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Battaglia S, Di Fazio C, Mazzà M, Tamietto M, Avenanti A. Targeting Human Glucocorticoid Receptors in Fear Learning: A Multiscale Integrated Approach to Study Functional Connectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:864. [PMID: 38255937 PMCID: PMC10815285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity assessments, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), provide valuable insights into how brain regions communicate during these processes. Stress, a ubiquitous aspect of life, influences fear learning and extinction by changing the activity of the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, leading to enhanced fear responses and/or impaired extinction. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are key to the stress response and show a dual function in fear regulation: while they enhance the consolidation of fear memories, they also facilitate extinction. Accordingly, GR dysregulation is associated with anxiety and mood disorders. Recent advancements in cognitive neuroscience underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding that integrates perspectives from the molecular, cellular, and systems levels. In particular, neuropharmacology provides valuable insights into neurotransmitter and receptor systems, aiding the investigation of mechanisms underlying fear regulation and potential therapeutic targets. A notable player in this context is cortisol, a key stress hormone, which significantly influences both fear memory reconsolidation and extinction processes. Gaining a thorough understanding of these intricate interactions has implications in terms of addressing psychiatric disorders related to stress. This review sheds light on the complex interactions between cognitive processes, emotions, and their neural bases. In this endeavor, our aim is to reshape the comprehension of fear, stress, and their implications for emotional well-being, ultimately aiding in the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Fazio
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Mazzà
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Neuropsicology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
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Borgomaneri S, Zanon M, Di Luzio P, Cataneo A, Arcara G, Romei V, Tamietto M, Avenanti A. Increasing associative plasticity in temporo-occipital back-projections improves visual perception of emotions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5720. [PMID: 37737239 PMCID: PMC10517146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is a critical node in a network specialized for perceiving emotional facial expressions that is reciprocally connected with early visual cortices (V1/V2). Current models of perceptual decision-making increasingly assign relevance to recursive processing for visual recognition. However, it is unknown whether inducing plasticity into reentrant connections from pSTS to V1/V2 impacts emotion perception. Using a combination of electrophysiological and neurostimulation methods, we demonstrate that strengthening the connectivity from pSTS to V1/V2 selectively increases the ability to perceive facial expressions associated with emotions. This behavior is associated with increased electrophysiological activity in both these brain regions, particularly in V1/V2, and depends on specific temporal parameters of stimulation that follow Hebbian principles. Therefore, we provide evidence that pSTS-to-V1/V2 back-projections are instrumental to perception of emotion from facial stimuli and functionally malleable via manipulation of associative plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Borgomaneri
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Marco Zanon
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Luzio
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy
| | - Antonio Cataneo
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Romei
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy
- Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, 28015, Spain
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessio Avenanti
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia "Renzo Canestrari", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena Campus, Cesena, Italy.
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
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Willis HE, Ip IB, Watt A, Campbell J, Jbabdi S, Clarke WT, Cavanaugh MR, Huxlin KR, Watkins KE, Tamietto M, Bridge H. GABA and Glutamate in hMT+ Link to Individual Differences in Residual Visual Function After Occipital Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:2286-2295. [PMID: 37477008 PMCID: PMC10453332 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.043269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the primary visual cortex following an occipital stroke causes loss of conscious vision in the contralateral hemifield. Yet, some patients retain the ability to detect moving visual stimuli within their blind field. The present study asked whether such individual differences in blind field perception following loss of primary visual cortex could be explained by the concentration of neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate or activity of the visual motion processing, human middle temporal complex (hMT+). METHODS We used magnetic resonance imaging in 19 patients with chronic occipital stroke to measure the concentration of neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and functional activity in hMT+ (functional magnetic resonance imaging). We also tested each participant on a 2-interval forced choice detection task using high-contrast, moving Gabor patches. We then measured and assessed the strength of relationships between participants' residual vision in their blind field and in vivo neurotransmitter concentrations, as well as visually evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in their hMT+. Levels of GABA and glutamate were also measured in a sensorimotor region, which served as a control. RESULTS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived GABA and glutamate concentrations in hMT+ (but not sensorimotor cortex) strongly predicted blind-field visual detection abilities. Performance was inversely related to levels of both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in hMT+ but, surprisingly, did not correlate with visually evoked blood oxygenation level-dependent signal change in this motion-sensitive region. CONCLUSIONS Levels of GABA and glutamate in hMT+ appear to provide superior information about motion detection capabilities inside perimetrically defined blind fields compared to blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes-in essence, serving as biomarkers for the quality of residual visual processing in the blind-field. Whether they also reflect a potential for successful rehabilitation of visual function remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Willis
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I. Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Archie Watt
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Campbell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William T. Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Cavanaugh
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, NY (M.R.C., K.R.H.)
| | - Krystel R. Huxlin
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, NY (M.R.C., K.R.H.)
| | - Kate E. Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology (K.E.W.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy (M.T.)
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS—Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases—Tilburg University, the Netherlands (M.T.)
