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Husøy T, Caspersen IH, Thépaut E, Knutsen H, Haug LS, Andreassen M, Gkrillas A, Lindeman B, Thomsen C, Herzke D, Dirven H, Wojewodzic MW. Comparison of aggregated exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from diet and personal care products with concentrations in blood using a PBPK model - Results from the Norwegian biomonitoring study in EuroMix. Environ Res 2023; 239:117341. [PMID: 37839534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large group of compounds that are water, stain, and oil repellent. Numerous sources contribute to the blood levels of PFAS in the European population. The main contributor for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is food, house dust, consumer products and personal care products (PCPs). OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present work is to calculate the dietary and dermal external exposure to PFOA, estimate the aggregated internal exposure from diet and PCPs using a PBPK model, and compare estimates with measured concentrations. METHODS Detailed information on diet and PCP use from the EuroMix study is combined with concentration data of PFOA in food and PCPs in a probabilistic exposure assessment. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) was further refined by incorporating a dermal exposure pathway, and changes in the kidney and faecal excretion. RESULTS The aggregated internal exposure using the PBPK model shows that the major contributor to the internal exposure is diet for both males and females. The estimated internal exposure of PFOA for the EuroMix population was in the same range but lower than the measured blood concentrations using the lower bound (LB) external exposure estimates, showing that the LB estimates are underestimations. For seven females the internal exposure of PFOA were higher from PCPs than from diet. CONCLUSION PCPs and diet contributed in the same range to the internal PFOA exposure for several women participating in EuroMix. This calls for additional studies on exposure to PFOA and possibly other PFAS from PCPs, especially for women. Overall, PBPK modelling was shown as valuable tool in understanding the sources of PFOA exposure and in guiding risk assessments and regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Husøy
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, Oslo, Norway.
| | - I H Caspersen
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Thépaut
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Knutsen
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, Oslo, Norway
| | - L S Haug
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Andreassen
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Gkrillas
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Lindeman
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Thomsen
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, Oslo, Norway
| | - D Herzke
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Dirven
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M W Wojewodzic
- The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Sustainable Diets, Oslo, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Section for Molecular Epidemiology and Infections, Oslo, Norway
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Soop GL, Husøy T, Wojewodzic MW, Hjertholm H, Spyropoulou A, Katsanou ES, Batakis P, Kyriakopoulou K, Machera K, Dirven H, Lindeman B, Duale N. Transcriptional analysis in peripheral blood cells of individuals with elevated phthalate exposure - Results of the EuroMix study. Environ Res 2023; 222:115377. [PMID: 36709869 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates is widespread in Europe. Phthalates are considered endocrine disrupting compounds and are classified as toxic for reproduction. However how phthalates affect the transcriptome in humans remains largely unknown. To investigate the effects of phthalate exposure on the transcriptomic profile we conducted RNA sequencing on peripheral blood samples from the Norwegian EuroMix cohort. We compared gene expression changes between participants with high, medium, and low exposure of six phthalates and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH). Comparing high and low exposure groups, DINCH was the compound that showed the highest number of differentially expressed genes (126 genes) followed by mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP; 89 genes) and mono-iso-nonyl phthalate (MiBP; 70 genes). Distributions between up- or down-regulated genes were similar across the different phthalates and DINCH. All phthalates including DINCH shared common differentially expressed genes ranging from 3 to 37 overlaps. Enriched Gene Ontology (GO) and biological pathway analysis revealed that most of the differentially expressed genes were associated with general cellular metabolism GO terms. MnBP and DINCH, particularly, showed a marked enrichment in various immunological function pathways including neutrophil degranulation, adaptive immune system and signaling by interleukins. Furthermore, the association between genes involved in the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway and phthalates, including DINCH, was evaluated. In total, 15 genes showed positive or negative associations across 5 phthalates and DINCH. MnBP and MiBP were the phthalate metabolites with the highest number of associations: 8 and 4 PPAR signaling pathway genes, respectively. Overall, we have performed an association study between phthalate exposure levels and modulation of transcriptomic profiles in human peripheral blood cells. DINCH, which is often mentioned as a substitute for phthalates, had comparable effects on differential gene expression in peripheral blood cells as phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela López Soop
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Husøy
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marcin Wlodzimierz Wojewodzic
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Hjertholm
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, 8th Stefanou Delta Str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Effrosyni S Katsanou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, 8th Stefanou Delta Str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece; European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Petros Batakis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, 8th Stefanou Delta Str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Katerina Kyriakopoulou
- Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Environmental Control of Pesticides, 8th Stefanou Delta Str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, 8th Stefanou Delta Str., Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nur Duale
- Department of Climate and Environment, Division of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, Oslo, Norway.
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Fontana ACK, de Oliveira Beleboni R, Wojewodzic MW, Ferreira Dos Santos W, Coutinho-Netto J, Grutle NJ, Watts SD, Danbolt NC, Amara SG. Enhancing glutamate transport: mechanism of action of Parawixin1, a neuroprotective compound from Parawixia bistriata spider venom. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1228-37. [PMID: 17646426 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.037127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a compound purified from the spider Parawixia bistriata venom stimulates the activity of glial glutamate transporters and can protect retinal tissue from ischemic damage. To understand the mechanism by which this compound enhances transport, we examined its effects on the functional properties of glutamate transporters after solubilization and reconstitution in liposomes and in transfected COS-7 cells. Here, we demonstrate in both systems that Parawixin1 promotes a direct and selective enhancement of glutamate influx by the EAAT2 transporter subtype through a mechanism that does not alter the apparent affinities for the cosubstrates glutamate or sodium. In liposomes, we observed maximal enhancement by Parawixin1 when extracellular sodium and intracellular potassium concentrations are within physiological ranges. Moreover, the compound does not enhance the reverse transport of glutamate under ionic conditions that favor efflux, when extracellular potassium is elevated and the sodium gradient is reduced, nor does it alter the exchange of glutamate in the absence of internal potassium. These observations suggest that Parawixin1 facilitates the reorientation of the potassium-bound transporter, the rate-limiting step in the transport cycle, a conclusion further supported by experiments showing that Parawixin1 does not stimulate uptake by an EAAT2 transport mutant (E405D) defective in the potassium-dependent reorientation step. Thus, Parawixin1 enhances transport through a novel mechanism targeting a step in the transport cycle distinct from substrate influx or efflux and provides a basis for the design of new drugs that act allosterically on transporters to increase glutamate clearance.
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