1
|
Martínez-Bonet M, González-Serna A, Clemente MI, Morón-López S, Díaz L, Navarro M, Puertas MC, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Martinez-Picado J, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Relationship between CCR5 (WT/Δ32) heterozygosity and HIV-1 reservoir size in adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:318-324. [PMID: 28042001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several host factors contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression in the absence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Among them, the CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is known to be the main co-receptor used by HIV-1 to enter target cells during the early stages of an HIV-1 infection. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of CCR5(WT/Δ32) heterozygosity with HIV-1 reservoir size, lymphocyte differentiation, activation and immunosenescence in adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection receiving cART. METHODS CCR5 genotype was analysed in 242 patients with vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection from Paediatric Spanish AIDS Research Network Cohort (coRISpe). Proviral HIV-1 DNA was quantified by digital-droplet PCR, and T-cell phenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry in a subset of 24 patients (ten with CCR5(Δ32/WT) genotype and 14 with CCR5(WT/WT) genotype). RESULTS Twenty-three patients were heterozygous for the Δ32 genotype but none was homozygous for the mutated CCR5 allele. We observed no difference in the HIV-1 reservoir size (455 and 578 copies of HIV-1 DNA per million CD4+ T cells in individuals with CCR5(WT/WT) and CCR5(Δ32/WT) genotypes, respectively; p 0.75) or in the immune activation markers between both genotype groups. However, we found that total HIV-1 DNA in CD4+ T cells correlated with the percentage of memory CD4+ T cells: a direct correlation in CCR5(WT/Δ32) patients but an inverse correlation in those with the CCR5(WT/WT) genotype. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests a differential distribution of the viral reservoir compartment in CCR5(WT/Δ32) patients with perinatal HIV infection, which is a characteristic that may affect the design of strategies for reservoir elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Bonet
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Serna
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M I Clemente
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Morón-López
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - L Díaz
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Navarro
- Department of Infection Disease Section, Paediatric Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - E Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martínez-Bonet M, Puertas MC, Fortuny C, Ouchi D, Mellado MJ, Rojo P, Noguera-Julian A, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Martinez-Picado J. Establishment and Replenishment of the Viral Reservoir in Perinatally HIV-1-infected Children Initiating Very Early Antiretroviral Therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1169-78. [PMID: 26063721 PMCID: PMC4560905 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) generally suppresses the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but does not cure the infection, because proviruses persist in stable latent reservoirs. It has been proposed that low-level proviral reservoirs might predict longer virologic control after discontinuation of treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of very early initiation of cART and temporary treatment interruption on the size of the latent HIV-1 reservoir in vertically infected children. METHODS This retrospective study included 23 perinatally HIV-1-infected children who initiated very early treatment within 12 weeks after birth (n = 14), or early treatment between week 12 and 1 year (n = 9). We measured the proviral reservoir (CD4(+) T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA) in blood samples collected beyond the first year of sustained virologic suppression. RESULTS There is a strong positive correlation between the time to initiation of cART and the size of the proviral reservoir. Children who initiated cART within the first 12 weeks of life showed a proviral reservoir 6-fold smaller than children initiating cART beyond this time (P < .01). Rapid virologic control after initiation of cART also limits the size of the viral reservoir. However, patients who underwent transient treatment interruptions showed a dramatic increase in the size of the viral reservoir after discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Initiation of cART during the first 12 weeks of life in perinatally HIV-1-infected children limits the size of the viral reservoir. Treatment interruptions should be undertaken with caution, as they might lead to fast and irreversible replenishment of the viral reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
- Spanish HIV HGM BioBank
| | - Maria Carmen Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues del Llobregat
| | - Dan Ouchi
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona
| | - Maria José Mellado
- Servicio de Pediatría Hospitalaria y E. Infecciosas y Tropicales Pediátricas. Hospital Universitario Infantil LA PAZ- H. Carlos III, Madrid
| | - Pablo Rojo