| | - Holly Bridge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.E.W., I.B.I., A.W., J.C., S.J., W.T.C., H.B.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Esposito M, Palermo S, Nahi YC, Tamietto M, Celeghin A. Implicit Selective Attention: The Role of the Mesencephalic-basal Ganglia System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:CN-EPUB-134198. [PMID: 37653629 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230831163052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the brain to recognize and orient attention to relevant stimuli appearing in the visual field is highlighted by a tuning process, which involves modulating the early visual system by both cortical and subcortical brain areas. Selective attention is coordinated not only by the output of stimulus-based saliency maps but is also influenced by top-down cognitive factors, such as internal states, goals, or previous experiences. The basal ganglia system plays a key role in implicitly modulating the underlying mechanisms of selective attention, favouring the formation and maintenance of implicit sensory-motor memories that are capable of automatically modifying the output of priority maps in sensory-motor structures of the midbrain, such as the superior colliculus. The article presents an overview of the recent literature outlining the crucial contribution of several subcortical structures to the processing of different sources of salient stimuli. In detail, we will focus on how the mesencephalic-basal ganglia closed loops contribute to implicitly addressing and modulating selective attention to prioritized stimuli. We conclude by discussing implicit behavioural responses observed in clinical populations in which awareness is compromised at some level. Implicit (emergent) awareness in clinical conditions that can be accompanied by manifest anosognosic symptomatology (i.e., hemiplegia) or involving abnormal conscious processing of visual information (i.e., unilateral spatial neglect and blind sight) represents interesting neurocognitive "test cases" for inferences about mesencephalic-basal ganglia closed-loops involvement in the formation of implicit sensory-motor memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
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Celeghin A, Borriero A, Orsenigo D, Diano M, Méndez Guerrero CA, Perotti A, Petri G, Tamietto M. Convolutional neural networks for vision neuroscience: significance, developments, and outstanding issues. Front Comput Neurosci 2023; 17:1153572. [PMID: 37485400 PMCID: PMC10359983 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1153572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are a class of machine learning models predominately used in computer vision tasks and can achieve human-like performance through learning from experience. Their striking similarities to the structural and functional principles of the primate visual system allow for comparisons between these artificial networks and their biological counterparts, enabling exploration of how visual functions and neural representations may emerge in the real brain from a limited set of computational principles. After considering the basic features of CNNs, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of endorsing CNNs as in silico models of the primate visual system. Specifically, we highlight several emerging notions about the anatomical and physiological properties of the visual system that still need to be systematically integrated into current CNN models. These tenets include the implementation of parallel processing pathways from the early stages of retinal input and the reconsideration of several assumptions concerning the serial progression of information flow. We suggest design choices and architectural constraints that could facilitate a closer alignment with biology provide causal evidence of the predictive link between the artificial and biological visual systems. Adopting this principled perspective could potentially lead to new research questions and applications of CNNs beyond modeling object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Davide Orsenigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS–Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases–Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Starling L, Hameed J, Willis HE, Khan A, Maxwell R, Tamietto M, Ajina S, Bridge H. Relating residual visual function to visual areas affected by visual field loss. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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7
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Willis HE, Ip IB, Watt A, Jbabdi S, Clarke W, Cavanaugh MR, Huxlin KR, Watkins KE, Tamietto M, Bridge H. Neurochemistry in hMT+ underlies residual vision in visual loss after stroke. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Willis
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 9DU
| | - I. Betina Ip
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 9DU
| | - Archie Watt
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 9DU
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 9DU
| | - William Clarke
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 9DU
| | - Matthew R. Cavanaugh
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Krystel R. Huxlin
- Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kate E. Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX2 6GG
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Holly Bridge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 9DU
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Grignolio A, Morelli M, Tamietto M. Why is fake news so fascinating to the brain? Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5967-5971. [PMID: 36256496 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grignolio
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Research Ethics and Integrity, National Research Council (CNR), Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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9
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Méndez CA, Celeghin A, Diano M, Orsenigo D, Ocak B, Tamietto M. A deep neural network model of the primate superior colliculus for emotion recognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210512. [PMID: 36126660 PMCID: PMC9489290 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sensory processing is pivotal to nearly every theory of emotion, the evaluation of the visual input as ‘emotional’ (e.g. a smile as signalling happiness) has been traditionally assumed to take place in supramodal ‘limbic’ brain regions. Accordingly, subcortical structures of ancient evolutionary origin that receive direct input from the retina, such as the superior colliculus (SC), are traditionally conceptualized as passive relay centres. However, mounting evidence suggests that the SC is endowed with the necessary infrastructure and computational capabilities for the innate recognition and initial categorization of emotionally salient features from retinal information. Here, we built a neurobiologically inspired convolutional deep neural network (DNN) model that approximates physiological, anatomical and connectional properties of the retino-collicular circuit. This enabled us to characterize and isolate the initial computations and discriminations that the DNN model of the SC can perform on facial expressions, based uniquely on the information it directly receives from the virtual retina. Trained to discriminate facial expressions of basic emotions, our model matches human error patterns and above chance, yet suboptimal, classification accuracy analogous to that reported in patients with V1 damage, who rely on retino-collicular pathways for non-conscious vision of emotional attributes. When presented with gratings of different spatial frequencies and orientations never ‘seen’ before, the SC model exhibits spontaneous tuning to low spatial frequencies and reduced orientation discrimination, as can be expected from the prevalence of the magnocellular (M) over parvocellular (P) projections. Likewise, face manipulation that biases processing towards the M or P pathway affects expression recognition in the SC model accordingly, an effect that dovetails with variations of activity in the human SC purposely measured with ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging. Lastly, the DNN generates saliency maps and extracts visual features, demonstrating that certain face parts, like the mouth or the eyes, provide higher discriminative information than other parts as a function of emotional expressions like happiness and sadness. The present findings support the contention that the SC possesses the necessary infrastructure to analyse the visual features that define facial emotional stimuli also without additional processing stages in the visual cortex or in ‘limbic’ areas. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Andrés Méndez
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Davide Orsenigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Brian Ocak
