalde
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Monica Santamaria
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesco Feo
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine & Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosa M. Pascale
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine & Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (CB); (MAA)
| | - Matías A. Avila
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (CB); (MAA)
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33
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Berasain C, Nicou A, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Latasa MU, Urtasun R, Elizalde M, Salis F, Perugorría MJ, Prieto J, Recio JA, Corrales FJ, Avila MA. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma: inflammatory activation and a new intracellular regulatory mechanism. Dig Dis 2012; 30:524-31. [PMID: 23108309 DOI: 10.1159/000341705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a chemoresistant tumor strongly associated with chronic hepatitis. Identification of molecular links connecting inflammation with cell growth/survival, and characterization of pro-tumorigenic intracellular pathways is therefore of therapeutic interest. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling system stands at a crossroad between inflammatory signals and intracellular pathways associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. We investigated the regulation and activity of different components of the EGFR system, including the EGFR ligand amphiregulin (AR) and its sheddase ADAM17, and the modulation of intracellular EGFR signaling by a novel mechanism involving protein methylation. METHODS ADAM17 protein expression was examined in models of liver injury and carcinogenesis. Crosstalk between tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, AR and EGFR signaling was evaluated in human HCC cells and mouse hepatocytes. Modulation of EGFR signaling and biological responses by methylation reactions was evaluated in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. RESULTS ADAM17 was upregulated in liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis. TNF-α triggered AR shedding and EGFR transactivation in HCC cells. AR was necessary for TNF-α activation of ERK1/2 and Akt signaling in hepatocytes. Inhibition of methylation reactions increased the ERK1/2 signal amplitude triggered by AR/EGFR and reduced DNA synthesis in AML12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased ADAM17 in pre-neoplastic liver injury further supports its implication in hepatocarcinogenesis. AR release and EGFR transactivation by TNF-α constitutes a novel link between inflammatory signals and pro-tumorigenic mechanisms in liver cells. Finally, the identification of a new mechanism controlling growth factor signaling, and biological responses, involving methylation reactions within the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, exposes a new target for antineoplastic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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34
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Urtasun R, Cubero FJ, Nieto N. Oxidative stress modulates KLF6Full and its splice variants. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:1851-62. [PMID: 22486562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a central mechanism in alcohol hepatotoxicity. Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), a transcription factor and a tumor-suppressor gene, is an early-responsive gene to injury; however, the effect of ROS and alcohol on KLF6 induction is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of 2 sources of ROS, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), and alcohol on the modulation of KLF6(Full) expression, splicing to KLF6_V1 and KLF6_V2, and the effect on TNFα, a downstream target. METHODS AND RESULTS Endogenous ROS production in CYP2E1-expressing HepG2 cells induced mRNA and protein expression of KLF6(Full) and its splice variants compared to control cells. Incubation with pro-oxidants such as arachidonic acid (AA), β-naphtoflavone, and H(2) O(2) further enhanced KLF6(Full) and its splice variants. The AA effects on KLF6(Full) and its splice forms were blocked by vitamin E-which prevents lipid peroxidation-and by diallylsulfide-a CYP2E1 inhibitor. Menadione and paraquat, 2 pro-oxidants metabolized via NQO1, induced KLF6(Full) mRNA in a thiol-dependent manner. Antioxidants and an NQO1 inhibitor suppressed the menadione-dependent increase in KLF6(Full) and its splice variants mRNA. Furthermore, primary hepatocytes and livers from chronic alcohol-fed rats, with elevated lipid peroxidation, H(2) O(2) and CYP2E1 but with low GSH, showed a ~2-fold increase in KLF6(Full) mRNA compared to controls. Inhibition of p38 phosphorylation further up-regulated the CYP2E1 and the AA effects on KLF6(Full) mRNA, whereas inhibition JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation decreased both. KLF6_V1 but not KLF6(Full) ablation markedly increased TNFα levels in macrophages; thus, TNFα emerges as a downstream target of KLF6_V1. CONCLUSIONS The novel effect of ROS on modulating KLF6(Full) expression and its splice variants could play a relevant role in liver injury and in TNFα regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Urtasun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Urtasun R, Lopategi A, George J, Leung TM, Lu Y, Wang X, Ge X, Fiel MI, Nieto N. Osteopontin, an oxidant stress sensitive cytokine, up-regulates collagen-I via integrin α(V)β(3) engagement and PI3K/pAkt/NFκB signaling. Hepatology 2012; 55:594-608. [PMID: 21953216 PMCID: PMC3561739 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A key feature in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis is fibrillar Collagen-I deposition; yet, mediators that could be key therapeutic targets remain elusive. We hypothesized that osteopontin (OPN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) cytokine expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), could drive fibrogenesis by modulating the HSC pro-fibrogenic phenotype and Collagen-I expression. Recombinant OPN (rOPN) up-regulated Collagen-I protein in primary HSCs in a transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-independent fashion, whereas it down-regulated matrix metalloprotease-13 (MMP13), thus favoring scarring. rOPN activated primary HSCs, confirmed by increased α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression and enhanced their invasive and wound-healing potential. HSCs isolated from wild-type (WT) mice were more profibrogenic than those from OPN knockout (Opn(-/-)) mice and infection of primary HSCs with an Ad-OPN increased Collagen-I, indicating correlation between both proteins. OPN induction of Collagen-I occurred via integrin α(v)β(3) engagement and activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/phosphorylated Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (PI3K/pAkt/NFκB)-signaling pathway, whereas cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) binding and mammalian target of rapamycin/70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (mTOR/p70S6K) were not involved. Neutralization of integrin α(v) β(3) prevented the OPN-mediated activation of the PI3K/pAkt/NFκB-signaling cascade and Collagen-I up-regulation. Likewise, inhibition of PI3K and NFκB blocked the OPN-mediated Collagen-I increase. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) cirrhotic patients showed coinduction of Collagen-I and cleaved OPN compared to healthy individuals. Acute and chronic liver injury by CCl(4) injection or thioacetamide (TAA) treatment elevated OPN expression. Reactive oxygen species up-regulated OPN in vitro and in vivo and antioxidants prevented this effect. Transgenic mice overexpressing OPN in hepatocytes (Opn(HEP) Tg) mice developed spontaneous liver fibrosis compared to WT mice. Last, chronic CCl(4) injection and TAA treatment caused more liver fibrosis to WT than to Opn(-/-) mice and the reverse occurred in Opn(HEP) Tg mice. CONCLUSION OPN emerges as a key cytokine within the ECM protein network driving the increase in Collagen-I protein contributing to scarring and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Division of Liver Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Yamaguchi K, Hazan T, McAllester D, Urtasun R. Continuous Markov Random Fields for Robust Stereo Estimation. Computer Vision – ECCV 2012 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33715-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Urtasun R, Latasa MU, Demartis MI, Balzani S, Goñi S, Garcia-Irigoyen O, Elizalde M, Azcona M, Pascale RM, Feo F, Bioulac-Sage P, Balabaud C, Muntané J, Prieto J, Berasain C, Avila MA. Connective tissue growth factor autocriny in human hepatocellular carcinoma: oncogenic role and regulation by epidermal growth factor receptor/yes-associated protein-mediated activation. Hepatology 2011; 54:2149-58. [PMID: 21800344 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The identification of molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the transformed phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is essential for the elucidation of therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that human HCC cells display an autocrine loop mediated by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) that promotes DNA synthesis and cell survival. Expression of CTGF was stimulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands and was dependent on the expression of the transcriptional coactivator, Yes-associated protein (YAP). We identified elements in the CTGF gene proximal promoter that bound YAP-enclosing complexes and were responsible for basal and EGFR-stimulated CTGF expression. We also demonstrate that YAP expression can be up-regulated through EGFR activation not only in HCC cells, but also in primary human hepatocytes. CTGF contributed to HCC cell dedifferentiation, expression of inflammation-related genes involved in carcinogenesis, resistance toward doxorubicin, and in vivo HCC cell growth. Importantly, CTGF down-regulated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 2 expression and was involved in the reduced sensitivity of these cells toward TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION We have identified autocrine CTGF as a novel determinant of HCC cells' neoplastic behavior. Expression of CTGF can be stimulated through the EGFR-signaling system in HCC cells in a novel cross-talk with the oncoprotein YAP. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first study that identifies a signaling mechanism triggering YAP gene expression in healthy and transformed liver parenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Latasa MU, Gil-Puig C, Fernández-Barrena MG, Rodríguez-Ortigosa CM, Banales JM, Urtasun R, Goñi S, Méndez M, Arcelus S, Juanarena N, Recio JA, Lotersztajn S, Prieto J, Berasain C, Corrales FJ, Lecanda J, Ávila MA. Oral methylthioadenosine administration attenuates fibrosis and chronic liver disease progression in Mdr2-/- mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15690. [PMID: 21209952 PMCID: PMC3012093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and fibrogenesis are directly related to chronic liver disease progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Currently there are few therapeutic options available to inhibit liver fibrosis. We have evaluated the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic potential of orally-administered 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) in Mdr2(-/-) mice, a clinically relevant model of sclerosing cholangitis and spontaneous biliary fibrosis, followed at later stages by HCC development. METHODOLOGY MTA was administered daily by gavage to wild type and Mdr2(-/-) mice for three weeks. MTA anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects and potential mechanisms of action were examined in the liver of Mdr2(-/-) mice with ongoing fibrogenesis and in cultured liver fibrogenic cells (myofibroblasts). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS MTA treatment reduced hepatomegaly and liver injury. α-Smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity and collagen deposition were also significantly decreased. Inflammatory infiltrate, the expression of the cytokines IL6 and Mcp-1, pro-fibrogenic factors like TGFβ2 and tenascin-C, as well as pro-fibrogenic intracellular signalling pathways were reduced by MTA in vivo. MTA inhibited the activation and proliferation of isolated myofibroblasts and down-regulated cyclin D1 gene expression at the transcriptional level. The expression of JunD, a key transcription factor in liver fibrogenesis, was also reduced by MTA in activated myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Oral MTA administration was well tolerated and proved its efficacy in reducing liver inflammation and fibrosis. MTA may have multiple molecular and cellular targets. These include the inhibition of inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines, as well as the attenuation of myofibroblast activation and proliferation. Downregulation of JunD and cyclin D1 expression in myofibroblasts may be important regarding the mechanism of action of MTA. This compound could be a good candidate to be tested for the treatment of (biliary) liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ujue Latasa
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil-Puig
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Digna Biotech, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Rodríguez-Ortigosa
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Banales
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Goñi
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Méndez
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Arcelus
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Juanarena
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan A. Recio
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Institute of Oncology and Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Inserm, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Corrales
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Lecanda
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Digna Biotech, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease involves significant crosstalk among intracellular signaling events in the liver. Overall, inflammatory and innate immune responses in Kupffer cells due to elevated gut-derived plasma endotoxin levels, increased reactive oxygen species-induced damage, and profibrogenic factors such as acetaldehyde or lipid peroxidation products contribute to activation of hepatic stellate cells, the key cell type involved in liver fibrosis. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, there has been great progress in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to liver fibrosis: potential biomarkers of fibrosis have been identified, and several candidate targets for antifibrotic drugs have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Urtasun R, Cubero FJ, Vera M, Nieto N. Reactive nitrogen species switch on early extracellular matrix remodeling via induction of MMP1 and TNFalpha. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1410-22, e1-4. [PMID: 19250650 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver injury leads to generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can react to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO-). We investigated whether ONOO- and its metabolites modulate extracellular matrix remodeling. METHODS Stellate cells (HSC) were incubated with pure ONOO- or SIN-1 (a ONOO- donor). Western blot, nuclear in vitro transcription, Northern blot, qPCR, and promoter transactivation analysis for COL1A1 and COL1A2 were carried out. Rats were fed alcohol or injected with CCl4 to cause alcohol-induced liver injury and an early fibrogenic response. RESULTS HSC incubated with ONOO- or SIN-1 showed similar viability, proliferation, COL1A1 and COL1A2 transcription rates, and mRNA levels as controls. There was a time- and dose-dependent down-regulation of collagen I and alpha-Sma proteins and up-regulation of MMP1 and TNFalpha, indicating decreased HSC activation. These effects were blocked by ONOO- scavengers. SIN-1 or ONOO- increased nitrosylation of MMP1/MMP13 and transactivation of the MMP1, MMP13, and TNFalpha promoters. A TNFalpha neutralizing antibody or GSH-ethyl ester blocked MMP1 promoter transactivation; whereas TNFalpha or l-buthionine sulfoximine, which depletes GSH, further enhanced it. Pretreatment with SIN-1 or ONOO- reduced the TGFbeta pro-fibrogenic response in HSC. In vivo experiments validated the protective role of ONOO- on the early fibrogenic response. However, highly activated HSC, such as myofibroblasts and HSC from chronic alcohol-fed rats, were resistant to the anti-fibrogenic actions of ONOO- due to higher levels of GSH, a ONOO- scavenger, overproduction of pro-fibrogenic TGFbeta, and reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION ONOO- could induce a protective mechanism in HSC in early stages of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Urtasun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
Uncontrolled production of collagen I is the main feature of liver fibrosis. Following a fibrogenic stimulus such as alcohol, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) transform into an activated collagen-producing cell. In alcoholic liver disease, numerous changes in gene expression are associated with HSC activation, including the induction of several intracellular signaling cascades, which help maintain the activated phenotype and control the fibrogenic and proliferative state of the cell. Detailed analyses for understanding the molecular basis of the collagen I gene regulation have revealed a complex process involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) as key mediators. Less is known, however, about the contribution of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In addition, a series of cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines, which activate extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells through paracrine and autocrine loops, contribute to the fibrogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Urtasun