- Servicio de Pediatría. Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues del Llobregat
| | - Ma Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)
- Spanish HIV HGM BioBank
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona
- Universitat de Vic – Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tiraboschi JM, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Puertas MC, Alonso-Villaverde C, Prats A, Ferrer E, Rozas N, Maso M, Ouchi D, Martinez-Picado J, Podzamczer D. Viral and inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive impairment during antiretroviral treatment switch. HIV Med 2015; 16:388-92. [PMID: 25721471 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate HIV-1 viral load (VL) and inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neurocognitive performance in patients with neurocognitive impairment (NCI) while they were receiving tenofovir (TDF)/ emtricitabine (FTC)/efavirenz (EFV) and after switching to a regimen with enhanced central nervous system (CNS) penetrability. METHODS This was a prospective, single-arm pilot study. HIV-1-infected patients with plasma viral suppression and HIV-associated NCI on a regimen including TDF/FTC/EFV were switched to abacavir (ABC)/lamivudine (3TC)/maraviroc (MVC). The Global Deficit Score (GDS) was used to score cognitive function at baseline and 48 weeks after treatment switch. Both CSF and blood samples were taken at baseline and between weeks 24 and 36 after switching. HIV-1 RNA in plasma and CSF was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Inflammatory biomarkers in CSF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS A total of 71 patients receiving TDF/FTC/EFV were screened. Twelve of them (17%) had documented NCI, lacked the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*57:01 haplotype and harboured Chemokine Receptor Type-5 (CCR5)-tropic virus. Eight patients had detectable HIV-1 RNA (between 2.7 and 41.6 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) in CSF at baseline. All participants had elevated levels of neopterin and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) in CSF at baseline. Eight out of 12 patients completed their follow-up assessment after treatment switch. The GDS decreased from 0.55 to 0.4 (P = 0.085). Median HIV-1 RNA in CSF decreased from 3.49 to 2.20 (P = 0.23). Among the inflammation markers in CSF, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α decreased significantly from median 0.51 to 0.35 pg/mL (P = 0.027), showing a correlation with the changes in neopterin, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with NCI receiving TDF/FTC/EFV had low-level viraemia and/or increased inflammatory markers in CSF. Treatment switching to an MVC-containing regimen with better CNS penetration resulted in a trend towards improvement in neurocognitive status and reduced TNF-α concentrations in CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Tiraboschi
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Muñoz-Moreno
- Fight AIDS Fundation-University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - M C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - A Prats
- Fight AIDS Fundation-University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - E Ferrer
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Rozas
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Maso
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Ouchi
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute - IrsiCaixa, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Podzamczer
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Surdo M, Alteri C, Puertas MC, Saccomandi P, Parrotta L, Swenson L, Chapman D, Costa G, Artese A, Balestra E, Aquaro S, Alcaro S, Lewis M, Clotet B, Harrigan R, Valdez H, Svicher V, Perno CF, Martinez-Picado J, Ceccherini-Silberstein F. Effect of maraviroc on non-R5 tropic HIV-1: refined analysis of subjects from the phase IIb study A4001029. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:103.e1-6. [PMID: 25636934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We characterized maraviroc susceptibility of dual/mixed tropic viruses from subjects enrolled onto phase IIb study A4001029. Maraviroc baseline plasma samples from 13 multidrug-experienced subjects were sequenced and the HIV-1-env gene cloned into pNL4.3Δenv to obtain recombinant viruses. The V3 region was sequenced by the Sanger method and ultradeep sequencing. By analysing subjects having a weighted optimized background therapy susceptibility (wOBT) score of <1, 3/7 subjects were characterized by good in vivo and in vitro response to maraviroc therapy. Molecular docking simulations allowed us to rationalize the maraviroc susceptibility of dual/mixed tropic viruses. A subset of subjects with dual/mixed tropic viruses responded to maraviroc. Further investigations are warranted of CCR5 antagonists in subjects carrying dual/mixed tropic virus that explore the feasible use of maraviroc in subjects that is potentially larger than those infected with a pure R5 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Surdo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C Alteri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Puertas
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari 'Germans Trias i Pujol', Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Saccomandi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - L Parrotta