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy.,Section of Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Torino 10124, Italy.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Prochazkova E, Venneker D, de Zwart R, Tamietto M, Kret ME. Conscious awareness is necessary to assess trust and mimic facial expressions, while pupils impact trust unconsciously. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210183. [PMID: 36126669 PMCID: PMC9489300 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People make rapid inferences about others' thoughts and intentions. For example, they observe facial movements and pupil size of others and unwittingly make use of this information when deciding whether to trust someone or not. However, whether spontaneous mimicry depends on visual awareness of the stimulus and whether these processes underlie trust decisions is still unknown. To investigate whether visual awareness modulates the relationship between emotional expressions, mimicry and trust, participants played a series of trust games and saw either their partners' faces with a neutral, happy or fearful expression, or their partners' eyes in which the pupil size was large, medium or small. Subjects' trust investments, facial movements and pupil responses were measured. In half of the trials, the stimuli were rendered invisible by continuous flash suppression. Results showed that facial expressions were mimicked and influenced trust decisions during the conscious condition, but not during the unconscious (suppressed) condition. The opposite was found for pupil size, which influenced trust decisions during states of unawareness. These results suggest that the neurobiological pathway linking the observation of facial expressions to mimicry and trust is predominantly conscious, whereas partner pupil size influences trust primarily when presented unconsciously. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Prochazkova
- Institute of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - D Venneker
- Leiden Institute For Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R de Zwart
- Institute of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - M Tamietto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases - Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via G. Verdi 10, 10124, Torino, Italy
| | - M E Kret
- Institute of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
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Palagi E, Celeghin A, Tamietto M, Winkielman P, Norscia I. Disentangling attentional and affective contribution to contagious yawning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:892-893. [PMID: 34838341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Palagi
- Unit of Ethology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy; Museum of Natural History, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases - Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA; Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivan Norscia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
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12
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Esposito M, Tamietto M, Geminiani GC, Celeghin A. A subcortical network for implicit visuo-spatial attention: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Cortex 2021; 141:421-435. [PMID: 34144272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in humans and animal models suggest a primary role of the basal ganglia in the extraction of stimulus-value regularities, then exploited to orient attentional shift and build up sensorimotor memories. The tail of the caudate and the posterior putamen both receive early visual input from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, thus forming a closed-loop. We portend that the functional value of this circuit is to manage the selection of visual stimuli in a rapid and automatic way, once sensory-motor associations are formed and stored in the posterior striatum. In Parkinson's Disease, the nigrostriatal dopamine depletion starts and tends to be more pronounced in the posterior putamen. Thus, at least some aspect of the visuospatial attention deficits observed since the early stages of the disease could be the behavioral consequences of a cognitive system that has lost the ability to translate high-level processing in stable sensorimotor memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
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13
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Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Diano M, Mendez CA, Spadaro G, Mosso CO, Avenanti A, Tamietto M. Functional neuroanatomy of racial categorization from visual perception: A meta-analytic study. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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14
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Georgy L, Lewis JD, Bezgin G, Diano M, Celeghin A, Evans AC, Tamietto M, Ptito A. Changes in peri-calcarine cortical thickness in blindsight. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107463. [PMID: 32275967 PMCID: PMC7322521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blindsight is the ability of patients with primary visual cortex (V1) damage to process information in their clinically blind visual field in the absence of conscious awareness. In addition to those with localized V1 lesions, some patients exhibiting this phenomenon have had a cerebral hemisphere removed or disconnected from the rest of the brain for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (hemispherectomy). Research into the underlying neural substrates of blindsight has long implicated the intact visual cortex in maintaining residual vision and supporting visuo-guided responses to stimuli presented ipsilaterally within the blind visual field while operating outside the geniculo-striate pathway. A recent study demonstrated functional reorganization in the dorsal visual areas of the intact hemisphere, thereby supporting its compensatory role in non-conscious vision. In this study, we used cortical thickness analysis to examine anatomical differences in the visual cortex of the intact hemisphere of three subjects with varying degrees of cortical damage and well documented blindsight: two with a right hemispherectomy (complete and partial), and one with a left V1 lesion. T1-weighted MRI data were obtained for the subjects while control data were chosen from publicly available NKI-dataset to match closely the acquisition parameters of our blindsight cases. Our results show significant increases in cortical thickness in the visual cortex of all blindsight subjects compared to healthy controls, irrespective of age-onset, etiology, and extent of the damage. Our findings add to accumulating evidence from behavioral, functional imaging, and tractography studies of cerebral compensation and reorganization. Examined anatomical changes in the intact visual cortex of rare blindsight patients. First comparison of hemispherectomy and lesion patients to a large control sample. Blindsight subjects show significant increases in peri-calcarine cortical thickness. Similar changes observed despite differences in etiology and age at time of lesion. Increases are possible morphological signs of compensation underlying blindsight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine Georgy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - John D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases - CoRPS - Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Ptito
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Palagi E, Celeghin A, Tamietto M, Winkielman P, Norscia I. The neuroethology of spontaneous mimicry and emotional contagion in human and non-human animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:149-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Paul ES, Sher S, Tamietto M, Winkielman P, Mendl MT. Towards a comparative science of emotion: Affect and consciousness in humans and animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:749-770. [PMID: 31778680 PMCID: PMC6966324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The componential view of human emotion recognises that affective states comprise conscious, behavioural, physiological, neural and cognitive elements. Although many animals display bodily and behavioural changes consistent with the occurrence of affective states similar to those seen in humans, the question of whether and in which species these are accompanied by conscious experiences remains controversial. Finding scientifically valid methods for investigating markers for the subjective component of affect in both humans and animals is central to developing a comparative understanding of the processes and mechanisms of affect and its evolution and distribution across taxonomic groups, to our understanding of animal welfare, and to the development of animal models of affective disorders. Here, contemporary evidence indicating potential markers of conscious processing in animals is reviewed, with a view to extending this search to include markers of conscious affective processing. We do this by combining animal-focused approaches with investigations of the components of conscious and non-conscious emotional processing in humans, and neuropsychological research into the structure and functions of conscious emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Paul
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - Shlomi Sher
- Department of Psychology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael T Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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17
