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Pérez Millán MI, Cheung LYM, Mercogliano F, Camilletti MA, Chirino Felker GT, Moro LN, Miriuka S, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA. Pituitary stem cells: past, present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:77-92. [PMID: 38102391 PMCID: PMC10964491 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary cells that express the transcription factor SOX2 are stem cells because they can self-renew and differentiate into multiple pituitary hormone-producing cell types as organoids. Wounding and physiological challenges can activate pituitary stem cells, but cell numbers are not fully restored, and the ability to mobilize stem cells decreases with increasing age. The basis of these limitations is still unknown. The regulation of stem cell quiescence and activation involves many different signalling pathways, including those mediated by WNT, Hippo and several cytokines; more research is needed to understand the interactions between these pathways. Pituitary organoids can be formed from human or mouse embryonic stem cells, or from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Human pituitary organoid transplantation is sufficient to induce corticosterone release in hypophysectomized mice, raising the possibility of therapeutic applications. Today, pituitary organoids have the potential to assess the role of individual genes and genetic variants on hormone production ex vivo, providing an important tool for the advancement of exciting frontiers in pituitary stem cell biology and pituitary organogenesis. In this article, we provide an overview of notable discoveries in pituitary stem cell function and highlight important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Pérez Millán
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Florencia Mercogliano
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Institute of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (IB3-UBA), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo T Chirino Felker
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia N Moro
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratory of Applied Research of Neurosciences (LIAN-CONICET), FLENI Sede Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Abstract
Gender differences in a wide variety of physiological parameters have implicated the ovarian hormones, estrogens and progesterone, in the regulation of numerous nonreproductive tissue functions. Rapid, nongenomic (nonclassical) progesterone actions mediated by membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs), which belong to the progestin and adipoQ receptor family, have been extensively investigated in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues since their discovery in fish ovaries 20 years ago. The 5 mPR subtypes (α, β, γ, δ, ε) are widely distributed in vertebrate tissues and are often expressed in the same cells as the nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1, thereby complicating investigations of mPR-specific functions. Nevertheless, mPR-mediated progesterone actions have been identified in a wide range of reproductive and nonreproductive tissues and distinguished from nuclear PR-mediated ones by knockdown of these receptors with siRNA in combination with a pharmacological approach using mPR- and PR-specific agonists. There are several recent reviews on the roles of the mPRs in vertebrate reproduction and cancer, but there have been no comprehensive assessments of mPR functions in nonreproductive tissues. Therefore, this article briefly reviews mPR functions in a broad range of nonreproductive tissues. The evidence that mPRs mediate progesterone and progestogen effects on neuroprotection, lordosis behavior, respiratory control of apnea, olfactory responses to pheromones, peripheral nerve regeneration, regulation of prolactin secretion in prolactinoma, immune functions, and protective functions in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells is critically reviewed. The ubiquitous expression of mPRs in vertebrate tissues suggests mPRs regulate many additional nonreproductive functions that remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Yefei Pang
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | | | - Luca F Castelnovo
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Vishnopolska SA, Mercogliano MF, Camilletti MA, Mortensen AH, Braslavsky D, Keselman A, Bergadá I, Olivieri F, Miranda L, Marino R, Ramírez P, Pérez Garrido N, Patiño Mejia H, Ciaccio M, Di Palma MI, Belgorosky A, Martí MA, Kitzman JO, Camper SA, Pérez-Millán MI. Comprehensive Identification of Pathogenic Gene Variants in Patients With Neuroendocrine Disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1956-1976. [PMID: 33729509 PMCID: PMC8208670 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) can present in isolation or with other birth defects. Mutations in multiple genes can cause CH, and the use of a genetic screening panel could establish the prevalence of mutations in known and candidate genes for this disorder. It could also increase the proportion of patients that receive a genetic diagnosis. METHODS We conducted target panel genetic screening using single-molecule molecular inversion probes sequencing to assess the frequency of mutations in known hypopituitarism genes and new candidates in Argentina. We captured genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from 170 pediatric patients with CH, either alone or with other abnormalities. We performed promoter activation assays to test the functional effects of patient variants in LHX3 and LHX4. RESULTS We found variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, or with uncertain significance in 15.3% of cases. These variants were identified in known CH causative genes (LHX3, LHX4, GLI2, OTX2, HESX1), in less frequently reported genes (FOXA2, BMP4, FGFR1, PROKR2, PNPLA6) and in new candidate genes (BMP2, HMGA2, HNF1A, NKX2-1). CONCLUSION In this work, we report the prevalence of mutations in known CH genes in Argentina and provide evidence for new candidate genes. We show that CH is a genetically heterogeneous disease with high phenotypic variation and incomplete penetrance, and our results support the need for further gene discovery for CH. Identifying population-specific pathogenic variants will improve the capacity of genetic data to predict eventual clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Alexis Vishnopolska