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - L Swenson
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - G Costa
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Artese
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - E Balestra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - S Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - S Alcaro
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Græcia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - B Clotet
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari 'Germans Trias i Pujol', Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic (UVic), Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Harrigan
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - V Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C F Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - J Martinez-Picado
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari 'Germans Trias i Pujol', Badalona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic (UVic), Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morón-López S, Hancock G, Puertas MC, Rose A, Salgado M, Hayton EJ, Morgan C, Angus B, Yang H, Hanke T, Dorrell L, Martinez-Picado J. Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Impact on the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir of an HIV Conserved Region Vaccine, MVA.HIVconsv, in HAART-treated Subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5407.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Hancock
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Annie Rose
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma-Jo Hayton
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine Morgan
- Genitourinary Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Angus
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Hanke
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Puertas MC, Martínez-Martos JM, Cobo MP, Carrera MP, Mayas MD, Ramírez-Expósito MJ. Plasma oxidative stress parameters in men and women with early stage Alzheimer type dementia. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:625-30. [PMID: 22664577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress is one of the earliest events in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, indicating that may play a key role in this disease. In our study, we measured the levels of oxidative stress indicators (TBARS and protein carbonyls content) and the non-enzymatic (glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) and enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) defense systems in the plasma of 46 patients diagnosed of ATD and 46 age-matched controls. We found decreased levels in total GSH in ATD patients, although healthy control women showed lower levels of total GSH than healthy control men. On the contrary, we found increased levels of TBARS and carbonyl groups content in ATD patients in both genders. The activity of the plasma antioxidant enzymes showed no changes for SOD activity in ATD patients, independently of the gender, although western blot analysis showed an increase in SOD-1 protein. CAT activity was also decreased in ATD patients, although this decrease is mainly due to the decrease found in men but not in women. However, western blot analysis did not show differences in CAT protein between controls and ATD patients. Finally, a decrease of GPx activity was found in ATD patients in both genders. However, as with CAT protein, western blot analysis did not show differences in GPx protein between controls and ATD patients. Our results suggest that there is a defect in the antioxidant defense system that is incapable of responding to increased free radical production, which may lead to oxidative damage and the development of the pathological alterations that characterize the neurodegenerative disorder of patients with ATD. Thus, oxidative damage could be one important aspect for the onset of ATD and oxidative stress markers could be useful to diagnose the illness in their earliest stages through both non-invasive, reliable and cost-affordable methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Puertas
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, School of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buzon MJ, Erkizia I, Pou C, Minuesa G, Puertas MC, Esteve A, Castello A, Santos JR, Prado JG, Izquierdo-Useros N, Pattery T, Van Houtte M, Carrasco L, Clotet B, Ruiz L, Martinez-Picado J. A non-infectious cell-based phenotypic assay for the assessment of HIV-1 susceptibility to protease inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:32-8. [PMID: 21994909 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-1 genotyping is widely accepted as a diagnostic tool to optimize therapy changes in patients whose antiretroviral regimen is failing. Phenotyping can substantially complement the information obtained from genotyping, especially in the presence of complex mutational patterns. However, drug susceptibility tests are laborious and require biosafety facilities. We describe the molecular mechanism of a non-infectious HIV-1 protease phenotypic assay in eukaryotic cells and validate its applicability as a tool for monitoring drug resistance. METHODS A cloning vector containing the fusion protein green fluorescent protein-HIV-1 protease (GFP-PR) was modified to facilitate the insertion of HIV-1 protease from infected subjects. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were used to establish the molecular mechanism of the new phenotypic assay. The method was validated by analysing HIV-1 protease from 46 clinical isolates. Statistical comparisons were made between values obtained using our assay and those reported from alternative standardized phenotypic assays. RESULTS The capacity of HIV-1 protease to cleave cellular translation factors, such as the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 (eIF4GI) and the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), led to cyclical accumulation of GFP that varied with the dose of protease inhibitors. Validation and comparison revealed a significant correlation with the Virco TYPE HIV-1 test (P < 0.0001, Spearman's ρ = 0.60), the Antivirogram test (P = 0.0001, Spearman's ρ = 0.60) and the Stanford HIVdb (P < 0.0001, Spearman's ρ = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS This cell-based non-infectious phenotypic method with a well-understood molecular mechanism was highly reliable and comparable to other widely used assays. The method can be used for both phenotyping of HIV-1 viral isolates resistant to protease inhibitors and screening of new protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Buzon
- Institut de Recerca de SIDA (IrsiCaixa), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Paredes R, Puertas MC, Bannister W, Kisic M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Pou C, Bellido R, Betancor G, Bogner J, Gargalianos P, Bánhegyi D, Clotet B, Lundgren J, Menéndez-Arias L, Martinez-Picado J. A376S in the Connection Subdomain of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Confers Increased Risk of Virological Failure to Nevirapine Therapy. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:741-52. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Paredes
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA–IrsiCaixa
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Wendy Bannister
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mónica Kisic
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Research Department of Infection & Population Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gilberto Betancor
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Dénes Bánhegyi
- Immunology Department, Szent Lszl Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA–IrsiCaixa
- Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jens Lundgren
- Copenhagen HIV Programme, University of Copenhagen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Viral Disease KMA, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- Institut de Recerca de la SIDA–IrsiCaixa
- Institució Catalana de Recerca Avançada (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Retroviruses appropriate pre-existing cellular machineries to propagate. In the last decade, impressive similarities have been observed in the generation and dissemination in the host cells of retroviruses and small cellular vesicles known as exosomes. These cellular vesicles are thought to facilitate intercellular communication processes and mediate immune functions. However, their link to the retroviral life cycle has given rise to distinct hypotheses and puzzling dilemmas. Are exosomes the antecessors of retroviruses or do retroviruses merely exploit the same cellular machinery designated for exosome biosynthesis? Here, we address these fascinating evolutionary questions by reviewing recent discoveries and analysing the controversies surrounding them.
Collapse
|
10
|
Izquierdo-Useros N, Naranjo-Gómez M, Erkizia I, Puertas MC, Borràs FE, Blanco J, Martinez-Picado J. HIV and mature dendritic cells: Trojan exosomes riding the Trojan horse? PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000740. [PMID: 20360840 PMCID: PMC2845607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted cellular vesicles that can induce specific CD4+ T cell responses in vivo when they interact with competent antigen-presenting cells like mature dendritic cells (mDCs). The Trojan exosome hypothesis proposes that retroviruses can take advantage of the cell-encoded intercellular vesicle traffic and exosome exchange pathway, moving between cells in the absence of fusion events in search of adequate target cells. Here, we discuss recent data supporting this hypothesis, which further explains how DCs can capture and internalize retroviruses like HIV-1 in the absence of fusion events, leading to the productive infection of interacting CD4+ T cells and contributing to viral spread through a mechanism known as trans-infection. We suggest that HIV-1 can exploit an exosome antigen-dissemination pathway intrinsic to mDCs, allowing viral internalization and final trans-infection of CD4+ T cells. In contrast to previous reports that focus on the ability of immature DCs to capture HIV in the mucosa, this review emphasizes the outstanding role that mature DCs could have promoting trans-infection in the lymph node, underscoring a new potential viral dissemination pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mar Naranjo-Gómez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis (LIRAD), Blood and Tissue Bank, Badalona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Francesc E. Borràs