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18
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Bagnis A, Celeghin A, Mosso CO, Tamietto M. Toward an integrative science of social vision in intergroup bias. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:318-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Michel M, Beck D, Block N, Blumenfeld H, Brown R, Carmel D, Carrasco M, Chirimuuta M, Chun M, Cleeremans A, Dehaene S, Fleming SM, Frith C, Haggard P, He BJ, Heyes C, Goodale MA, Irvine L, Kawato M, Kentridge R, King JR, Knight RT, Kouider S, Lamme V, Lamy D, Lau H, Laureys S, LeDoux J, Lin YT, Liu K, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S, Mashour GA, Melloni L, Miracchi L, Mylopoulos M, Naccache L, Owen AM, Passingham RE, Pessoa L, Peters MAK, Rahnev D, Ro T, Rosenthal D, Sasaki Y, Sergent C, Solovey G, Schiff ND, Seth A, Tallon-Baudry C, Tamietto M, Tong F, van Gaal S, Vlassova A, Watanabe T, Weisberg J, Yan K, Yoshida M. Opportunities and challenges for a maturing science of consciousness. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:104-107. [PMID: 30944453 PMCID: PMC6568255 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Michel
- Department of Philosophy, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Diane Beck
- Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Ned Block
- Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Brown
- Philosophy Program, LaGuardia Community College, The City University of New York, Long Island City, New York, USA
| | - David Carmel
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mazviita Chirimuuta
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marvin Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- Center for Cognition & Neurosciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Chair of Experimental Cognitive Psychology, College de France, Paris, France.,Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Chris Frith
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Biyu J He
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cecilia Heyes
- All Souls College and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melvyn A Goodale
- The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Liz Irvine
- School of Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Jean-Remi King
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, United States.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Sid Kouider
- Brain and Consciousness group (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Victor Lamme
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Lamy
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, HKU, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joseph LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying-Tung Lin
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kayuet Liu
- Department of Sociology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephen L Macknik
- State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - George A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucia Melloni
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Miracchi
- Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Myrto Mylopoulos
- Department of Philosophy and Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adrian M Owen
- The Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Luiz Pessoa
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan A K Peters
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tony Ro
- Psychology and Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Rosenthal
- Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Claire Sergent
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillermo Solovey
- Instituto de Cálculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anil Seth
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, INSERM, École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Frank Tong
- Psychology Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Simon van Gaal
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Vlassova
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Josh Weisberg
- Department of Philosophy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Yan
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Human area Prostriata is a small, unstudied portion of the visual brain set deep in the calcarine sulcus, next to V1. A recent neuroimaging study in humans indicates that this area is specialized to respond to rapidly moving stimuli in the far periphery, consistent with single-unit responses in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamietto
- Department of Clinical and Medical Psychology and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases - Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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de Gelder B, Watson R, Zhan M, Diano M, Tamietto M, Vaessen MJ. Classical paintings may trigger pain and pleasure in the gendered brain. Cortex 2018; 109:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Nishijo H, Rafal R, Tamietto M. Editorial: Limbic-Brainstem Roles in Perception, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:395. [PMID: 29946232 PMCID: PMC6005830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Robert Rafal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in Humanities and Social Sciences, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Tinti C, Adenzato M, Tamietto M, Cornoldi C. Visual Experience is not Necessary for Efficient Survey Spatial Cognition: Evidence from Blindness. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 59:1306-28. [PMID: 16769626 DOI: 10.1080/17470210500214275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the lack of visual experience affects the ability to create spatial inferential representations of the survey type. We compared the performance of persons with congenital blindness and that of blindfolded sighted persons on four survey representation-based tasks (Experiment 1). Results showed that persons with blindness performed better than blindfolded sighted controls. We repeated the same tests introducing a third group of persons with late blindness (Experiment 2). This last group performed better than blindfolded sighted participants, whereas differences between participants with late and congenital blindness were nonsignificant. The present findings are compatible with results of other studies, which found that when visual perception is lacking, skill in gathering environmental spatial information provided by nonvisual modalities may contribute to a proper spatial encoding. It is concluded that, although it cannot be asserted that total lack of visual experience incurs no cost, our findings are further evidence that visual experience is not a necessary condition for the development of spatial inferential complex representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tinti
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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24
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Celeghin A, Diano M, Bagnis A, Viola M, Tamietto M. Basic Emotions in Human Neuroscience: Neuroimaging and Beyond. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1432. [PMID: 28883803 PMCID: PMC5573709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of so-called ‘basic emotions’ and their defining attributes represents a long lasting and yet unsettled issue in psychology. Recently, neuroimaging evidence, especially related to the advent of neuroimaging meta-analytic methods, has revitalized this debate in the endeavor of systems and human neuroscience. The core theme focuses on the existence of unique neural bases that are specific and characteristic for each instance of basic emotion. Here we review this evidence, outlining contradictory findings, strengths and limits of different approaches. Constructionism dismisses the existence of dedicated neural structures for basic emotions, considering that the assumption of a one-to-one relationship between neural structures and their functions is central to basic emotion theories. While these critiques are useful to pinpoint current limitations of basic emotions theories, we argue that they do not always appear equally generative in fostering new testable accounts on how the brain relates to affective functions. We then consider evidence beyond PET and fMRI, including results concerning the relation between basic emotions and awareness and data from neuropsychology on patients with focal brain damage. Evidence from lesion studies are indeed particularly informative, as they are able to bring correlational evidence typical of neuroimaging studies to causation, thereby characterizing which brain structures are necessary for, rather than simply related to, basic emotion processing. These other studies shed light on attributes often ascribed to basic emotions, such as automaticity of perception, quick onset, and brief duration. Overall, we consider that evidence in favor of the neurobiological underpinnings of basic emotions outweighs dismissive approaches. In fact, the concept of basic emotions can still be fruitful, if updated to current neurobiological knowledge that overcomes traditional one-to-one localization of functions in the brain. In particular, we propose that the structure-function relationship between brain and emotions is better described in terms of pluripotentiality, which refers to the fact that one neural structure can fulfill multiple functions, depending on the functional network and pattern of co-activations displayed at any given moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Celeghin
