1
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Christ AJ, Rittenour TM, Bierman PR, Keisling BA, Knutz PC, Thomsen TB, Keulen N, Fosdick JC, Hemming SR, Tison JL, Blard PH, Steffensen JP, Caffee MW, Corbett LB, Dahl-Jensen D, Dethier DP, Hidy AJ, Perdrial N, Peteet DM, Steig EJ, Thomas EK. Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11. Science 2023; 381:330-335. [PMID: 37471537 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Past interglacial climates with smaller ice sheets offer analogs for ice sheet response to future warming and contributions to sea level rise; however, well-dated geologic records from formerly ice-free areas are rare. Here we report that subglacial sediment from the Camp Century ice core preserves direct evidence that northwestern Greenland was ice free during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 interglacial. Luminescence dating shows that sediment just beneath the ice sheet was deposited by flowing water in an ice-free environment 416 ± 38 thousand years ago. Provenance analyses and cosmogenic nuclide data and calculations suggest the sediment was reworked from local materials and exposed at the surface <16 thousand years before deposition. Ice sheet modeling indicates that ice-free conditions at Camp Century require at least 1.4 meters of sea level equivalent contribution from the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Christ
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Tammy M Rittenour
- Department of Geosciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Paul R Bierman
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Benjamin A Keisling
- University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78754, USA
| | - Paul C Knutz
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tonny B Thomsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nynke Keulen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie C Fosdick
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sidney R Hemming
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Tison
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie, DGES-IGEOS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Henri Blard
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie, DGES-IGEOS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54500 Nancy, France
| | - Jørgen P Steffensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, PICE, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lee B Corbett
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, PICE, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David P Dethier
- Department of Geosciences, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - Alan J Hidy
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Nicolas Perdrial
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Dorothy M Peteet
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Okazaki R, Marty B, Busemann H, Hashizume K, Gilmour JD, Meshik A, Yada T, Kitajima F, Broadley MW, Byrne D, Füri E, Riebe MEI, Krietsch D, Maden C, Ishida A, Clay P, Crowther SA, Fawcett L, Lawton T, Pravdivtseva O, Miura YN, Park J, Bajo KI, Takano Y, Yamada K, Kawagucci S, Matsui Y, Yamamoto M, Righter K, Sakai S, Iwata N, Shirai N, Sekimoto S, Inagaki M, Ebihara M, Yokochi R, Nishiizumi K, Nagao K, Lee JI, Kano A, Caffee MW, Uemura R, Nakamura T, Naraoka H, Noguchi T, Yabuta H, Yurimoto H, Tachibana S, Sawada H, Sakamoto K, Abe M, Arakawa M, Fujii A, Hayakawa M, Hirata N, Hirata N, Honda R, Honda C, Hosoda S, Iijima YI, Ikeda H, Ishiguro M, Ishihara Y, Iwata T, Kawahara K, Kikuchi S, Kitazato K, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka M, Michikami T, Mimasu Y, Miura A, Morota T, Nakazawa S, Namiki N, Noda H, Noguchi R, Ogawa N, Ogawa K, Okada T, Okamoto C, Ono G, Ozaki M, Saiki T, Sakatani N, Senshu H, Shimaki Y, Shirai K, Sugita S, Takei Y, Takeuchi H, Tanaka S, Tatsumi E, Terui F, Tsukizaki R, Wada K, Yamada M, Yamada T, Yamamoto Y, Yano H, Yokota Y, Yoshihara K, Yoshikawa M, Yoshikawa K, Furuya S, Hatakeda K, Hayashi T, Hitomi Y, Kumagai K, Miyazaki A, Nakato A, Nishimura M, Soejima H, Iwamae A, Yamamoto D, Yogata K, Yoshitake M, Fukai R, Usui T, Connolly HC, Lauretta D, Watanabe SI, Tsuda Y. Noble gases and nitrogen in samples of asteroid Ryugu record its volatile sources and recent surface evolution. Science 2023; 379:eabo0431. [PMID: 36264828 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu is expected to contain volatile chemical species that could provide information on the origin of Earth's volatiles. Samples of Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measured noble gas and nitrogen isotopes in Ryugu samples and found that they are dominated by presolar and primordial components, incorporated during Solar System formation. Noble gas concentrations are higher than those in Ivuna-type carbonaceous (CI) chondrite meteorites. Several host phases of isotopically distinct nitrogen have different abundances among the samples. Our measurements support a close relationship between Ryugu and CI chondrites. Noble gases produced by galactic cosmic rays, indicating a ~5 million year exposure, and from implanted solar wind record the recent irradiation history of Ryugu after it migrated to its current orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Bernard Marty
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Henner Busemann
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ko Hashizume
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan
| | - Jamie D Gilmour
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alex Meshik
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Fumio Kitajima
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - David Byrne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Evelyn Füri
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - My E I Riebe
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Krietsch
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Maden
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Akizumi Ishida
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Patricia Clay
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah A Crowther
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lydia Fawcett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas Lawton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Olga Pravdivtseva
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Yayoi N Miura
- Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jisun Park
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Bajo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawagucci
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.,Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yohei Matsui
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.,Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kevin Righter
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Saburo Sakai
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Iwata
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Naoki Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Shun Sekimoto
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Makoto Inagaki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ebihara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Reika Yokochi
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kunihiko Nishiizumi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Jong Ik Lee
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Akihiro Kano
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ryu Uemura
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- UTokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sawada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Arakawa
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujii
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayakawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hirata
