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Hadfield MJ, Safran H, Purbhoo MA, Grossman JE, Buell JS, Carneiro BA. Overcoming resistance to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade with allogeneic invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT). Oncogene 2024; 43:758-762. [PMID: 38281989 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the 5th most common malignancy worldwide with only 36% of patients with metastatic disease surviving beyond 5 years. Despite therapeutic improvements with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, most patients with gastric cancer develop disease progression related to tumor resistance. Novel immunotherapeutic approaches, including invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells, are in clinical development and represent potential therapeutic options to overcome resistance. AgenT-797 is an allogeneic human unmodified iNKT derived from healthy donors. Activation of iNKT cells by tumor lipid antigens can trigger direct cytotoxicity and promote indirect anti-tumor immune responses such as recruitment and activation of T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells through secretion of cytokines and IFNγ. We describe immune modulation leading to durable tumor response in a patient with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) advanced gastric adenocarcinoma treated with agent-797 after progression on standard chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Hadfield
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Howard Safran
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA.
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2
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Hammond TC, Purbhoo MA, Kadel S, Ritz J, Nikiforow S, Daley H, Shaw K, van Besien K, Gomez-Arteaga A, Stevens D, Ortuzar W, Michelet X, Smith R, Moskowitz D, Masakayan R, Yigit B, Boi S, Soh KT, Chamberland J, Song X, Qin Y, Mishchenko I, Kirby M, Nasonenko V, Buffa A, Buell JS, Chand D, van Dijk M, Stebbing J, Exley MA. A phase 1/2 clinical trial of invariant natural killer T cell therapy in moderate-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:974. [PMID: 38321023 PMCID: PMC10847411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a unique T cell population, lend themselves for use as adoptive therapy due to diverse roles in orchestrating immune responses. Originally developed for use in cancer, agenT-797 is a donor-unrestricted allogeneic ex vivo expanded iNKT cell therapy. We conducted an open-label study in virally induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 virus (trial registration NCT04582201). Here we show that agenT-797 rescues exhausted T cells and rapidly activates both innate and adaptive immunity. In 21 ventilated patients including 5 individuals receiving veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO), there are no dose-limiting toxicities. We observe an anti-inflammatory systemic cytokine response and infused iNKT cells are persistent during follow-up, inducing only transient donor-specific antibodies. Clinical signals of associated survival and prevention of secondary infections are evident. Cellular therapy using off-the-shelf iNKT cells is safe, can be rapidly scaled and is associated with an anti-inflammatory response. The safety and therapeutic potential of iNKT cells across diseases including infections and cancer, warrants randomized-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese C Hammond
- Pulmonary Critical Care Sleep Medicine, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jerome Ritz
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Kit Shaw
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Qin
- MiNK Therapeutics, Lexington, MA, USA
- Agenus, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexa Buffa
- MiNK Therapeutics, Lexington, MA, USA
- Agenus, Lexington, MA, USA
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Naiyer MM, Cassidy SA, Magri A, Cowton V, Chen K, Mansour S, Kranidioti H, Mbirbindi B, Rettman P, Harris S, Fanning LJ, Mulder A, Claas FHJ, Davidson AD, Patel AH, Purbhoo MA, Khakoo SI. KIR2DS2 recognizes conserved peptides derived from viral helicases in the context of HLA-C. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/15/eaal5296. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jamil KM, Hydes TJ, Cheent KS, Cassidy SA, Traherne JA, Jayaraman J, Trowsdale J, Alexander GJ, Little AM, McFarlane H, Heneghan MA, Purbhoo MA, Khakoo SI. STAT4-associated natural killer cell tolerance following liver transplantation. Gut 2017; 66:352-361. [PMID: 26887815 PMCID: PMC5284485 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural killer (NK) cells are important mediators of liver inflammation in chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate why liver transplants (LTs) are not rejected by NK cells in the absence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, and to identify a tolerogenic NK cell phenotype. DESIGN Phenotypic and functional analyses on NK cells from 54 LT recipients were performed, and comparisons made with healthy controls. Further investigation was performed using gene expression analysis and donor:recipient HLA typing. RESULTS NK cells from non-HCV LT recipients were hypofunctional, with reduced expression of NKp46 (p<0.05) and NKp30 (p<0.001), reduced cytotoxicity (p<0.001) and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion (p<0.025). There was no segregation of this effect with HLA-C, and these functional changes were not observed in individuals with HCV. Microarray and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated downregulation of STAT4 in NK cells from LT recipients (p<0.0001). Changes in the expression levels of the transcription factors Helios (p=0.06) and Hobit (p=0.07), which control NKp46 and IFNγ expression, respectively, were also detected. Hypofunctionality of NK cells was associated with impaired STAT4 phosphorylation and downregulation of the STAT4 target microRNA-155. Conversely in HCV-LT NK cell tolerance was reversed, consistent with the more aggressive outcome of LT for HCV. CONCLUSIONS LT is associated with transcriptional and functional changes in NK cells, resulting in reduced activation. NK cell tolerance occurs upstream of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I mediated education, and is associated with deficient STAT4 phosphorylation. STAT4 therefore represents a potential therapeutic target to induce NK cell tolerance in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Jamil