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg UniversityTilburg, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Matteo Diano
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg UniversityTilburg, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Arianna Bagnis
- Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Marco Viola
- Centre for Neurocognition, Epistemology and Theoretical Syntax, Scuola di Studi Superiori PaviaPavia, Italy.,Faculty of Philosophy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg UniversityTilburg, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, University of TurinTurin, Italy.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Diano M, Celeghin A, Bagnis A, Tamietto M. Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli without Awareness: Facts and Interpretations. Front Psychol 2017; 7:2029. [PMID: 28119645 PMCID: PMC5222876 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, evidence has accumulated that the human amygdala exerts some of its functions also when the observer is not aware of the content, or even presence, of the triggering emotional stimulus. Nevertheless, there is as of yet no consensus on the limits and conditions that affect the extent of amygdala’s response without focused attention or awareness. Here we review past and recent studies on this subject, examining neuroimaging literature on healthy participants as well as brain-damaged patients, and we comment on their strengths and limits. We propose a theoretical distinction between processes involved in attentional unawareness, wherein the stimulus is potentially accessible to enter visual awareness but fails to do so because attention is diverted, and in sensory unawareness, wherein the stimulus fails to enter awareness because its normal processing in the visual cortex is suppressed. We argue this distinction, along with data sampling amygdala responses with high temporal resolution, helps to appreciate the multiplicity of functional and anatomical mechanisms centered on the amygdala and supporting its role in non-conscious emotion processing. Separate, but interacting, networks relay visual information to the amygdala exploiting different computational properties of subcortical and cortical routes, thereby supporting amygdala functions at different stages of emotion processing. This view reconciles some apparent contradictions in the literature, as well as seemingly contrasting proposals, such as the dual stage and the dual route model. We conclude that evidence in favor of the amygdala response without awareness is solid, albeit this response originates from different functional mechanisms and is driven by more complex neural networks than commonly assumed. Acknowledging the complexity of such mechanisms can foster new insights on the varieties of amygdala functions without awareness and their impact on human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Diano
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, TilburgNetherlands; Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, TilburgNetherlands; Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Arianna Bagnis
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Tilburg University, TilburgNetherlands; Department of Psychology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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26
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Abstract
Some people who are blind due to damage to their primary visual cortex, V1, can discriminate stimuli presented within their blind visual field. This residual function has been recently linked to a pathway that bypasses V1, and connects the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus directly with the extrastriate cortical area MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamietto
- Department of Clinical and Medical Psychology and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases - Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Italy; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy; Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy.
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27
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Celeghin A, de Gelder B, Tamietto M. From affective blindsight to emotional consciousness. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:414-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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de Gelder B, Tamietto M, Pegna AJ, Van den Stock J. Visual imagery influences brain responses to visual stimulation in bilateral cortical blindness. Cortex 2015; 72:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Hervais-Adelman A, Legrand LB, Zhan M, Tamietto M, de Gelder B, Pegna AJ. Looming sensitive cortical regions without V1 input: evidence from a patient with bilateral cortical blindness. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:51. [PMID: 26557059 PMCID: PMC4614319 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and automatic behavioral responses are required to avoid collision with an approaching stimulus. Accordingly, looming stimuli have been found to be highly salient and efficient attractors of attention due to the implication of potential collision and potential threat. Here, we address the question of whether looming motion is processed in the absence of any functional primary visual cortex and consequently without awareness. For this, we investigated a patient (TN) suffering from complete, bilateral damage to his primary visual cortex. Using an fMRI paradigm, we measured TN's brain activation during the presentation of looming, receding, rotating, and static point lights, of which he was unaware. When contrasted with other conditions, looming was found to produce bilateral activation of the middle temporal areas, as well as the superior temporal sulcus and inferior parietal lobe (IPL). The latter are generally thought to be involved in multisensory processing of motion in extrapersonal space, as well as attentional capture and saliency. No activity was found close to the lesioned V1 area. This demonstrates that looming motion is processed in the absence of awareness through direct subcortical projections to areas involved in multisensory processing of motion and saliency that bypass V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Hervais-Adelman
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Brain and Language Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lore B Legrand
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Minye Zhan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino Torino, Italy ; Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands ; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alan J Pegna
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; School of Psychology, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Ferrari C, Lega C, Tamietto M, Nadal M, Cattaneo Z. I find you more attractive … after (prefrontal cortex) stimulation. Neuropsychologia 2015; 72:87-93. [PMID: 25912761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Facial attractiveness seems to be perceived immediately. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the appraisal of facial attractiveness is mediated by a network of cortical and subcortical regions, mainly encompassing the reward circuit, but also including prefrontal cortices. The prefrontal cortex is involved in high-level processes, so how does its activity relate to beauty appreciation? To shed light on this, we asked male and female participants to evaluate the attractiveness of faces of the same and other sex prior and after transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We found that increasing excitability via anodal tDCS in the right but not in the left DLPFC increased perceived attractiveness of the faces, irrespective of the sex of the faces or the sex of the viewers. Identical stimulation over the same site did not affect estimation of other facial characteristics, such as age, thereby suggesting that the effects of anodal tDCS over the right DLPFC might be selective for facial attractiveness, and might not generalize to decisions concerning other facial attributes. Overall, our data suggest that the right DLPFC plays a causal role in explicit judgment of facial attractiveness. The mechanisms mediating such effect are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ferrari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Lega
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Nadal
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zaira Cattaneo
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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Van den Stock J, Tamietto M, Hervais-Adelman A, Pegna AJ, de Gelder B. Body recognition in a patient with bilateral primary visual cortex lesions. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:e31-3. [PMID: 23993209 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Stock
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory Leuven (BELL), Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Alexis Hervais-Adelman