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naru Hirata
- Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Rie Honda
- Center of Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Chikatoshi Honda
- Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hosoda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Iijima
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masateru Ishiguro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Takahiro Iwata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawahara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shota Kikuchi
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Kohei Kitazato
- Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Moe Matsuoka
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Michikami
- Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Yuya Mimasu
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akira Miura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Morota
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namiki
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Noda
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan.,National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Rina Noguchi
- Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naoko Ogawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ogawa
- JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chisato Okamoto
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Go Ono
- Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanobu Ozaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakatani
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Senshu
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yuri Shimaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kei Shirai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Sugita
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuto Takei
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Eri Tatsumi
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Ryudo Tsukizaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yokota
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshihara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Kent Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shizuho Furuya
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | | | - Tasuku Hayashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Yuya Hitomi
- Marine Works Japan Ltd., Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Iwamae
- Marine Works Japan Ltd., Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Miwa Yoshitake
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Ryota Fukai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Harold C Connolly
- Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Dante Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85705, USA
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
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3
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Okazaki R, Miura YN, Takano Y, Sawada H, Sakamoto K, Yada T, Yamada K, Kawagucci S, Matsui Y, Hashizume K, Ishida A, Broadley MW, Marty B, Byrne D, Füri E, Meshik A, Pravdivtseva O, Busemann H, Riebe MEI, Gilmour J, Park J, Bajo KI, Righter K, Sakai S, Sekimoto S, Kitajima F, Crowther SA, Iwata N, Shirai N, Ebihara M, Yokochi R, Nishiizumi K, Nagao K, Lee JI, Clay P, Kano A, Caffee MW, Uemura R, Inagaki M, Krietsch D, Maden C, Yamamoto M, Fawcett L, Lawton T, Nakamura T, Naraoka H, Noguchi T, Yabuta H, Yurimoto H, Tsuda Y, Watanabe SI, Abe M, Arakawa M, Fujii A, Hayakawa M, Hirata N, Hirata N, Honda R, Honda C, Hosoda S, Iijima YI, Ikeda H, Ishiguro M, Ishihara Y, Iwata T, Kawahara K, Kikuchi S, Kitazato K, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka M, Michikami T, Mimasu Y, Miura A, Morota T, Nakazawa S, Namiki N, Noda H, Noguchi R, Ogawa N, Ogawa K, Okada T, Okamoto C, Ono G, Ozaki M, Saiki T, Sakatani N, Senshu H, Shimaki Y, Shirai K, Sugita S, Takei Y, Takeuchi H, Tanaka S, Tatsumi E, Terui F, Tsukizaki R, Wada K, Yamada M, Yamada T, Yamamoto Y, Yano H, Yokota Y, Yoshihara K, Yoshikawa M, Yoshikawa K, Furuya S, Hatakeda K, Hayashi T, Hitomi Y, Kumagai K, Miyazaki A, Nakato A, Nishimura M, Soejima H, Iwamae A, Yamamoto D, Yogata K, Yoshitake M, Fukai R, Usui T, Ireland T, Connolly HC, Lauretta DS, Tachibana S. First asteroid gas sample delivered by the Hayabusa2 mission: A treasure box from Ryugu. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo7239. [PMID: 36264781 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Hayabusa2 spacecraft returned to Earth from the asteroid 162173 Ryugu on 6 December 2020. One day after the recovery, the gas species retained in the sample container were extracted and measured on-site and stored in gas collection bottles. The container gas consists of helium and neon with an extraterrestrial 3He/4He and 20Ne/22Ne ratios, along with some contaminant terrestrial atmospheric gases. A mixture of solar and Earth's atmospheric gas is the best explanation for the container gas composition. Fragmentation of Ryugu grains within the sample container is discussed on the basis of the estimated amount of indigenous He and the size distribution of the recovered Ryugu grains. This is the first successful return of gas species from a near-Earth asteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yayoi N Miura
- Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takano
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sawada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kanako Sakamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Toru Yada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawagucci
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yohei Matsui
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
- Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), JAMSTEC, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ko Hashizume
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan
| | - Akizumi Ishida
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | - Bernard Marty
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - David Byrne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Evelyn Füri
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRPG, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Alex Meshik
- Physics Department, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Henner Busemann
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - My E I Riebe
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jamie Gilmour
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jisun Park
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Bajo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kevin Righter
- Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science, Mail Code XI2, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Saburo Sakai
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shun Sekimoto
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Fumio Kitajima
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sarah A Crowther
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Naoyoshi Iwata
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Naoki Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ebihara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Reika Yokochi
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kunihiko Nishiizumi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Jong Ik Lee
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Patricia Clay
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Akihiro Kano
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ryu Uemura
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Inagaki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Daniela Krietsch
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Maden