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - T J Hydes
- Department of Hepatology, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - K S Cheent
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - S A Cassidy
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - J A Traherne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G J Alexander
- Department of Hepatology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - A-M Little
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Service, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - H McFarlane
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Service, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - M A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital London, London, UK
| | - M A Purbhoo
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - S I Khakoo
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Hepatology, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
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Kwakwa K, Savell A, Davies T, Munro I, Parrinello S, Purbhoo MA, Dunsby C, Neil MAA, French PMW. easySTORM: a robust, lower-cost approach to localisation and TIRF microscopy. J Biophotonics 2016; 9:948-957. [PMID: 27592533 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
TIRF and STORM microscopy are super-resolving fluorescence imaging modalities for which current implementations on standard microscopes can present significant complexity and cost. We present a straightforward and low-cost approach to implement STORM and TIRF taking advantage of multimode optical fibres and multimode diode lasers to provide the required excitation light. Combined with open source software and relatively simple protocols to prepare samples for STORM, including the use of Vectashield for non-TIRF imaging, this approach enables TIRF and STORM imaging of cells labelled with appropriate dyes or expressing suitable fluorescent proteins to become widely accessible at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwasi Kwakwa
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ.
| | - Alexander Savell
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Timothy Davies
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN
| | - Ian Munro
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Simona Parrinello
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN
| | - Marco A Purbhoo
- Section of Hepatology, QEQM Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN
| | - Mark A A Neil
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Paul M W French
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ
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6
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Horlock C, Skulte A, Mitra A, Stansfield A, Bhandari S, Ip W, Qasim W, Lowdell MW, Patel S, Friedetzky A, Purbhoo MA, Newton K. Manufacture of GMP-compliant functional adenovirus-specific T-cell therapy for treatment of post-transplant infectious complications. Cytotherapy 2016; 18:1209-18. [PMID: 27424147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS In pediatric patients, adenovirus (ADV) reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. For patients who do not respond to antiviral drug therapy, a new treatment approach using ADV-specific T cells can present a promising alternative. Here we describe the clinical scale Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant manufacture and characterization of 40 ADV-specific T-cell products, Cytovir ADV, which are currently being tested in a multi-center phase I/IIa clinical trial. This process requires minimal intervention, is high yield, and results in a pure T-cell product that is functional. METHODS Mononuclear cells (2 × 10(7)) were cultured in a closed system in the presence of GMP-grade ADV peptide pool and cytokines for 10 days. On day 10, the T-cell product was harvested, washed in a closed system, counted and assessed for purity and potency. Additional characterization was carried out where cell numbers allowed. RESULTS Thirty-eight of 40 products (95%) met all release criteria. Median purity of the cell product was 88.3% CD3+ cells with a median yield of 2.9 × 10(7) CD3+ cells. Potency analyses showed a median ADV-specific interferon (IFN)γ response of 5.9% of CD3+ and 2345 IFNγ spot-forming cells/million. CD4 and CD8 T cells were capable of proliferating in response to ADV (63.3 and 56.3%, respectively). These virus-specific T cells (VST) were heterogenous, containing both effector memory and central memory T cells. In an exemplar patient with ADV viremia treated in the open ASPIRE trial, ADV-specific T-cell response was detected by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot from 13 days post-infusion. ADV DNA levels declined following cellular therapy and were below level of detection from day 64 post-infusion onward. CONCLUSIONS The clinical-scale GMP-compliant One Touch manufacturing system is feasible and yields functional ADV-specific T cells at clinically relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Winnie Ip
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Lowdell