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals
| | - Alan J Pegna
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neurology Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory Leuven (BELL), Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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Cauda F, Costa T, Tamietto M. Beyond localized and distributed accounts of brain functions. Phys Life Rev 2014; 11:442-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ferrari C, Lega C, Vernice M, Tamietto M, Mende-Siedlecki P, Vecchi T, Todorov A, Cattaneo Z. The Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Plays a Causal Role in Integrating Social Impressions from Faces and Verbal Descriptions. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:156-65. [PMID: 25165063 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neuroimaging studies point to a key role of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in the formation of socially relevant impressions. In 3 different experiments, participants were required to form socially relevant impressions about other individuals on the basis of text descriptions of their social behaviors, and to decide whether a face alone, a trait adjective (e.g., "selfish"), or a face presented with a trait adjective was consistent or inconsistent with the impression they had formed. Before deciding whether the target stimulus matched the impression they had previously formed, participants received transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the dmPFC, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, also implicated in social impression formation), or over a control site (vertex). Results from the 3 experiments converged in showing that interfering with dmPFC activity significantly delayed participants in responding whether a face-adjective pair was consistent with the impression they had formed. No effects of TMS were observed following stimulation of the IFG or when evaluations had to be made on faces or trait adjectives presented alone. Our findings critically extend previous neuroimaging evidence by indicating a causal role of the dmPFC in creating coherent impressions based on the integration of face and verbal description of social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ferrari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carlotta Lega
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Mirta Vernice
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Turin 10124, Italy Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS, Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, Tilburg 5037 AB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Alexander Todorov
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zaira Cattaneo
- Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan 20126, Italy
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Van den Stock J, Tamietto M, Zhan M, Heinecke A, Hervais-Adelman A, Legrand LB, Pegna AJ, de Gelder B. Neural correlates of body and face perception following bilateral destruction of the primary visual cortices. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:30. [PMID: 24592218 PMCID: PMC3923138 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-conscious visual processing of different object categories was investigated in a rare patient with bilateral destruction of the visual cortex (V1) and clinical blindness over the entire visual field. Images of biological and non-biological object categories were presented consisting of human bodies, faces, butterflies, cars, and scrambles. Behaviorally, only the body shape induced higher perceptual sensitivity, as revealed by signal detection analysis. Passive exposure to bodies and faces activated amygdala and superior temporal sulcus. In addition, bodies also activated the extrastriate body area, insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and cerebellum. The results show that following bilateral damage to the primary visual cortex and ensuing complete cortical blindness, the human visual system is able to process categorical properties of human body shapes. This residual vision may be based on V1-independent input to body-selective areas along the ventral stream, in concert with areas involved in the representation of bodily states, like insula, OFC, and cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van den Stock
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory Leuven, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases - Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands ; Department of Psychology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Minye Zhan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lore B Legrand
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neuropsychology Unit and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan J Pegna
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Neuropsychology Unit and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory Leuven, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium ; Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases - Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands ; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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Costa T, Cauda F, Crini M, Tatu MK, Celeghin A, de Gelder B, Tamietto M. Temporal and spatial neural dynamics in the perception of basic emotions from complex scenes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:1690-703. [PMID: 24214921 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The different temporal dynamics of emotions are critical to understand their evolutionary role in the regulation of interactions with the surrounding environment. Here, we investigated the temporal dynamics underlying the perception of four basic emotions from complex scenes varying in valence and arousal (fear, disgust, happiness and sadness) with the millisecond time resolution of Electroencephalography (EEG). Event-related potentials were computed and each emotion showed a specific temporal profile, as revealed by distinct time segments of significant differences from the neutral scenes. Fear perception elicited significant activity at the earliest time segments, followed by disgust, happiness and sadness. Moreover, fear, disgust and happiness were characterized by two time segments of significant activity, whereas sadness showed only one long-latency time segment of activity. Multidimensional scaling was used to assess the correspondence between neural temporal dynamics and the subjective experience elicited by the four emotions in a subsequent behavioral task. We found a high coherence between these two classes of data, indicating that psychological categories defining emotions have a close correspondence at the brain level in terms of neural temporal dynamics. Finally, we localized the brain regions of time-dependent activity for each emotion and time segment with the low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Fear and disgust showed widely distributed activations, predominantly in the right hemisphere. Happiness activated a number of areas mostly in the left hemisphere, whereas sadness showed a limited number of active areas at late latency. The present findings indicate that the neural signature of basic emotions can emerge as the byproduct of dynamic spatiotemporal brain networks as investigated with millisecond-range resolution, rather than in time-independent areas involved uniquely in the processing one specific emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Costa
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Cauda
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manuella Crini
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mona-Karina Tatu
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Tamietto
- CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands CCS fMRI, Kolliker Hospital, C.so G. Ferraris 247, 10134 Torino, Italy, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy, Depatment of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, strada Le Grazie 8, 37143 Verona, Italy, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, and CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases-Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, and Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Buetti S, Tamietto M, Hervais-Adelman A, Kerzel D, de Gelder B, Pegna AJ. Dissociation between goal-directed and discrete response localization in a patient with bilateral cortical blindness. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:1769-75. [PMID: 23944840 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated localization performance of simple targets in patient TN, who suffered bilateral damage of his primary visual cortex and shows complete cortical blindness. Using a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm, TN was asked to guess the position of left-right targets with goal-directed and discrete manual responses. The results indicate a clear dissociation between goal-directed and discrete responses. TN pointed toward the correct target location in approximately 75% of the trials but was at chance level with discrete responses. This indicates that the residual ability to localize an unseen stimulus depends critically on the possibility to translate a visual signal into a goal-directed motor output at least in certain forms of blindsight.