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Lydia Fawcett
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thomas Lawton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Department of Earth Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Naraoka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takaaki Noguchi
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hikaru Yabuta
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Watanabe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Arakawa
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujii
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayakawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hirata
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naru Hirata
- Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Rie Honda
- Center for Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Chikatoshi Honda
- Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hosoda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Iijima
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masateru Ishiguro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Takahiro Iwata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawahara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shota Kikuchi
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Kohei Kitazato
- Aizu Research Cluster for Space Science, University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Moe Matsuoka
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Michikami
- Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Yuya Mimasu
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Akira Miura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Morota
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakazawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namiki
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Noda
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan
| | - Rina Noguchi
- Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naoko Ogawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ogawa
- JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Okada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chisato Okamoto
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Go Ono
- Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masanobu Ozaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takanao Saiki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakatani
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Senshu
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yuri Shimaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Kei Shirai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Sugita
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuto Takei
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Eri Tatsumi
- School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fuyuto Terui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Ryudo Tsukizaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Koji Wada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yokota
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshihara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan
| | - Kent Yoshikawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shizuho Furuya
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | | | - Tasuku Hayashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Yuya Hitomi
- Marine Works Japan Ltd., Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Miyazaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Aiko Nakato
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishimura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Iwamae
- Marine Works Japan Ltd., Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamamoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ōokayama, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kasumi Yogata
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Miwa Yoshitake
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Ryota Fukai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Usui
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan
| | - Trevor Ireland
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Harold C Connolly
- Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Dante S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Shogo Tachibana
- UTokyo Organization for Planetary and Space Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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4
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Jenniskens P, Gabadirwe M, Yin QZ, Proyer A, Moses O, Kohout T, Franchi F, Gibson RL, Kowalski R, Christensen EJ, Gibbs AR, Heinze A, Denneau L, Farnocchia D, Chodas PW, Gray W, Micheli M, Moskovitz N, Onken CA, Wolf C, Devillepoix HAR, Ye Q, Robertson DK, Brown P, Lyytinen E, Moilanen J, Albers J, Cooper T, Assink J, Evers L, Lahtinen P, Seitshiro L, Laubenstein M, Wantlo N, Moleje P, Maritinkole J, Suhonen H, Zolensky ME, Ashwal L, Hiroi T, Sears DW, Sehlke A, Maturilli A, Sanborn ME, Huyskens MH, Dey S, Ziegler K, Busemann H, Riebe MEI, Meier MMM, Welten KC, Caffee MW, Zhou Q, Li QL, Li XH, Liu Y, Tang GQ, McLain HL, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Sabbah H, Joblin C, Granvik M, Mosarwa B, Botepe K. The impact and recovery of asteroid 2018 LA. Meteorit Planet Sci 2021; 56:844-893. [PMID: 34295141 PMCID: PMC7611328 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The June 2, 2018, impact of asteroid 2018 LA over Botswana is only the second asteroid detected in space prior to impacting over land. Here, we report on the successful recovery of meteorites. Additional astrometric data refine the approach orbit and define the spin period and shape of the asteroid. Video observations of the fireball constrain the asteroid's position in its orbit and were used to triangulate the location of the fireball's main flare over the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. 23 meteorites were recovered. A consortium study of eight of these classifies Motopi Pan as a HED polymict breccia derived from howardite, cumulate and basaltic eucrite, and diogenite lithologies. Before impact, 2018 LA was a solid rock of ~156 cm diameter with high bulk density ~2.85 g/cm3, a relatively low albedo pv ~ 0.25, no significant opposition effect on the asteroid brightness, and an impact kinetic energy of ~0.2 kt. The orbit of 2018 LA is consistent with an origin at Vesta (or its Vestoids) and delivery into an Earth-impacting orbit via the v6 resonance. The impact that ejected 2018 LA in an orbit towards Earth occurred 22.8 ± 3.8 Ma ago. Zircons record a concordant U-Pb age of 4563 ± 11 Ma and a consistent 207Pb/206Pb age of 4563 ± 6 Ma. A much younger Pb-Pb phosphate resetting age of 4234 ± 41 Ma was found. From this impact chronology, we discuss what is the possible source crater of Motopi Pan and the age of Vesta's Veneneia impact basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenniskens
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Mohutsiwa Gabadirwe
- Botswana Geoscience Institute, Plot 11566, Khama 1 Avenue, Private Bag 0014, Lobatse, Botswana
| | - Qing-Zhu Yin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Proyer
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Oliver Moses
- University of Botswana, Okavango Research Institute, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana
| | - Tomas Kohout
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Ursa Finnish Fireball Network, Kopernikuksentie 1, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fulvio Franchi
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Roger L. Gibson
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Richard Kowalski
- Catalina Sky Survey, Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, 1629 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Eric J. Christensen