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis (LIRAD), Blood and Tissue Bank, Badalona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa Foundation, Badalona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa Foundation, Badalona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puertas MC, Buzón MJ, Artese A, Alcaro S, Menendez-Arias L, Perno CF, Clotet B, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Martinez-Picado J. Effect of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase polymorphism Leu-214 on replication capacity and drug susceptibility. J Virol 2009; 83:7434-9. [PMID: 19457988 PMCID: PMC2708641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00487-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A negative association between polymorphism Leu-214 and type-1 thymidine analogue mutations (TAM1) and a positive association with a clinically favorable virological response to thymidine analogue-based combination antiretroviral therapy have been described. In this study, the impact of Leu-214 on replication capacity and resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) of viruses containing TAM1 or TAM2 was determined. Leu-214 decreased the growth rate of viruses bearing Tyr-215, as well as their resistance to ZDV. This observation was confirmed by structural and molecular modeling data, suggesting a regulatory role for Leu-214 in the emergence and phenotypic resistance of TAM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Puertas
- irsiCaixa Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dalmau J, Puertas MC, Azuara M, Mariño A, Frahm N, Mothe B, Izquierdo-Useros N, Buzón MJ, Paredes R, Matas L, Allen TM, Brander C, Rodrigo C, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J. Contribution of immunological and virological factors to extremely severe primary HIV type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:229-38. [PMID: 19093810 DOI: 10.1086/595704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, high viral loads and the induction of host immune responses typically coincide with the onset of clinical symptoms. However, clinically severe presentations during acute HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection, including AIDS-defining symptoms, are unusual. METHODS Virus isolates were tested for clade, drug susceptibility, coreceptor use, and growth rate in 2 case reports of sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype was determined, and HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to an overlapping peptide set spanning the entire HIV clade A and clade B proteome were assayed. RESULTS The viruses isolated in the 2 unrelated case reports of severe primary HIV-1 infection showed R5/X4 dual-mixed tropism, belonged to clade B and CRF02-AG, and were highly replicative in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture. Impaired humoral responses were paralleled by a profound absence of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to the entire viral proteome in the 2 case reports. In 1 case report for which the virus source was available, there was a remarkable HLA similarity between the 2 patients involved in the transmission event, because 3 of 4 HLA-A and HLA-B alleles had matched HLA supertype for both patients. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that concurrence of viral and host factors contributes to the clinical severity of primary HIV-1 infection and that patients infected with highly replicative, dual-tropic viruses are more prone to develop AIDS-defining symptoms during acute infection if they are unable to mount humoral and cellular HIV-1-specific immune responses. The presence of concordant HLA supertypes might facilitate the preferential transmission of HLA-adapted viral variants, further accelerating disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Dalmau
- irsiCaixa Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carrillo J, Puertas MC, Planas R, Pastor X, Alba A, Stratmann T, Pujol-Borrell R, Ampudia RM, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. Anti-peripherin B lymphocytes are positively selected during diabetogenesis. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3152-62. [PMID: 18433871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement analysis of immunoglobulin genes is an exceptional opportunity to look back at the B lymphocyte differentiation during ontogeny and the subsequent immune response, and thus to study the selective pressures involved in autoimmune disorders. In a recent study to characterize the antigenic specificity of B lymphocytes during T1D progression, we generated hybridomas of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes from NOD mice and other related strains developing insulitis, but with different degrees of susceptibility to T1D. We found that a sizable proportion of hybridomas produced monoclonal antibodies reactive to peripherin, an intermediate filament protein mainly found in the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, we found that anti-peripherin antibody-producing hybridomas originated from B lymphocytes that had undergone immunoglobulin class switch recombination, a characteristic of secondary immune response. Therefore, in the present study we performed immunoglobulin VL and VH analysis of these hybridomas to ascertain whether they were derived from B lymphocytes that had undergone antigen-driven selection. The results