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biología en Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Mercogliano
- Instituto de Química Biología en Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biología en Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Amanda Helen Mortensen
- Deptartment of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48198-5618, USA
| | - Debora Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá,” (CEDIE), FEI – CONICET – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá,” (CEDIE), FEI – CONICET – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá,” (CEDIE), FEI – CONICET – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Instituto de Química Biología en Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Lucas Miranda
- Instituto de Química Biología en Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Roxana Marino
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1245, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1245, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pérez Garrido
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1245, Argentina
| | - Helen Patiño Mejia
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1245, Argentina
| | - Marta Ciaccio
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1245, Argentina
| | - Maria Isabel Di Palma
- Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, C1245, Argentina
| | - Alicia Belgorosky
- Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan-CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Adrian Martí
- Instituto de Química Biología en Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
| | - Jacob Otto Kitzman
- Deptartment of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48198-5618, USA
| | - Sally Ann Camper
- Deptartment of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48198-5618, USA
- Correspondence: Sally A. Camper, PhD, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48198-5618, United States. E-mail: ; or Maria Ines Perez-Millan, PhD, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina. E-mail:
| | - Maria Ines Pérez-Millán
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina
- Correspondence: Sally A. Camper, PhD, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48198-5618, United States. E-mail: ; or Maria Ines Perez-Millan, PhD, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Argentina. E-mail:
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Camilletti MA, Vishnopolska S, Mercogliano MF, Mortensen AH, Murriello AC, Braslavsky DG, Keselman AC, Bergada I, Marino RM, Ramirez P, Garrido NP, Ciaccio M, Di Palma MI, Belgorosky A, Forclaz V, Benzrihen MG, D’Amato S, Marti M, Kitzman J, Camper SA, Perez-Millan MI. Identification of FOXA2 and PNPLA6 Among Other Genes, as a Potential Risk for Pituitary Hormone Deficiency. J Endocr Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pituitary hormone deficiency or hypopituitarism is characterized by a malformed or underdeveloped pituitary gland resulting in an impaired pituitary hormone secretion. Several transcription factors have been described in its etiology, but defects in known genes account for only a small proportion of cases. We sought to identify the cause of hypopituitarism in 171 unrelated patients diagnosed with or without extra-pituitary manifestations that were recruited from several Argentinean medical centers. We conducted panel sequencing, and identified among other genes and variants, de novo heterozygous mutations in FOXA2 and PNPLA6. FOXA2 is a transcription factor member of the forkhead class of DNA-binding proteins, involved in the early development of multiple tissues. FOXA2 is highly expressed throughout the developing hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and regulates GLI2, SHH and NKX2-2 expression. Mutations of FOXA2 have been linked to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) in some cases with extra-pituitary phenotypes including hyperinsulinism or gastrointestinal malformations. We found two patients with CPHD and rare FOXA2 variants. Case 1 had GHD, anterior pituitary hypoplasia, mammary hypertelorism and digital anomalies and a heterozygous variant FOXA2 p.Arg228Ser, predicted to be pathogenic. Case 2 had GH and TSH deficiency, craniofacial anomalies and neurodevelopmental delay, and a novel, stop codon mutation FOXA2 p.Ser229* and an heterozygous GLI1 variant (p.Asp1048Asn). Both FOXA2 variants are located within the forkhead domain which may affect the DNA binding ability. We suspect they are likely damaging based on the literature, the in-silico prediction, and their absence in GnomAD. PNPLA6 is a conserved lysophospholipase involved in maintaining nervous system integrity. Mutations in PNPLA6 have been identified in a broad spectrum from pure ataxia to rare neuroendocrine conditions including Gordon Holmes and Oliver McFarlane syndromes. Here, we identified two de novo heterozygous variants in PNPLA6 in children with CPHD. Variant p.W1039R was found in a patient with CPHD, intellectual disability and visual problems. A second variant (p.T1115P) was identified in a 10-year-old girl with CPHD, retinitis pigmentosa and neurodevelopmental delay. According to modelling studies of the protein structure, both variants are expected to be critical for the activity of the NTE as they are located in close proximity to the protein’s catalytic pocket. It is likely that these variants may contribute to our patient’s phenotype. However, as most reported PNPLA6 variants in the literature were found in homozygosity or compound heterozygosity, additional studies are necessary to draw more definitive genotype-phenotype correlations. In summary, in this work we were able to expand our knowledge of pituitary target genes for genetic diagnosis for CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Vishnopolska