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Cassidy S, Mukherjee S, Myint TM, Mbiribindi B, North H, Traherne J, Mulder A, Claas FHJ, Purbhoo MA, Das J, Khakoo SI. Peptide selectivity discriminates NK cells from KIR2DL2- and KIR2DL3-positive individuals. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:492-500. [PMID: 25359276 PMCID: PMC4324016 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are controlled by peptide selective inhibitory receptors for MHC class I, including the killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs). Despite having similar ligands, KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 confer different levels of protection to infectious disease. To investigate how changes in peptide repertoire may differentially affect NK cell reactivity, NK cells from KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 homozygous donors were tested for activity against different combinations of strong inhibitory (VAPWNSFAL), weak inhibitory (VAPWNSRAL), and antagonist peptide (VAPWNSDAL). KIR2DL3‐positive NK cells were more sensitive to changes in the peptide content of MHC class I than KIR2DL2‐positive NK cells. These differences were observed for the weakly inhibitory peptide VAPWNSRAL in single peptide and double peptide experiments (p < 0.01 and p < 0.03, respectively). More significant differences were observed in experiments using all three peptides (p < 0.0001). Mathematical modeling of the experimental data demonstrated that VAPWNSRAL was dominant over VAPWNSFAL in distinguishing KIR2DL3‐ from KIR2DL2‐positive donors. Donors with different KIR genotypes have different responses to changes in the peptide bound by MHC class I. Differences in the response to the peptide content of MHC class I may be one mechanism underlying the protective effects of different KIR genes against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha Cassidy
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Cheent KS, Jamil KM, Cassidy S, Liu M, Mbiribindi B, Mulder A, Claas FHJ, Purbhoo MA, Khakoo SI. Synergistic inhibition of natural killer cells by the nonsignaling molecule CD94. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16981-6. [PMID: 24082146 PMCID: PMC3801078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304366110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide selectivity is a feature of inhibitory receptors for MHC class I expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. CD94-NKG2A operates in tandem with the polymorphic killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) and Ly49 systems to inhibit NK cells. However, the benefits of having two distinct inhibitory receptor-ligand systems are not clear. We show that noninhibitory peptides presented by HLA-E can augment the inhibition of NKG2A(+) NK cells mediated by MHC class I signal peptides through the engagement of CD94 without a signaling partner. Thus, CD94 is a peptide-selective NK cell receptor, and NK cells can be regulated by nonsignaling interactions. We also show that KIR(+) and NKG2A(+) NK cells respond with differing stoichiometries to MHC class I down-regulation. MHC-I-bound peptide functions as a molecular rheostat controlling NK cell function. Selected peptides which in isolation do not inhibit NK cells can have different effects on KIR and NKG2A receptors. Thus, these two inhibitory systems may complement each other by having distinct responses to bound peptide and surface levels of MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S. Cheent
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Khaleel M. Jamil
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sorcha Cassidy
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Mengya Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Berenice Mbiribindi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Arend Mulder
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frans H. J. Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. Purbhoo
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton S016 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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Borhis G, Ahmed PS, Mbiribindi B, Naiyer MM, Davis DM, Purbhoo MA, Khakoo SI. A peptide antagonist disrupts NK cell inhibitory synapse formation. J Immunol 2013; 190:2924-30. [PMID: 23382564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Productive engagement of MHC class I by inhibitory NK cell receptors depends on the peptide bound by the MHC class I molecule. Peptide:MHC complexes that bind weakly to killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) can antagonize the inhibition mediated by high-affinity peptide:MHC complexes and cause NK cell activation. We show that low-affinity peptide:MHC complexes stall inhibitory signaling at the step of Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 recruitment and do not go on to form the KIR microclusters induced by high-affinity peptide:MHC, which are associated with Vav dephosphorylation and downstream signaling. Furthermore, the low-affinity peptide:MHC complexes prevented the formation of KIR microclusters by high-affinity peptide:MHC. Thus, peptide antagonism of NK cells is an active phenomenon of inhibitory synapse disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Purbhoo
- Section of Hepatology & Gastroenterology; Department of Medicine; Imperial College London; London; UK
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11
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Purbhoo MA, Liu H, Oddos S, Owen DM, Neil MAA, Pageon SV, French PMW, Rudd CE, Davis DM. Dynamics of subsynaptic vesicles and surface microclusters at the immunological synapse. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra36. [PMID: 20460647 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Imaging studies have identified clusters of kinases and adaptor proteins that serve as centers of signaling at the contact points between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we report that the kinase ZAP-70 and the adaptor proteins LAT and SLP-76 accumulated in separate clusters at the interface between T cells and coverslips coated with a stimulatory antibody against CD3, a component of the T cell antigen receptor complex. A fraction of LAT was detected in motile vesicles that repeatedly moved to surface microclusters of SLP-76 and the adaptor protein GADS (growth factor receptor-bound protein-related adaptor downstream of Shc), where they exhibited decreased motility. LAT molecules in which the residues tyrosine 171 and tyrosine 191 (which are required for the binding of LAT to GADS) were mutated to phenylalanine did not dwell at clusters of SLP-76. At immunological synapses, LAT-containing vesicles also colocalized with microclusters of SLP-76, as detected in experiments in which laser tweezers were used to position T cell-APC conjugates vertically for high-resolution imaging. Phosphorylation of LAT was most prominent when vesicular LAT colocalized with SLP-76. Indeed, the abundance of phosphorylated LAT within a microcluster of SLP-76 was greatest in those clusters that had more recent interactions with LAT-containing vesicles. Finally, negative signals by the inhibitory receptor ILT2 disrupted the assembly of SLP-76-containing microclusters. Together, these data show that the movement of LAT-containing vesicles is linked to the organization of protein microclusters and suggest an important role for vesicular LAT in the SLP-76 signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Purbhoo