indicated that whereas some anti-peripherin hybridomas showed signs of oligoclonality, somatic hypermutation and/or secondary rearrangements (receptor edition and receptor revision), others seemed to directly derive from the preimmune repertoire. In view of these results, we conclude that anti-peripherin B lymphocytes are positively selected and primed in the course of T1D development in NOD mice, and reinforce the idea that peripherin is a relevant autoantigen targeted during T1D development in this animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Application to Diagnosis & Center for Transfusion and Tissue Bank (BST), Institut d'Investigacio Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Puertas MC, Carrillo J, Pastor X, Ampudia RM, Planas R, Alba A, Bruno R, Pujol-Borrell R, Estanyol JM, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. Peripherin Is a Relevant Neuroendocrine Autoantigen Recognized by Islet-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes. J Immunol 2007; 178:6533-9. [PMID: 17475883 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge of the antigenic repertoire of autoreactive B lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes (T1D) comes from studies on the antigenic specificity of both circulating islet-reactive autoantibodies and peripheral B lymphocyte hybridomas generated from human blood or rodent spleen. In a recent study, we generated hybridoma cell lines of infiltrating B lymphocytes from different mouse strains developing insulitis, but with different degrees of susceptibility to T1D, to characterize the antigenic specificity of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes during progression of the disease. We found that many hybridomas produced mAbs restricted to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), thus indicating an active B lymphocyte response against PNS elements in the pancreatic islet during disease development. The aim of this study was to identify the autoantigen recognized by these anti-PNS mAbs. Our results showed that peripherin is the autoantigen recognized by all anti-PNS mAbs, and, therefore, a relevant neuroendocrine autoantigen targeted by islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes. Moreover, we discovered that the immune dominant epitope of this B lymphocyte immune response is found at the C-terminal end of Per58 and Per61 isoforms. In conclusion, our study strongly suggests that peripherin is a major autoantigen targeted during T1D development and poses a new question on why peripherin-specific B lymphocytes are mainly attracted to the islet during disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Puertas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Diagnosis and Center for Transfusion and Tissue Bank; Institut d'Investigacio Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Puertas MC, Carrillo J, Pastor X, Ampudia RM, Alba A, Planas R, Pujol-Borrell R, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. Phenotype and functional characteristics of islet-infiltrating B-cells suggest the existence of immune regulatory mechanisms in islet milieu. Diabetes 2007; 56:940-9. [PMID: 17395741 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B-cells participate in the autoimmune response that precedes the onset of type 1 diabetes, but how these cells contribute to disease progression is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the phenotype and functional characteristics of islet-infiltrating B-cells in the diabetes-prone NOD mouse and in the insulitis-prone but diabetes-resistant (NOD x NOR)F1 mouse. The results indicate that B-cells accumulate in the islets of both mice influenced by sex traits. Phenotypically and functionally, these B-cells are highly affected by the islet inflammatory milieu, which may keep them in a silenced status. Moreover, although islet-infiltrating B-cells seem to be antigen experienced, they can only induce islet-infiltrating T-cell proliferation when they act as accessory cells. Thus, these results strongly suggest that islet-infiltrating B-cells do not activate islet-infiltrating T-cells in situ, although they may affect the progression of the disease otherwise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Puertas
- Unit of Immunology, Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Carrer Montserrat Roig 2, 25008 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Villena C, Prado JG, Puertas MC, Martínez MA, Clotet B, Ruiz L, Parkin NT, Menéndez-Arias L, Martinez-Picado J. Relative fitness and replication capacity of a multinucleoside analogue-resistant clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate with a deletion of codon 69 in the reverse transcriptase coding region. J Virol 2007; 81:4713-21. [PMID: 17314158 PMCID: PMC1900151 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02135-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions, insertions, and amino acid substitutions in the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) have been associated with resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors when appearing in combination with other mutations in the RT-coding region. In this work, we have measured the in vivo fitness of HIV-1 variants containing a deletion of 3 nucleotides affecting codon 69 (Delta69) of the viral RT as well as the replication capacity (RC) ex vivo of a series of recombinant