- Catalina Sky Survey, Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, 1629 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Alex R. Gibbs
- Catalina Sky Survey, Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, The University of Arizona, 1629 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Aren Heinze
- ATLAS, Institute for Astronomy, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
| | - Larry Denneau
- ATLAS, Institute for Astronomy, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1839, USA
| | - Davide Farnocchia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Paul W. Chodas
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - William Gray
- Project Pluto, 168 Ridge Road, Bowdoinham, ME 04008, USA
| | - Marco Micheli
- ESA NEO Coordination Centre, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, I-00044, Frascati, Italy
| | - Nick Moskovitz
- Lowell Observatory, 1400 W. Mars Hill Rd., Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Christopher A. Onken
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2611, Australia
| | - Christian Wolf
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2611, Australia
| | | | - Quanzhi Ye
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Darrel K. Robertson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Asteroid Threat Assessment Project, Mail Stop 239-1, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Peter Brown
- Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Esko Lyytinen
- Ursa Finnish Fireball Network, Kopernikuksentie 1, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarmo Moilanen
- Ursa Finnish Fireball Network, Kopernikuksentie 1, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jim Albers
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Tim Cooper
- Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, Suite 617, Private Bag X043, Benoni 1500, South Africa
| | - Jelle Assink
- Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, R&D Seismology and Acoustics, P. O. Box 201, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Läslo Evers
- Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, R&D Seismology and Acoustics, P. O. Box 201, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Geoscience and Engineering, P. O. Box 5048, NL-2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Panu Lahtinen
- Ursa Finnish Fireball Network, Kopernikuksentie 1, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lesedi Seitshiro
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Matthias Laubenstein
- Gran Sasso National Laboratory, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via G. Acitelli 22, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
| | - Nggie Wantlo
- Botswana Geoscience Institute, Plot 11566, Khama 1 Avenue, Private Bag 0014, Lobatse, Botswana
| | - Phemo Moleje
- Botswana Geoscience Institute, Plot 11566, Khama 1 Avenue, Private Bag 0014, Lobatse, Botswana
| | - Joseph Maritinkole
- Botswana Geoscience Institute, Plot 11566, Khama 1 Avenue, Private Bag 0014, Lobatse, Botswana
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lewis Ashwal
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Takahiro Hiroi
- Brown University, Reflectance Experiment Laboratory, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Science, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Derek W. Sears
- NASA Ames Research Center / Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Alexander Sehlke
- NASA Ames Research Center / Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Mail Stop 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Alessandro Maturilli
- Institute for Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center DLR, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - Matthew E. Sanborn
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Magdalena H. Huyskens
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Supratim Dey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen Ziegler
- University of New Mexico, Institute of Meteoritics, 221 Yale Blvd NE, 331 Northrop Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Henner Busemann
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - My E. I. Riebe
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias M. M. Meier
- Naturmuseum St. Gallen, Rorschacher Strasse 263, CH-9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kees C. Welten
- University of California Berkeley, Space Science Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marc W. Caffee
- Purdue University, Dept. Physics and Astronomy, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Astronomical Observatories, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qiu-Li Li
- National Astronomical Observatories, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xian-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hannah L. McLain
- Catholic University of America, Department of Chemistry, 620 Michigan Ave, N.E., Washington, DC 20064, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Jason P. Dworkin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Daniel P. Glavin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Analytical Food Chemistry, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hassan Sabbah
- IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse (UPS), F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Mikael Granvik
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, P. O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Onboard Space Systems, Lulea University of Technology, Box 848, S-981 28 Kiruna, Sweden
| | - Babutsi Mosarwa
- Botswana National Museum, 161 Queens Rd., Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Koketso Botepe
- Botswana Geoscience Institute, Plot 11566, Khama 1 Avenue, Private Bag 0014, Lobatse, Botswana
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5
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Heck PR, Greer J, Boesenberg JS, Bouvier A, Caffee MW, Cassata WS, Corrigan C, Davis AM, Davis DW, Fries M, Hankey M, Jenniskens P, Schmitt‐Kopplin P, Sheu S, Trappitsch R, Velbel M, Weller B, Welten K, Yin Q, Sanborn ME, Ziegler K, Rowland D, Verosub KL, Zhou Q, Liu Y, Tang G, Li Q, Li X, Zajacz Z. The fall, recovery, classification, and initial characterization of the Hamburg, Michigan H4 chondrite. Meteorit Planet Sci 2020; 55:2341-2359. [PMID: 33510569 PMCID: PMC7820957 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Hamburg meteorite fell on January 16, 2018, near Hamburg, Michigan, after a fireball event widely observed in the U.S. Midwest and in Ontario, Canada. Several fragments fell onto frozen surfaces of lakes and, thanks to weather radar data, were recovered days after the fall. The studied rock fragments show no or little signs of terrestrial weathering. Here, we present the initial results from an international consortium study to describe the fall, characterize the meteorite, and probe the collision history of Hamburg. About 1 kg of recovered meteorites was initially reported. Petrology, mineral chemistry, trace element and organic chemistry, and O and Cr isotopic compositions are characteristic of H4 chondrites. Cosmic ray exposure ages based on cosmogenic 3He, 21Ne, and 38Ar are ~12 Ma, and roughly agree with each other. Noble gas data as well as the cosmogenic 10Be concentration point to a small 40-60 cm diameter meteoroid. An 40Ar-39Ar age of 4532 ± 24 Ma indicates no major impact event occurring later in its evolutionary history, consistent with data of other H4 chondrites. Microanalyses of phosphates with LA-ICPMS give an average Pb-Pb age of 4549 ± 36 Ma. This is in good agreement with the average SIMS Pb-Pb phosphate age of 4535.3 ± 9.5 Ma and U-Pb Concordia age of 4535 ± 10 Ma. The weighted average age of 4541.6 ± 9.5 Ma reflects the metamorphic phosphate crystallization age after parent body formation in the early solar system.