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Medical School Building, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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12
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Seggewiss R, Price DA, Purbhoo MA. Immunomodulatory effects of imatinib and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors on T cells and dendritic cells: an update. Cytotherapy 2009; 10:633-41. [PMID: 18836918 DOI: 10.1080/14653240802317639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new drugs has occasionally led to a better understanding of biologic processes and unforeseen therapeutic applications. One such example is the new group of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, exemplified by the Bcr-Abl inhibitor imatinib (Glivec). In the last 10 years, these so-called 'small molecules' have started to enter the clinic with the promise of cancer treatments targeted at the underlying molecular changes that are responsible for specific malignant phenotypes. The aim of these small molecules has been to avoid the side-effects of systemic chemotherapies and the high morbidity/mortality risks associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Concurrently, however, increasing evidence has emerged to indicate that these drugs exert profound immunomodulatory effects on T cells and antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, which play major roles in immune tumor surveillance and the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy may thus control cancer cell growth both directly and indirectly by changing the immunologic microenvironment. Furthermore, such molecules might help to unravel the complexities of the human immune system and could find therapeutic application in conditions as diverse as autoimmune diseases and certain infectious processes. In this brief review, we discuss recent developments in this fast evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seggewiss
- Immune Recovery Section, Med. Klinik and Poliklinik II, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Varela-Rohena A, Molloy PE, Dunn SM, Li Y, Suhoski MM, Carroll RG, Milicic A, Mahon T, Sutton DH, Laugel B, Moysey R, Cameron BJ, Vuidepot A, Purbhoo MA, Cole DK, Phillips RE, June CH, Jakobsen BK, Sewell AK, Riley JL. Control of HIV-1 immune escape by CD8 T cells expressing enhanced T-cell receptor. Nat Med 2008; 14:1390-5. [PMID: 18997777 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HIV's considerable capacity to vary its HLA-I-restricted peptide antigens allows it to escape from host cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Nevertheless, therapeutics able to target HLA-I-associated antigens, with specificity for the spectrum of preferred CTL escape mutants, could prove effective. Here we use phage display to isolate and enhance a T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) originating from a CTL line derived from an infected person and specific for the immunodominant HLA-A(*)02-restricted, HIVgag-specific peptide SLYNTVATL (SL9). High-affinity (K(D) < 400 pM) TCRs were produced that bound with a half-life in excess of 2.5 h, retained specificity, targeted HIV-infected cells and recognized all common escape variants of this epitope. CD8 T cells transduced with this supraphysiologic TCR produced a greater range of soluble factors and more interleukin-2 than those transduced with natural SL9-specific TCR, and they effectively controlled wild-type and mutant strains of HIV at effector-to-target ratios that could be achieved by T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Varela-Rohena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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14
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Purbhoo MA, Li Y, Sutton DH, Brewer JE, Gostick E, Bossi G, Laugel B, Moysey R, Baston E, Liddy N, Cameron B, Bennett AD, Ashfield R, Milicic A, Price DA, Classon BJ, Sewell AK, Jakobsen BK. The HLA A*0201-restricted hTERT(540-548) peptide is not detected on tumor cells by a CTL clone or a high-affinity T-cell receptor. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2081-91. [PMID: 17620437 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is expressed in >85% of human tumors but not in most normal cells. As a result, this antigen has received considerable attention from those interested in cancer immunotherapy. Specifically, there has been strong interest in MHC class I-associated peptides derived from hTERT because these are expressed on the cell surface and thus may enable the targeting of tumor cells. Much of this interest has focused on peptide 540-548, ILAKFLHWL, which was predicted to exhibit the strongest binding to the common HLA A*0201 presenting molecule. The hTERT(540-548) peptide is currently being assessed in therapeutic vaccination trials; however, there is controversy surrounding whether it is naturally processed and presented on the surface of neoplastic cells. Here, we generate two highly sensitive reagents to assess the presentation of hTERT(540-548) on tumor cells: (a) a CD8(+) CTL clone, and (b) a recombinant T-cell receptor (TCR) that binds with picomolar affinity and a half-life exceeding 14 h. This TCR enables the identification of individual HLA A2-hTERT(540-548) complexes on the cell surface. The use of both this TCR and the highly antigen-sensitive CTL clone shows that the hTERT(540-548) peptide cannot be detected on the surface of tumor cells, indicating that this peptide is not a naturally presented epitope. We propose that, in future, rigorous methods must be applied for the validation of peptide epitopes used for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Purbhoo
- Avidex Ltd., 57-59 Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RX, United Kingdom
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15