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Ioannides AA, Poghosyan V, Liu L, Saridis GA, Tamietto M, Op de Beeck M, De Tiège X, Weiskrantz L, de Gelder B. Spatiotemporal profiles of visual processing with and without primary visual cortex. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1464-77. [PMID: 22877580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal profiles of visual processing are normally distributed in two temporal phases, each lasting about 100 ms. Within each phase, cortical processing begins in V1 and traverses the visual cortical hierarchy. However, the causal role of V1 in starting each of these two phases is unknown. Here we used magnetoencephalography to study the spatiotemporal profiles of visual processing and the causal contribution of V1 in three neurologically intact participants and in a rare patient (GY) with unilateral destruction of V1, in whom residual visual functions mediated by the extra-geniculostriate pathways have been reported. In healthy subjects, visual processing in the first 200 ms post-stimulus onset proceeded in the two usual phases. Normally perceived stimuli in the left hemifield of GY elicited a spatiotemporal profile in the intact right hemisphere that closely matched that of healthy subjects. However, stimuli presented in the cortically blind hemifield produced no detectable response during the first phase of processing, indicating that the responses in extrastriate visual areas during this phase are determined by the feedforward progression of activity initiated in V1. The first responses occurred during the second processing phase, in the ipsilesional high-level visual areas. The activity then spread forward toward higher-level areas and backward toward lower-level areas. However, in contrast to responses in the intact hemisphere, the back-propagated activity in the early visual cortex did not exhibit the classic retinotopic organization and did not have well-defined response peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Ioannides
- Laboratory for Human Brain Dynamics, AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Office 501 Galaxias Center, 33 Arch. Makarios III Avenue, Nicosia 1065, Cyprus.
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de Gelder B, Hortensius R, Tamietto M. Attention and awareness each influence amygdala activity for dynamic bodily expressions-a short review. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:54. [PMID: 22876223 PMCID: PMC3410411 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala (AMG) has long been viewed as the gateway to sensory processing of emotions and is also known to play an important role at the interface between cognition and emotion. However, the debate continues on whether AMG activation is independent of attentional demands. Recently, researchers started exploring AMG functions using dynamic stimuli rather than the traditional pictures of facial expressions. Our present goal is to review some recent studies using dynamic stimuli to investigate AMG activation and discuss the impact of different viewing conditions, including oddball detection, explicit or implicit recognition, variable cognitive task load, and non-conscious perception. In the second part, we sketch a dynamic dual route perspective of affective perception and discuss the implications for AMG activity. We sketch a dynamic dual route perspective of affective perception. We argue that this allows for multiple AMG involvement in separate networks and at different times in the processing streams. Attention has a different impact on these separate but interacting networks. Route I is engaged in early emotion processing, is partly supported by AMG activity, and is possibly independent of attention, whereas activity related to late emotion processing is influenced by attention. Route II is a cortical-based network that underlies body recognition and action representation. The end result of route I and II is reflexive and voluntary behavior, respectively. We conclude that using dynamic emotion stimuli and a dynamic dual route model of affective perception can provide new insights into the varieties of AMG activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice de Gelder
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
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Tamietto M, Pullens P, de Gelder B, Weiskrantz L, Goebel R. Subcortical Connections to Human Amygdala and Changes following Destruction of the Visual Cortex. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1449-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between anosognosia for cognitive, functional and psychopathological disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Ten patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and 10 patients with probable vascular dementia were matched for age, education, illness duration and dementia severity. Cognitive, functional and psychopathological characteristics of the patients were assessed by means of different self-rating scales. The same questionnaires were submitted to patients' caregivers, blind to the patients' answers. Anosognosia was defined as the positively signed difference between patients' and caregivers' ratings. Three anosognosia indices for each domain investigated were obtained. We found lack of insight to be a common and consistent feature of AD and VD. However, unawareness for cognitive and functional domains was more severe in AD than in VD. Furthermore, in AD patients anosognosia for cognitive, functional and psychopathological domains dissociated from one another, as shown by lack of significant correlations between the three indices. Conversely, in VD patients these three anosognosic domains were closely related, indicating a generalised unawareness. These findings suggest that heterogeneity of anosognosic deficits may help differentiate AD from VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamietto
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
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Tamietto M, Cauda F, Corazzini LL, Savazzi S, Marzi CA, Goebel R, Weiskrantz L, de Gelder B. Collicular vision guides nonconscious behavior. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:888-902. [PMID: 19320547 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Following destruction or deafferentation of primary visual cortex (area V1, striate cortex), clinical blindness ensues, but residual visual functions may, nevertheless, persist without perceptual consciousness (a condition termed blindsight). The study of patients with such lesions thus offers a unique opportunity to investigate what visual capacities are mediated by the extrastriate pathways that bypass V1. Here we provide evidence for a crucial role of the collicular-extrastriate pathway in nonconscious visuomotor integration by showing that, in the absence of V1, the superior colliculus (SC) is essential to translate visual signals that cannot be consciously perceived into motor outputs. We found that a gray stimulus presented in the blind field of a patient with unilateral V1 loss, although not consciously seen, can influence his behavioral and pupillary responses to consciously perceived stimuli in the intact field (implicit bilateral summation). Notably, this effect was accompanied by selective activations in the SC and in occipito-temporal extrastriate areas. However, when instead of gray stimuli we presented purple stimuli, which predominantly draw on S-cones and are thus invisible to the SC, any evidence of implicit visuomotor integration disappeared and activations in the SC dropped significantly. The present findings show that the SC acts as an interface between sensory and motor processing in the human brain, thereby providing a contribution to visually guided behavior that may remain functionally and anatomically segregated from the geniculo-striate pathway and entirely outside conscious visual experience.