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Saha S, Owen LA, Orr EN, Caffee MW. A statistical and numerical modeling approach for spatiotemporal reconstruction of glaciations in the Central Asian mountains. MethodsX 2020; 7:100820. [PMID: 32257837 PMCID: PMC7110412 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing Quaternary regional glaciations throughout the Himalaya, Tibet, and the adjoining mountains in Central Asia is challenging due to geological biases towards limited preservation of glacial deposits and chronological uncertainties. Here, we offer several statistical and mathematical model codes in R, in excel, and in MATLAB useful to develop regional glacial chronostratigraphies, especially in areas with distinct orographically-modulated climate. A complete R code is provided to generate a regional climate map using Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Additional R codes include reduced chi-squared, Chauvenet's criterion, radial plotter/abanico plot, finite mixture model, and Student's t-test. These methods are useful in reconstructing the timing of local and regional glacial chronologies. An excel code to calculate equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) and steps to reconstruct glacier hypsometry are also made available to further aid to our understanding of the extent of paleoglaciations. A MATLAB code of the linear glacier flow model is included to reconstruct paleotemperatures using the length and slope of a glacier during past advances.•R statistical codes can be used/modified without restrictions for other researchers.•Easy steps to calculate ELAs and glacier hypsometry from the same data.•Paleo-temperature reconstruction utilizes already developed glacial chronologies and maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Saha
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lewis A Owen
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Orr
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), University of Potsdam, Institute for Geosciences, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Physics, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Saha S, Owen LA, Orr EN, Caffee MW. Cosmogenic 10Be and equilibrium-line altitude dataset of Holocene glacier advances in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Data Brief 2019; 26:104412. [PMID: 31516946 PMCID: PMC6736771 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the variable temporal and spatial responses of tropical-subtropical high-altitude glaciers to climate change is critical for successful model predictions and environmental risk assessment in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. High-frequency Holocene glacier chronostratigraphies are therefore reconstructed in 79 glaciated valleys across the orogen using 519 published and 16 new terrestrial cosmogenic 10Be exposure age dataset. Published 10Be ages are compiled only for moraine boulders (excluding bedrock ages). These ages are recalculated using the latest ICE-D production rate calibration database and the scaling scheme models. Outliers for the individual moraine are detected using the Chauvenet's criterion. In addition, past equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) are determined using the area-altitude (AA), area accumulation ratio (AAR), and toe-headwall accumulation ratio (THAR) methods for each glacier advance. The modern maximum elevations of lateral moraines (MELM) are also used to estimate modern ELAs and as an independent check on mean ELAs derived using the above three methods. These data may serve as an essential archive for future studies focusing on the cryospheric and environmental changes in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. A more comprehensive analysis of the published and new 10Be ages and ELA results and a list of references are presented in Saha et al. (2019, High-frequency Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Quaternary Science Reviews, 220, 372–400).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Saha
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Physics, Geology, and Engineering Technology, Northern Kentucky University, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Lewis A Owen
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Orr
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), University of Potsdam, Institute for Geosciences, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Physics, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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8
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Muschitiello F, D'Andrea WJ, Schmittner A, Heaton TJ, Balascio NL, deRoberts N, Caffee MW, Woodruff TE, Welten KC, Skinner LC, Simon MH, Dokken TM. Deep-water circulation changes lead North Atlantic climate during deglaciation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1272. [PMID: 30894523 PMCID: PMC6426850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraining the response time of the climate system to changes in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation is fundamental to improving climate and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation predictability. Here we report a new synchronization of terrestrial, marine, and ice-core records, which allows the first quantitative determination of the response time of North Atlantic climate to changes in high-latitude NADW formation rate during the last deglaciation. Using a continuous record of deep water ventilation from the Nordic Seas, we identify a ∼400-year lead of changes in high-latitude NADW formation ahead of abrupt climate changes recorded in Greenland ice cores at the onset and end of the Younger Dryas stadial, which likely occurred in response to gradual changes in temperature- and wind-driven freshwater transport. We suggest that variations in Nordic Seas deep-water circulation are precursors to abrupt climate changes and that future model studies should address this phasing. The response time of North Atlantic climate to changes in high-latitude deep-water formation during the last deglaciation is still unclear. Here the authors show that gradual changes in Nordic Seas deep-water circulation systematically lead ahead of abrupt regional climate shifts by ~400 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muschitiello
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK. .,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA. .,NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007, Bergen, Norway.