HIV-1 variants carrying an RT bearing the Delta69 deletion or the T69A mutation in a multidrug-resistant (MDR) sequence background, including the Q151M complex and substitutions M184V, K103N, Y181C, and G190A. Patient-derived viral clones having RTs with Delta69 together with S163I showed increased RCs under drug pressure. These data were consistent with the viral population dynamics observed in a long-term-treated HIV-1-infected patient. In the absence of drugs, viral clones containing T69A replicated more efficiently than those having Delta69, but only when patient-derived sequences corresponding to RT residues 248 to 527 were present. These effects could be attributed to a functional interaction between the C-terminal domain of the p66 subunit (RNase H domain) and the DNA polymerase domain of the RT. Finally, recombinant HIV-1 clones bearing RTs with MDR-associated mutations, including deletions at codon 69, showed increased susceptibilities to protease inhibitors in phenotypic assays. These effects correlated with impaired Gag cleavage and could be attributed to delayed maturation and decreased production of active protease in those variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Villena
- irsiCaixa Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Planas R, Alba A, Carrillo J, Puertas MC, Ampudia R, Pastor X, Okamoto H, Takasawa S, Gurr W, Pujol-Borrell R, Verdaguer J, Vives-Pi M. Reg (regenerating) gene overexpression in islets from non-obese diabetic mice with accelerated diabetes: role of IFNbeta. Diabetologia 2006; 49:2379-87. [PMID: 16900387 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The expression of IFNbeta in beta cells results in accelerated type 1 diabetes. The REG family of beta cell proliferation factors have been described as autoantigens in autoimmune diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of IFNbeta on Reg expression, and the implications of this in terms of autoimmunity. METHODS Reg gene expression was determined in islets from non-obese diabetic (NOD) RIP-HuIFNbeta mice by cDNA microarray, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of IFNbeta on Reg1 and Reg2 expression was assessed in the NOD insulinoma cell line NIT-1. IL-6, known to induce Reg expression, was measured in the insulitis microenvironment. Morphological studies were carried out to determine islet enlargement in this model. RESULTS Reg2 was upregulated in islets from the NOD RIP-HuIFNbeta mice at the onset of the autoimmune attack. IFNbeta upregulates Reg1 and Reg2 genes in NIT-1 cells. The expression of Il6 was increased in islets from transgenic mice and in NIT-1 cells exposed to HuIFNbeta. Moreover, islets from transgenic mice were enlarged compared with those from wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Reg overexpression correlates well with the acceleration of diabetes in this model. The upregulation of Reg suggests that islets try to improve hyperglycaemia by regenerating the cells lost in the autoimmune attack. Reg expression is regulated by several factors such as inflammation. Therefore, the overexpression of an IFNbeta-induced autoantigen (REG) in the islets during inflammation might contribute to the premature onset of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Planas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Diagnostic Applications (LIRAD), Blood and Tissue Bank, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, PO Box 72, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carrillo J, Puertas MC, Alba A, Ampudia RM, Pastor X, Planas R, Riutort N, Alonso N, Pujol-Borrell R, Santamaria P, Vives-Pi M, Verdaguer J. Islet-infiltrating B-cells in nonobese diabetic mice predominantly target nervous system elements. Diabetes 2005; 54:69-77. [PMID: 15616012 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
B-cells accumulate in pancreatic islets during the autoimmune response that precedes the onset of type 1 diabetes. However, the role and antigenic specificity of these cells remain a mystery. To elucidate the antigenic repertoire of islet-infiltrating B-cells in type 1 diabetes, we generated hybridoma cell lines of islet-infiltrating B-cells from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and NOD mice expressing a diabetogenic T-cell receptor (8.3-NOD). Surprisingly, characterization of the tissue specificity of the antibodies secreted by these cells revealed that a predominant fraction of these hybridomas produce antibodies specific for the pancreatic nervous system. Similar results were obtained with B-cell hybridomas derived from mild insulinic lesions of diabetes-resistant (NOD x NOR)F1 and 8.3-(NOD x NOR)F1 mice. Immunoglobulin class analyses further indicated that most islet-derived hybridomas had arisen from B-cells that had undergone immunoglobulin class switch recombination, suggesting that islet-associated B-cells are involved in active, T-helper-driven immune responses against local antigenic targets. This is the first evidence showing the existence of a predominant active B-cell response in situ against pancreatic nervous system elements in diabetogenesis. Our data are consistent with the idea that this B-cell response precedes the progression of insulitis to overt diabetes, thus strongly supporting the idea that pancreatic nervous system elements are early targets in type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|