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Onfelt B, Nedvetzki S, Benninger RKP, Purbhoo MA, Sowinski S, Hume AN, Seabra MC, Neil MAA, French PMW, Davis DM. Structurally distinct membrane nanotubes between human macrophages support long-distance vesicular traffic or surfing of bacteria. J Immunol 2007; 177:8476-83. [PMID: 17142745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report that two classes of membrane nanotubes between human monocyte-derived macrophages can be distinguished by their cytoskeletal structure and their functional properties. Thin membrane nanotubes contained only F-actin, whereas thicker nanotubes, i.e., those > approximately 0.7 microm in diameter, contained both F-actin and microtubules. Bacteria could be trapped and surf along thin, but not thick, membrane nanotubes toward connected macrophage cell bodies. Once at the cell body, bacteria could then be phagocytosed. The movement of bacteria is aided by a constitutive flow of the nanotube surface because streptavidin-coated beads were similarly able to traffic along nanotubes between surface-biotinylated macrophages. Mitochondria and intracellular vesicles, including late endosomes and lysosomes, could be detected within thick, but not thin, membrane nanotubes. Analysis from kymographs demonstrated that vesicles moved in a stepwise, bidirectional manner at approximately 1 microm/s, consistent with their traffic being mediated by the microtubules found only in thick nanotubes. Vesicular traffic in thick nanotubes and surfing of beads along thin nanotubes were both stopped upon the addition of azide, demonstrating that both processes require ATP. However, microtubule destabilizing agents colchicine or nocodazole abrogated vesicular transport but not the flow of the nanotube surface, confirming that distinct cytoskeletal structures of nanotubes give rise to different functional properties. Thus, membrane nanotubes between macrophages are more complex than unvarying ubiquitous membrane tethers and facilitate several means for distal interactions between immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Onfelt
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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16
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Purbhoo MA, Sutton DH, Brewer JE, Mullings RE, Hill ME, Mahon TM, Karbach J, Jäger E, Cameron BJ, Lissin N, Vyas P, Chen JL, Cerundolo V, Jakobsen BK. Quantifying and imaging NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1-derived epitopes on tumor cells using high affinity T cell receptors. J Immunol 2006; 176:7308-16. [PMID: 16751374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Presentation of intracellular tumor-associated Ags (TAAs) in the context of HLA class I molecules offers unique cancer-specific cell surface markers for the identification and targeting of tumor cells. For most peptide Ags, the levels of and variations in cell surface presentation remain unknown, yet these parameters are of crucial importance when considering specific TAAs as targets for anticancer therapy. Here we use a soluble TCR with picomolar affinity for the HLA-A2-restricted 157-165 epitope of the NY-ESO-1 and LAGE-1 TAAs to investigate presentation of this immunodominant epitope on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. By single molecule fluorescence microscopy, we directly visualize HLA-peptide presentation for the first time, demonstrating that NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1-positive tumor cells present 10-50 NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1(157-165) epitopes per cell.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- HCT116 Cells
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/analysis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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17
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Treanor B, Lanigan PM, Kumar S, Dunsby C, Munro I, Auksorius E, Culley FJ, Purbhoo MA, Phillips D, Neil MA, Burshtyn DN, French PM, Davis DM. Microclusters of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin–like receptor signaling at natural killer cell immunological synapses. J Exp Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1084/jem2037oia19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Treanor B, Lanigan PMP, Kumar S, Dunsby C, Munro I, Auksorius E, Culley FJ, Purbhoo MA, Phillips D, Neil MAA, Burshtyn DN, French PMW, Davis DM. Microclusters of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling at natural killer cell immunological synapses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:153-61. [PMID: 16801390 PMCID: PMC2064172 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200601108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the supramolecular organization of killer Ig–like receptor (KIR) phosphorylation using a technique applicable to imaging phosphorylation of any green fluorescent protein–tagged receptor at an intercellular contact or immune synapse. Specifically, we use fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to report Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between GFP-tagged KIR2DL1 and a Cy3-tagged generic anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody. Visualization of KIR phosphorylation in natural killer (NK) cells contacting target cells expressing cognate major histocompatibility complex class I proteins revealed that inhibitory signaling is spatially restricted to the immune synapse. This explains how NK cells respond appropriately when simultaneously surveying susceptible and resistant target cells. More surprising, phosphorylated KIR was confined to microclusters within the aggregate of KIR, contrary to an expected homogeneous distribution of KIR signaling across the immune synapse. Also, yellow fluorescent protein–tagged Lck, a kinase important for KIR phosphorylation, accumulated in a multifocal distribution at inhibitory synapses. Spatial confinement of receptor phosphorylation within the immune synapse may be critical to how activating and inhibitory signals are integrated in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebhinn Treanor
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
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19
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Abstract