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Tamietto M, Cauda F, Corazzini LL, Savazzi S, Marzi C, Goebel R, Weiskrantz L, de Gelder B. Collicular vision guides non-conscious behavior. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Tamietto M, Geminiani G, de Gelder B. Inter-hemispheric cooperation for facial and bodily emotional expressions is independent of visual similarities between stimuli. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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de Gelder B, Van den Stock J, Meeren HKM, Sinke CBA, Kret ME, Tamietto M. Standing up for the body. Recent progress in uncovering the networks involved in the perception of bodies and bodily expressions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:513-27. [PMID: 19857515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of monkeys and humans have identified several brain regions that respond to bodies. Researchers have so far mainly addressed the same questions about bodies and bodily expressions that are already familiar from three decades of face and facial expression studies. Our present goal is to review behavioral, electrophysiological and neurofunctional studies on whole body and bodily expression perception against the background of what is known about face perception. We review all currently available evidence in more detail than done so far, but we also argue for a more theoretically motivated comparison of faces and bodies that reflects some broader concerns than only modularity or category specificity of faces or bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice de Gelder
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000LE, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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Tamietto M, Castelli L, Vighetti S, Perozzo P, Geminiani G, Weiskrantz L, de Gelder B. Unseen facial and bodily expressions trigger fast emotional reactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17661-6. [PMID: 19805044 PMCID: PMC2764895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908994106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous tendency to synchronize our facial expressions with those of others is often termed emotional contagion. It is unclear, however, whether emotional contagion depends on visual awareness of the eliciting stimulus and which processes underlie the unfolding of expressive reactions in the observer. It has been suggested either that emotional contagion is driven by motor imitation (i.e., mimicry), or that it is one observable aspect of the emotional state arising when we see the corresponding emotion in others. Emotional contagion reactions to different classes of consciously seen and "unseen" stimuli were compared by presenting pictures of facial or bodily expressions either to the intact or blind visual field of two patients with unilateral destruction of the visual cortex and ensuing phenomenal blindness. Facial reactions were recorded using electromyography, and arousal responses were measured with pupil dilatation. Passive exposure to unseen expressions evoked faster facial reactions and higher arousal compared with seen stimuli, therefore indicating that emotional contagion occurs also when the triggering stimulus cannot be consciously perceived because of cortical blindness. Furthermore, stimuli that are very different in their visual characteristics, such as facial and bodily gestures, induced highly similar expressive responses. This shows that the patients did not simply imitate the motor pattern observed in the stimuli, but resonated to their affective meaning. Emotional contagion thus represents an instance of truly affective reactions that may be mediated by visual pathways of old evolutionary origin bypassing cortical vision while still providing a cornerstone for emotion communication and affect sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tamietto
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI) Foundation, Viale S. Severo 65, 10133 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorys Castelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Vighetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, via Cherasco 15, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Perozzo
- Centro Ricerche in Neuroscienze (Ce.R.Ne.), Fondazione Carlo Molo, via della Rocca 24/bis, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuliano Geminiani
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Po 14, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Lawrence Weiskrantz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 75, Room 2132-4, Charlestown, MA 02129
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Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The present study explored the possibility of predicting post-injury fitness to safe driving in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (n = 66). METHODS AND PROCEDURE Sixteen different measures, derived from four domains (demo/biographic, medico-functional, neuropsychological, and psychosocial) were used as predictor variables, whereas driving outcomes were assessed in terms of driving status (post-TBI drivers versus non-drivers) and driving safety (number of post-TBI car accidents and violations). MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS About 50% of the patients resumed driving after TBI. Compared to post-TBI non-drivers, post-injury drivers had shorter coma duration. With regard to driving safety, the final multiple regression model combined four predictors (years post-injury, accidents and violations before TBI, pre-TBI-risky-personality-index, and pre-TBI-risky-driving-style-index) and explained 72.5% of variance in the outcome measure. CONCLUSIONS Since the best three predictors of post-injury driving safety addressed patients' premorbid factors, the results suggest that in order to evaluate the actual possibility of safe driving after TBI, it would be advisable to consider carefully patients' pre-TBI histories.
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de Gelder B, Tamietto M, van Boxtel G, Goebel R, Sahraie A, van den Stock J, Stienen BM, Weiskrantz L, Pegna A. Intact navigation skills after bilateral loss of striate cortex. Curr Biol 2008; 18:R1128-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tamietto M, de Gelder B. Affective blindsight in the intact brain: Neural interhemispheric summation for unseen fearful expressions. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:820-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Survival depends to some extent on the ability to detect salient signals and prepare an appropriate response even when attention is engaged elsewhere. Fearful body language is a salient signal of imminent danger, easily observable from a distance and indicating to the observer which adaptive action to prepare for. Here we investigated for the first time whether fearful body language modulates the spatial distribution of attention and enhances visual awareness in neurological patients with severe attentional disorders. Patients with visual extinction and hemispatial neglect following right parietal injury have a rightward attentional bias accompanied by loss of awareness for contralesional left stimuli, especially when competing stimuli appear to the right. Three such patients were tested with pictures of fearful, happy, and neutral bodily expressions briefly presented either unilaterally in the left or right visual field, or to both fields simultaneously. On bilateral trials, unattended and task-irrelevant fearful bodily expressions modulated attentional selection and visual awareness. Fearful bodily expressions presented in the contralesional unattended visual field simultaneously with neutral bodies in the ipsilesional field were detected more often than left-side neutral or happy bodies. This demonstrates that despite pathological inattention and parietal damage, emotion and action-related information in fearful body language may be extracted automatically, biasing attentional selection and visual awareness. Our findings open new perspectives on the role of bodily expressions in attentional selection and suggest that a neural network in intact fronto-limbic and visual areas may still mediate reorienting of attention and preparation for action upon perceiving fear in others.
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