| | - William J D'Andrea
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Andreas Schmittner
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-5503, USA
| | - Timothy J Heaton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Nicholas L Balascio
- Department of Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA
| | - Nicole deRoberts
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Thomas E Woodruff
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kees C Welten
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Luke C Skinner
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Margit H Simon
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond M Dokken
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, 5007, Bergen, Norway
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9
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Shakun JD, Corbett LB, Bierman PR, Underwood K, Rizzo DM, Zimmerman SR, Caffee MW, Naish T, Golledge NR, Hay CC. Minimal East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat onto land during the past eight million years. Nature 2018; 558:284-287. [PMID: 29899483 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) is the largest potential contributor to sea-level rise. However, efforts to predict the future evolution of the EAIS are hindered by uncertainty in how it responded to past warm periods, for example, during the Pliocene epoch (5.3 to 2.6 million years ago), when atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were last higher than 400 parts per million. Geological evidence indicates that some marine-based portions of the EAIS and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreated during parts of the Pliocene1,2, but it remains unclear whether ice grounded above sea level also experienced retreat. This uncertainty persists because global sea-level estimates for the Pliocene have large uncertainties and cannot be used to rule out substantial terrestrial ice loss 3 , and also because direct geological evidence bearing on past ice retreat on land is lacking. Here we show that land-based sectors of the EAIS that drain into the Ross Sea have been stable throughout the past eight million years. We base this conclusion on the extremely low concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al isotopes found in quartz sand extracted from a land-proximal marine sediment core. This sediment had been eroded from the continent, and its low levels of cosmogenic nuclides indicate that it experienced only minimal exposure to cosmic radiation, suggesting that the sediment source regions were covered in ice. These findings indicate that atmospheric warming during the past eight million years was insufficient to cause widespread or long-lasting meltback of the EAIS margin onto land. We suggest that variations in Antarctic ice volume in response to the range of global temperatures experienced over this period-up to 2-3 degrees Celsius above preindustrial temperatures 4 , corresponding to future scenarios involving carbon dioxide concentrations of between 400 and 500 parts per million-were instead driven mostly by the retreat of marine ice margins, in agreement with the latest models5,6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Shakun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| | - Lee B Corbett
- Department of Geology and Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Paul R Bierman
- Department of Geology and Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kristen Underwood
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Donna M Rizzo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Susan R Zimmerman
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Marc W Caffee
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tim Naish
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas R Golledge
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Carling C Hay
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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10
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Menounos B, Goehring BM, Osborn G, Margold M, Ward B, Bond J, Clarke GKC, Clague JJ, Lakeman T, Koch J, Caffee MW, Gosse J, Stroeven AP, Seguinot J, Heyman J. Cordilleran Ice Sheet mass loss preceded climate reversals near the Pleistocene Termination. Science 2017; 358:781-784. [PMID: 29123066 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) once covered an area comparable to that of Greenland. Previous geologic evidence and numerical models indicate that the ice sheet covered much of westernmost Canada as late as 12.5 thousand years ago (ka). New data indicate that substantial areas throughout westernmost Canada were ice free prior to 12.5 ka and some as early as 14.0 ka, with implications for climate dynamics and the timing of meltwater discharge to the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Early Bølling-Allerød warmth halved the mass of the CIS in as little as 500 years, causing 2.5 to 3.0 meters of sea-level rise. Dozens of cirque and valley glaciers, along with the southern margin of the CIS, advanced into recently deglaciated regions during the Bølling-Allerød and Younger Dryas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Menounos
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute and Geography, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - B M Goehring
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - G Osborn
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M Margold
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Ward
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - J Bond
- Yukon Geological Survey, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2B5, Canada
| | - G K C Clarke
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - J J Clague
- Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - T Lakeman
- Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim 7040, Norway
| | - J Koch
- Department of Geography, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia V3W 2M8, Canada
| | - M W Caffee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J Gosse
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - A P Stroeven
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Seguinot
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Heyman