Long membrane tethers between cells, known as membrane nantotubes or tunneling nanotubules, create supracellular structures that allow multiple cell bodies to act in a synchronized manner. Calcium fluxes, vesicles, and cell-surface components can all traffic between cells connected by nanotubes. Thus, complex and specific messages can be transmitted between multiple cells, and the strength of signal will suffer relatively little with the distance traveled, as compared to the use of soluble factors to transmit messages. Connecting multiple antigen-presenting cells, for example, can help amplify and coordinate immune responses that are distal to an antigenic site. Conversely, because the ability of a pathogen to spread between cells is a key determinant of its capacity to multiply, pathogens may exploit nanotubes for their own transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Onfelt
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Abstract
The complex sequence of events in which T cells recognize foreign entities on other cells is not well understood. However, the development of new techniques and approaches in both the molecular and cellular aspects of this problem have provided significant insights into the mechanisms of T-cell recognition and synapse formation. In particular, we have a clearer picture of T-cell sensitivity, the role of co-stimulation in formation of the immunological synapse, and how TCR signaling acts to maintain synapse structure and potentiate the T cells over many hours of engagement. We also are aware of new complexities in the way T-cell receptor molecules bind peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands and what that may mean for TCR scanning, cross-reactivity, and activation. Ultimately, we want to integrate these cellular aspects of T-cell recognition with key features of the molecular interactions that drive specific events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Krogsgaard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5323, USA
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21
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Purbhoo MA, Irvine DJ, Huppa JB, Davis MM. T cell killing does not require the formation of a stable mature immunological synapse. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:524-30. [PMID: 15048111 DOI: 10.1038/ni1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A notable feature of T lymphocyte recognition on other cell surfaces is the formation of a stable mature immunological synapse. Here we use a single-molecule labeling method to directly measure the number of ligands a cytotoxic T cell engages and track the consequences of that interaction by three-dimensional video microscopy. Like helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells were able to detect even a single foreign antigen but required about ten complexes of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) to achieve full calcium increase and to form a mature synapse. Thus, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells are more uniform in their antigen sensitivities than previously thought. Furthermore, only three pMHC complexes were required for killing, showing that stable synapse formation and complete signaling are not required for cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Purbhoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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22
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Abstract
Recognition of foreign antigens by T lymphocytes is a very important component of vertebrate immunity-vital to the clearance of pathogenic organisms and particular viruses and necessary, indirectly, for the production of high affinity antibodies. T cell recognition is mediated by the systematic scanning of cell surfaces by T cells, which collectively express many antigen receptors. When the appropriate antigenic peptide bound to a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex is found-even in minute quantities-a series of elaborate cell-surface molecule and internal rearrangements take place. The sequence of events and the development of techniques required to observe these events have significantly enhanced our understanding of T cell recognition and may find application in other systems of transient cell:cell interactions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The activation of T cells through interaction of their T-cell receptors with antigenic peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is a crucial step in adaptive immunity. Here we use three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy to visualize individual peptide-I-E(k) class II MHC complexes labelled with the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin in an effort to characterize T-cell sensitivity and the requirements for forming an immunological synapse in single cells. We show that T cells expressing the CD4 antigen respond with transient calcium signalling to even a single agonist peptide-MHC ligand, and that the organization of molecules in the contact zone of the T cell and APC takes on the characteristics of an immunological synapse when only about ten agonists are present. This sensitivity is highly dependent on CD4, because blocking this molecule with antibodies renders T cells unable to detect less than about 30 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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24
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Abstract
T cell receptor interactions with peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands control the selection of T cells in the thymus as well as their homeostasis in peripheral lymphoid organs. Here we show that pMHC contact modulates the expression of CD5 by naive CD4 T cells in a process that requires the continued expression of p56(lck). Reduced CD5 levels in T cells deprived of pMHC contact are predictive of elevated Ca(2)+ responses to subsequent TCR engagement by anti-CD3 or nominal antigen. Adaptation to peripheral pMHC contact may be important for regulating naive CD4 T cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Smith
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, ICSM Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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25