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - L. Conde de la Rosa
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - N. Nieto
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1123, Department of Medicine/Division of Liver Diseases, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-76, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound-healing response that takes place during chronic liver injury and is characterized by excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, mainly collagen type I. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are responsible for the excessive production of scar tissue during liver fibrosis. Activation of HSC, the main step in the development of hepatic fibrosis, is mediated by cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by damaged hepatocytes and/or activated Kupffer cells and even HSC themselves. While HSC usually remain quiescent, in response to factors promoting liver injury they undergo activation and become highly proliferative and fibrogenic. Indeed a key feature of HSC activation is uncontrolled production of collagen type I. Collagen is a heterotrimeric protein composed of two a1 chains and one a2 chain forming a triple helix structure. Initiation of HSC activation is largely due to paracrine stimulation, whereas the perpetuation of such activated state involves autocrine as well as paracrine loops. This review focuses on the role of oxidant stress on the activation of stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Urtasun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Liver Deseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abdulkarim B, Saibishkumar E, Severin D, Mackenzie M, Hanson J, Daly H, Polkosnik L, Urtasun R, Fallone G, Parliament M. 2031. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.07.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yee D, Pearcey R, Dundas G, Hanson J, Mackenzie M, Robinson D, Underwood L, Field C, Urtasun R, Pervez N, Fallone G. 170 Comparison of tomotherapy versus four-field pelvic box altered fractionation radiotherapy treatment plans for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Field C, MacKenzie M, Rathee S, Murray B, Robinson D, Abdulkarim B, Dundas G, Murtha A, Parliament M, Pearcey R, Pervez N, Roa W, Scrimger R, Severin D, Sinha R, Urtasun R, van Vulpen M, Yee D, Fallone G. 197 Introduction of image-guided adaptive radiotherapy techniques. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pervez N, Pearcey R, Dundas G, Mackenzie M, Sinha R, Urtasun R, Yee D, Fields C, Halls S, Rivest R, Syme A, Fallone G. Image Fusion and Tomotherapy Treatment Planning for ca. Cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.07.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alexander A, Bistritz A, Halls S, Mehta V, Murray B, Roa W, Riauka T, Urtasun R, Abdulkarim B, Fulton D. 211 Prognostic significance of serial magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging in patients with malignant glioma undergoing radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sinha R, Pervez N, Rivest R, Heikal A, Wachoowicz K, Fallone G, Urtasun R, Abdulkarim B. 209 Multimodality biological imaging alters target definition compared to conventional target definition in glioblastoma multiforme. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roa W, Brasher PMA, Bauman G, Anthes M, Bruera E, Chan A, Fisher B, Fulton D, Gulavita S, Hao C, Husain S, Murtha A, Petruk K, Stewart D, Tai P, Urtasun R, Cairncross JG, Forsyth P. Abbreviated Course of Radiation Therapy in Older Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1583-8. [PMID: 15051755 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To prospectively compare standard radiation therapy (RT) with an abbreviated course of RT in older patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients and Methods One hundred patients with GBM, age 60 years or older, were randomly assigned after surgery to receive either standard RT (60 Gy in 30 fractions over 6 weeks) or a shorter course of RT (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks). The primary end point was overall survival. The secondary end points were proportionate survival at 6 months, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and corticosteroid requirement. HRQoL was assessed using the Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br). Results All patients had died at the time of analysis. Overall survival times measured from randomization were similar at 5.1 months for standard RT versus 5.6 months for the shorter course (log-rank test, P = .57). The survival probabilities at 6 months were also similar at 44.7% for standard RT versus 41.7% for the shorter course (lower-bound 95% CI, −13.7). KPS scores varied markedly but were not significantly different between the two groups (Wilcoxon test, P = .63). Low completion rates of the FACT-Br (45%) precluded meaningful comparisons between the two groups. Of patients completing RT as planned, 49% of patients (standard RT) versus 23% required an increase in posttreatment corticosteroid dosage (χ2 test, P = .02). Conclusion There is no difference in survival between patients receiving standard RT or short-course RT. In view of the similar KPS scores, decreased increment in corticosteroid requirement, and reduced treatment time, the abbreviated course of RT seems to be a reasonable treatment option for older patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Roa
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.
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