- Geomorphology and Glaciology, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Lapen TJ, Righter M, Andreasen R, Irving AJ, Satkoski AM, Beard BL, Nishiizumi K, Jull AJT, Caffee MW. Two billion years of magmatism recorded from a single Mars meteorite ejection site. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1600922. [PMID: 28164153 PMCID: PMC5287701 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The timing and nature of igneous activity recorded at a single Mars ejection site can be determined from the isotope analyses of Martian meteorites. Northwest Africa (NWA) 7635 has an Sm-Nd crystallization age of 2.403 ± 0.140 billion years, and isotope data indicate that it is derived from an incompatible trace element-depleted mantle source similar to that which produced a geochemically distinct group of 327- to 574-million-year-old "depleted" shergottites. Cosmogenic nuclide data demonstrate that NWA 7635 was ejected from Mars 1.1 million years ago (Ma), as were at least 10 other depleted shergottites. The shared ejection age is consistent with a common ejection site for these meteorites. The spatial association of 327- to 2403-Ma depleted shergottites indicates >2 billion years of magmatism from a long-lived and geochemically distinct volcanic center near the ejection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Lapen
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204–5007, USA
| | - Minako Righter
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204–5007, USA
| | - Rasmus Andreasen
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204–5007, USA
- Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony J. Irving
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1310, USA
| | - Aaron M. Satkoski
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706–1692, USA
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian L. Beard
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706–1692, USA
- NASA Astrobiology Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kunihiko Nishiizumi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Marc W. Caffee
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2051, USA
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12
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Schaefer JM, Finkel RC, Balco G, Alley RB, Caffee MW, Briner JP, Young NE, Gow AJ, Schwartz R. Greenland was nearly ice-free for extended periods during the Pleistocene. Nature 2016; 540:252-255. [DOI: 10.1038/nature20146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Yashima H, Sekimoto S, Ninomiya K, Kasamatsu Y, Shima T, Takahashi N, Shinohara A, Matsumura H, Satoh D, Iwamoto Y, Hagiwara M, Nishiizumi K, Caffee MW, Shibata S. Measurements of the neutron activation cross sections for Bi and Co at 386 MeV. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2014; 161:139-143. [PMID: 24368868 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neutron activation cross sections for Bi and Co at 386 MeV were measured by activation method. A quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam was produced using the (7)Li(p,n) reaction. The energy spectrum of these neutrons has a high-energy peak (386 MeV) and a low-energy tail. Two neutron beams, 0° and 25° from the proton beam axis, were used for sample irradiation, enabling a correction for the contribution of the low-energy neutrons. The neutron-induced activation cross sections were estimated by subtracting the reaction rates of irradiated samples for 25° irradiation from those of 0° irradiation. The measured cross sections were compared with the findings of other studies, evaluated in relation to nuclear data files and the calculated data by Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System code.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yashima
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - S Sekimoto
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - K Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Shima
- Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - N Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Matsumura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - D Satoh
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Y Iwamoto
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - M Hagiwara
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - K Nishiizumi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
| | - M W Caffee
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S Shibata
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
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14
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Jenniskens P, Fries MD, Yin QZ, Zolensky M, Krot AN, Sandford SA, Sears D, Beauford R, Ebel DS, Friedrich JM, Nagashima K, Wimpenny J, Yamakawa A, Nishiizumi K, Hamajima Y, Caffee MW, Welten KC, Laubenstein M, Davis AM, Simon SB, Heck PR, Young ED, Kohl IE, Thiemens MH, Nunn MH, Mikouchi T, Hagiya K, Ohsumi K, Cahill TA, Lawton JA, Barnes D, Steele A, Rochette P, Verosub KL, Gattacceca J, Cooper G, Glavin DP, Burton AS, Dworkin JP, Elsila JE, Pizzarello S, Ogliore R, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Harir M, Hertkorn N, Verchovsky A, Grady M, Nagao K, Okazaki R, Takechi H, Hiroi T, Smith K, Silber EA, Brown PG, Albers J, Klotz D, Hankey M, Matson R, Fries JA, Walker RJ, Puchtel I, Lee CTA, Erdman ME, Eppich GR, Roeske S, Gabelica Z, Lerche M, Nuevo M, Girten B, Worden SP. Radar-enabled recovery of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, a carbonaceous chondrite regolith breccia. Science 2013; 338:1583-7. [PMID: 23258889 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Doppler weather radar imaging enabled the rapid recovery of the Sutter's Mill meteorite after a rare 4-kiloton of TNT-equivalent asteroid impact over the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in northern California. The recovered meteorites survived a record high-speed entry of 28.6 kilometers per second from an orbit close to that of Jupiter-family comets (Tisserand's parameter = 2.8 ± 0.3). Sutter's Mill is a regolith breccia composed of CM (Mighei)-type carbonaceous chondrite and highly reduced xenolithic materials. It exhibits considerable diversity of mineralogy, petrography, and isotope and organic chemistry, resulting from a complex formation history of the parent body surface. That diversity is quickly masked by alteration once in the terrestrial environment but will need to be considered when samples returned by missions to C-class asteroids are interpreted.