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Purbhoo MA, Boulter JM, Price DA, Vuidepot AL, Hourigan CS, Dunbar PR, Olson K, Dawson SJ, Phillips RE, Jakobsen BK, Bell JI, Sewell AK. The human CD8 coreceptor effects cytotoxic T cell activation and antigen sensitivity primarily by mediating complete phosphorylation of the T cell receptor zeta chain. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32786-92. [PMID: 11438524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102498200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of antigen by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is determined by interaction of both the T cell receptor and its CD8 coreceptor with peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class I molecules. We examine the relative roles of these receptors in the activation of human CTL using mutations in MHC class I designed to diminish or abrogate the CD8/pMHC interaction. We use surface plasmon resonance to determine that point mutation of the alpha3 loop of HLA A2 abrogates the CD8/pMHC interaction without affecting the affinity of the T cell receptor/pMHC interaction. Antigen-presenting cells expressing HLA A2 which does not bind to CD8 fail to activate CTL at any peptide concentration. Comparison of CTL activation by targets expressing HLA A2 with normal, abrogated, or diminished CD8/pMHC interaction show that the CD8/pMHC interaction enhances sensitivity to antigen. We determine that the biochemical basis for coreceptor dependence is the activation of the 23-kDa phosphoform of the CD3zeta chain. In addition, we produce mutant MHC class I multimers that specifically stain but do not activate CTL. These reagents may prove useful in circumventing undesirable activation-related perturbation of intracellular processes when pMHC multimers are used to phenotype antigen-specific CD8+ lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Purbhoo
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Level 7, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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26
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Xu XN, Purbhoo MA, Chen N, Mongkolsapaya J, Cox JH, Meier UC, Tafuro S, Dunbar PR, Sewell AK, Hourigan CS, Appay V, Cerundolo V, Burrows SR, McMichael AJ, Screaton GR. A Novel Approach to Antigen-Specific Deletion of CTL with Minimal Cellular Activation Using α3 Domain Mutants of MHC Class I/Peptide Complex. Immunity 2001; 14:591-602. [PMID: 11371361 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have compared the effector functions and fate of a number of human CTL clones in vitro or ex vivo following contact with variant peptides presented either on the cell surface or in a soluble multimeric format. In the presence of CD8 coreceptor binding, there is a good correlation between TCR signaling, killing of the targets, and FasL-mediated CTL apoptosis. Blocking CD8 binding using alpha3 domain mutants of MHC class I results in much reduced signaling and reduced killing of the targets. Surprisingly, however, FasL expression is induced to a similar degree on these CTLs, and apoptosis of CTL is unaffected. The ability to divorce these events may allow the deletion of antigen-specific and pathological CTL populations without the deleterious effects induced by full CTL activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X N Xu
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, OX3 9DS, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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27
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Whelan JA, Dunbar PR, Price DA, Purbhoo MA, Lechner F, Ogg GS, Griffiths G, Phillips RE, Cerundolo V, Sewell AK. Specificity of CTL Interactions with Peptide-MHC Class I Tetrameric Complexes Is Temperature Dependent. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tetrameric peptide-MHC class I complexes (“tetramers”) are proving invaluable as reagents for characterizing immune responses involving CTLs. However, because the TCR can exhibit a degree of promiscuity for binding peptide-MHC class I ligands, there is potential for cross-reactivity. Recent reports showing that the TCR/peptide-MHC interaction is dramatically dependent upon temperature led us to investigate the effects of incubation temperature on tetramer staining. We find that tetramers rapidly stain CTLs with high intensity at 37°C. We examine the fine specificity of tetramer staining using a well-characterized set of natural epitope variants. Peptide variants that elicit little or no functional cellular response from CTLs can stain these cells at 4°C but not at 37°C when incorporated into tetramers. These results suggest that some studies reporting tetramer incubations at 4°C could detect cross-reactive populations of CTLs with minimal avidity for the tetramer peptide, especially in the tetramer-low population. For identifying specific CTLs among polyclonal cell populations such as PBLs, incubation with tetramers at 37°C improves the staining intensity of specific CTLs, resulting in improved separation of tetramer-high CD8+ cells. Confocal microscopy reveals that tetramers incubated at 37°C can be rapidly internalized by specific CTLs into vesicles that overlap with the early endocytic compartment. This TCR-specific internalization suggests that coupling of tetramers or analogues with toxins, which are activated only after receptor internalization, may create immunotoxins capable of killing CTLs of single specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Whelan
- *Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P. Rod Dunbar
- †Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A. Price
- *Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco A. Purbhoo
- *Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Lechner
- *Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Ogg
- †Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gillian Griffiths
- ‡Department of Pathology, Sir William Dunn School, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney E. Phillips