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Mercogliano
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Augusto Chaves Murriello
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Debora Giselle Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Claudia Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergada
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Ines Perez-Millan
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vishnopolska S, Mercogliano MF, Camilletti MA, Mortensen AH, Braslavsky DG, Keselman AC, Bergada I, Marino RM, Ramirez P, Garrido NP, Ciaccio M, Di Palma MI, Belgorosky A, Miras M, Nicola JP, Marti M, Kitzman J, Camper SA, Perez-Millan MI. Novel Pathogenic Variants in LHX3, LHX4 and GLI2 Identified in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Hypopituitarism: From Variant Calling To Variant Testing. J Endocr Soc 2021. [PMCID: PMC8090718 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypopituitarism (CH), septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), and holoprosencephaly (HPE) constitute an important group of structural birth defects that cause significant morbidity and life-long consequences for quality of life and care. The genetic causes are highly overlapping. As such, these disorders can be considered as a spectrum of related disorders. Improved insight into genetic causes would be valuable for patients, families, and medical geneticists. Very few systematic genetic screens have been carried out for patients with CH. We implemented genetic screening using single-molecule molecular inversion probes sequencing to identify causative mutations in a set of 67 genes previously reported in CH patients and the spectrum encompassing SOD and HPE. We captured genomic DNA from 170 Argentinean pediatric patients with CH, and 54% of the patients in this cohort have craniofacial, ophthalmologic, and/or central nervous system defects. We found candidate pathogenic, likely pathogenic and variants uncertain significance (VUS) in 23% of the cases. In order to evaluate the functional consequences of VUS in LHX3, LHX4, and GLI2, we performed in-vitro functional assays to study the activity of the mutated proteins. To test LHX3/4 variants we co-transfected HEK293T cells with wild type (WT) or mutated LHX3/4 variant plasmids and luciferase reporter genes driven by the ɑGSU promoter or GH1 promoter and assayed for luciferase activity. For GLI2 functional analysis we used the cell line NIH/3T3-CG, stably transfected to express GFP under the presence of GLI2 activated form. Endogenous Gli2 was knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9 and clones were selected for absence of GFP expression upon activation of the sonic hedgehog pathway. We tested the ability of transfected WT or mutated GLI2 expression plasmids to restore GFP fluorescence. We concluded that variants LHX3:p.Pro187Ser LHX4:p.Arg84His, p.Gln100His and p.Trp204Leu and GLI2:p.1404Lfs impair activation of the reporter gene, while the LHX3:p.Leu220Met and GLI2:p.L761P have WT activity on their respective assays. Identification of disease-causing variants in CH is complicated by phenotypic variation, incomplete penetrance, and VUS. Functional testing of potentially pathogenic variants is critical to arrive at a definitive molecular diagnosis. A full catalogue of variant effects in known causative genes would be invaluable for clinicians in order to simplify the interpretation of novel variants and reduce the diagnostic odyssey that families often experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vishnopolska
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Mercogliano
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Andrea Camilletti
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Debora Giselle Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Claudia Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergada
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas Dr. César Bergadá, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirta Miras
- Hospital de Ninos de la Santisima Trinidad Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Ines Perez-Millan
- Instituto de Biociencia, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB), University De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Faraoni EY, Abeledo Machado AI, Pérez PA, Marcial López CA, Camilletti MA, Peña-Zanoni M, Rulli SB, Gutiérrez S, Díaz-Torga G. Activin-inhibitory action on lactotrophs is decreased in lactotroph hyperplasia. J Endocrinol 2020; 244:415-429. [PMID: 32395971 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among all the hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, prolactinomas are the most frequently found in the clinic. Since dopamine is the primary inhibitor of lactotroph function, dopamine agonists represent the first-line therapy. However, a subset of patients exhibits resistance to these drugs, and therefore, alternative treatments are desired. As activins inhibit prolactin gene expression through the inhibition of Pit-1 involving the p38MAPK pathway, in the present work, we studied the local activin system as an alternative inhibitory system for lactotroph hyperplasia treatment. We used two different mouse models of prolactinoma: transgenic mice with overexpression of the human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit (hCGβ) and mice lacking dopamine receptor