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15
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Ackert RP, Becker RA, Singer BS, Kurz MD, Caffee MW, Mickelson DM. Patagonian Glacier Response During the Late Glacial–Holocene Transition. Science 2008; 321:392-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1157215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Ackert
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 419, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
| | - Richard A. Becker
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 419, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
| | - Brad S. Singer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 419, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
| | - Mark D. Kurz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 419, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
| | - Marc W. Caffee
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 419, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
| | - David M. Mickelson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1215 West Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Clark 419, MS #25, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907–2036, USA
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16
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Abstract
Cosmogenic aluminum-26 and beryllium-10 burial dates of low-lying fossiliferous breccia in the caves at Sterkfontein, South Africa, show that associated hominid fossils accumulated in the Lower Pliocene. These dates indicate that the skeleton StW 573 and newly discovered specimens from Jacovec Cavern have much the same age: approximately 4 million years. These specimens are thus of an age similar to Australopithecus anamensis from East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Partridge
- Sterkfontein Research Unit and Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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17
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Abstract
Surface exposure ages of glacial deposits in the Ford Ranges of western Marie Byrd Land indicate continuous thinning of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet by more than 700 meters near the coast throughout the past 10,000 years. Deglaciation lagged the disappearance of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere by thousands of years and may still be under way. These results provide further evidence that parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet are on a long-term trajectory of decline. West Antarctic melting contributed water to the oceans in the late Holocene and may continue to do so in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Stone
- Quaternary Research Center and Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Box 351360, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1360, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Beryllium-10 (10Be) in excess of that expected from in situ cosmic ray spallation reactions is present in lunar surface soil 78481; its presence was revealed with a sequential leaching technique. This excess 10Be, representing only 0.7 to 1.1% of the total 10Be inventory, is associated with surface layers (<1 micrometer) of the mineral grains composing 78481. This excess 10Be and its association with surficial layers corresponds to (1.9 +/- 0.8) x 10(8) atoms per square centimeter, requiring a 10Be implantation rate of (2.9 +/- 1.2) x 10(-6) atoms per square centimeter per second on the surface of the Moon. The most likely site for the production of this excess (10)Be is the Sun's atmosphere. The 10Be is entrained into the solar wind and transported to the lunar surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishiizumi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA.
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19
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Caffee MW, Hudson GB, Velsko C, Huss GR, Alexander EC, Chivas AR. Primordial noble gases from Earth's mantle: identification of a primitive volatile component. Science 1999; 285:2115-8. [PMID: 10497127 DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5436.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide well gases in Colorado, New Mexico, and South Australia show excesses of (124-128)Xe correlated with (129)I-derived (129)Xe and (20)Ne/(22)Ne ratios that are higher than the atmospheric (20)Ne/(22)Ne ratio. The xenon isotopic data indicate the presence of a solarlike component deep within Earth. The presence of this component in crustal and upper mantle reservoirs may be explained by a steady-state transport of noble gases from the lower mantle, which still retains much of its juvenile volatile inventory. These measurements also indicate that the mantle source of these noble gases in the carbon dioxide well gases cannot be the source of Earth's present atmosphere. The variations observed in (129)Xe/(130)Xe between solar wind xenon, Earth's atmosphere, and mantle samples may be generated by variations of iodine/xenon in terrestrial reservoirs, as opposed to rapid early degassing.
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Affiliation(s)
- MW Caffee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Post Office Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapol
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Bierman
- P. R. Bierman, Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Alan R. Gillespie
- A. R. Gillespie, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marc W. Caffee
- M. W. Caffee, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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21
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Dibb JE, Meeker LD, Finkel RC, Southon JR, Caffee MW, Barrie LA. Estimation of stratospheric input to the Arctic troposphere:7Be and10Be in aerosols at Alert, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Turteltaub KW, Felton JS, Gledhill BL, Vogel JS, Southon JR, Caffee MW, Finkel RC, Nelson DE, Proctor ID, Davis JC. Accelerator mass spectrometry in biomedical dosimetry: relationship between low-level exposure and covalent binding of heterocyclic amine carcinogens to DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:5288-92. [PMID: 2371271 PMCID: PMC54308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.14.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is used to determine the amount of carcinogen covalently bound to mouse liver DNA (DNA adduct) following very low-level exposure to a 14C-labeled carcinogen. AMS is a highly sensitive method for counting long-lived but rare cosmogenic isotopes. While AMS is a tool of importance in the earth sciences, it has not been applied in biomedical research. The ability of AMS to assay rare isotope concentrations (10Be, 14C, 26Al, 41Ca, and 129I) in microgram amounts suggests that extension to the biomedical sciences is a natural and potentially powerful application of the technology. In this study, the relationship between exposure to low levels of 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl[2-14C]imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline and formation of DNA adducts is examined to establish the dynamic range of the technique and the potential sensitivity for biological measurements, as well as to evaluate the relationship between DNA adducts and low-dose carcinogen exposure. Instrument reproducibility in this study is 2%; sensitivity is 1 adduct per 10(11) nucleotides. Formation of adducts is linearly dependent on dose down to an exposure of 500 ng per kg of body weight. With the present measurements, we demonstrate at least 1 order of magnitude improvement over the best adduct detection sensitivity reported to date and 3-5 orders of magnitude improvement over other methods used for adduct measurement. An additional improvement of 2 orders of magnitude in sensitivity is suggested by preliminary experiments to develop bacterial hosts depleted in radiocarbon. Expanded applications involving human subjects, including clinical applications, are now expected because of the great detection sensitivity and small sample size requirements of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Turteltaub
- Biomedical Sciences Division, University of California, Livermore 94550
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