- *Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- †Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- *Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Whelan JA, Dunbar PR, Price DA, Purbhoo MA, Lechner F, Ogg GS, Griffiths G, Phillips RE, Cerundolo V, Sewell AK. Specificity of CTL interactions with peptide-MHC class I tetrameric complexes is temperature dependent. J Immunol 1999; 163:4342-8. [PMID: 10510374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetrameric peptide-MHC class I complexes ("tetramers") are proving invaluable as reagents for characterizing immune responses involving CTLs. However, because the TCR can exhibit a degree of promiscuity for binding peptide-MHC class I ligands, there is potential for cross-reactivity. Recent reports showing that the TCR/peptide-MHC interaction is dramatically dependent upon temperature led us to investigate the effects of incubation temperature on tetramer staining. We find that tetramers rapidly stain CTLs with high intensity at 37 degrees C. We examine the fine specificity of tetramer staining using a well-characterized set of natural epitope variants. Peptide variants that elicit little or no functional cellular response from CTLs can stain these cells at 4 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C when incorporated into tetramers. These results suggest that some studies reporting tetramer incubations at 4 degrees C could detect cross-reactive populations of CTLs with minimal avidity for the tetramer peptide, especially in the tetramer-low population. For identifying specific CTLs among polyclonal cell populations such as PBLs, incubation with tetramers at 37 degrees C improves the staining intensity of specific CTLs, resulting in improved separation of tetramer-high CD8+ cells. Confocal microscopy reveals that tetramers incubated at 37 degrees C can be rapidly internalized by specific CTLs into vesicles that overlap with the early endocytic compartment. This TCR-specific internalization suggests that coupling of tetramers or analogues with toxins, which are activated only after receptor internalization, may create immunotoxins capable of killing CTLs of single specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Whelan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
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29
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Sewell AK, Gerth UC, Price DA, Purbhoo MA, Boulter JM, Gao GF, Bell JI, Phillips RE, Jakobsen BK. Antagonism of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation by soluble CD8. Nat Med 1999; 5:399-404. [PMID: 10202928 DOI: 10.1038/7398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The CD8 co-receptor is important in the differentiation and selection of class I MHC-restricted T cells during thymic development, and in the activation of mature T lymphocytes in response to antigen. Here we show that soluble CD8alphaalpha receptor, despite an extremely low affinity for MHC, inhibits activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by obstructing CD3 zeta-chain phosphorylation. We propose a model for this effect that involves interference of productive receptor multimerization at the T-cell surface. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of T-cell activation and evidence that CD8 function is exquisitely sensitive to disruption, an effect that might be exploited by molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sewell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK
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30
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Price DA, Meier UC, Klenerman P, Purbhoo MA, Phillips RE, Sewell AK. The influence of antigenic variation on cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV-1 infection. J Mol Med (Berl) 1998; 76:699-708. [PMID: 9766848 DOI: 10.1007/s001090050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The propensity of HIV-1 for genetic variation, a consequence of error-prone reverse transcription combined with high rates of replication, is thought to contribute to the establishment of persistent infection in the host despite the presence of a vigorous antiviral immune response. Protective immunity to viruses is mediated primarily by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which recognize viral peptides of 8-11 amino acids bound to major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. In this review we examine the mechanisms by which mutation within peptide antigen-encoding regions of the viral genome enables HIV-1 to evade recognition by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The discussion is relevant to other genetically unstable viruses and more generally to intracellular pathogens of variable antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Price
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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31
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Purbhoo MA, Sewell AK, Klenerman P, Goulder PJ, Hilyard KL, Bell JI, Jakobsen BK, Phillips RE. Copresentation of natural HIV-1 agonist and antagonist ligands fails to induce the T cell receptor signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:4527-32. [PMID: 9539771 PMCID: PMC22523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not known how human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-derived antagonist peptides interfere with intracellular activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). We identified Gag epitope variants in HIV-1-infected patients that act as antagonists of CTL responses to unmutated epitopes. We then investigated the effect that presentation of each variant has on the early events of T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction. We found that altered peptide ligands (APL) failed to induce phosphorylation of pp36, a crucial adaptor protein involved in TCR signal transduction. We further investigated the effect that simultaneous presentation of APL and native antigen at low, physiological, peptide concentrations (1 nM) has on TCR signal transduction, and we found that the presence of APL can completely inhibit induction of the protein tyrosine phosphorylation events of the TCR signal transduction cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Purbhoo
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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