type 2. In both models, females, but not males, develop lactotroph hyperplasia from the fourth month of life. We found reduced expression of pituitary activin subunits and activin receptors in hyperplastic pituitaries from both models compared with wild-type counterparts. Consequently, hyperplastic pituitaries presented a reduced activin-inhibitory action on prolactin secretion. Additionally, while female wild-type lactotrophs presented high levels of phospho-p38MAPK, it was lost in prolactinomas, concomitant with decreased activin expression, increased Pit-1 expression and tumour development. In contrast, male pituitaries express higher mRNA levels of activin subunits βA and βB, which would suggest a stronger activin inhibitory function on lactotrophs, protecting this sex from tumour development, despite genotype. The present results highlight the importance of the activin inhibitory action on lactotroph function and place the local activin system as a new target for the treatment of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Faraoni
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A I Abeledo Machado
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Pérez
- Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C A Marcial López
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Camilletti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Peña-Zanoni
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S B Rulli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Gutiérrez
- Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Díaz-Torga
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Camilletti MA, Martinez Mayer J, Vishnopolska SA, Perez-Millan MI. From Pituitary Stem Cell Differentiation to Regenerative Medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614999. [PMID: 33542708 PMCID: PMC7851048 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of specialized cell-types that produce and secrete polypeptide hormones in response to hypothalamic input and feedback from target organs. These specialized cells arise during embryonic development, from stem cells that express SOX2 and the pituitary transcription factor PROP1, which is necessary to establish the stem cell pool and promote an epithelial to mesenchymal-like transition, releasing progenitors from the niche. Human and mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all major hormone-producing cell types of the anterior lobe in a highly plastic and dynamic manner. More recently human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) emerged as a viable alternative due to their plasticity and high proliferative capacity. This mini-review gives an overview of the major advances that have been achieved to develop protocols to generate pituitary hormone-producing cell types from stem cells and how these mechanisms are regulated. We also discuss their application in pituitary diseases, such as pituitary hormone deficiencies.
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Camilletti MA, Ferraris J, Abeledo-Machado A, Converse A, Faraoni EY, Pisera D, Gutierrez S, Thomas P, Díaz-Torga G. Participation of membrane progesterone receptor α in the inhibitory effect of progesterone on prolactin secretion. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12614. [PMID: 29869822 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The membrane progesterone receptors (mPRα, mPRβ, mPRγ, mPRδ and mPRε) are known to mediate rapid nongenomic progesterone functions in different cell types. However, the functions of these receptors in the pituitary have not been reported to date. In the present study, we show that the expression of mPRα was the highest among the mPRs in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Immunostaining of mPRα was detected in somatotrophs, gonadotrophs and lactotrophs. Interestingly, 63% of mPRα-positive cells within the pituitary were lactotrophs, suggesting that mPRα is involved in controlling prolactin (PRL) secretion in the pituitary. To test this hypothesis, rat pituitaries were incubated (1 hour) with either progesterone (P4) or the mPRα-specific agonist Org OD 02-0. PRL secretion was then measured by radioimmunoassay. The results of this experiment revealed that both P4 and Org OD 02-0 decreased PRL secretion. Moreover, the results from the GH3 cell line (CCL-82.1) showed that P4 and Org OD 02-0 inhibited PRL release, although the nuclear PR agonist R5020 was ineffective. Our investigation of the cellular mechanisms behind mPRα activity indicated that both P4 and Org OD 02-0 decreased cAMP accumulation, whereas R5020 was ineffective. In addition, the Org OD 02-0-effect on PRL release was blocked by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Go/Gi proteins. Because transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 is a potent inhibitor of PRL secretion in lactotrophs, we lastly evaluated whether TGFβ1 was activated by progesterone and whether this effect was mediated by mPRα. Our results showed that P4 and Org OD 02-0, but not R5020, increased active TGFβ1 levels. This effect was not observed when cells were transfected with mPRα-small interfering RNA. Taken together, these data provide new evidence suggesting that mPRα mediates the progesterone inhibitory effect on PRL secretion through both decreases in cAMP levels and activation of TGFβ1 in the lactotroph population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Camilletti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Ferraris
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Abeledo-Machado
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Converse
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - E Y Faraoni
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Pisera
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - G Díaz-Torga
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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