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de Azambuja G, Jorge CO, Gomes BB, Lourenço HR, Simabuco FM, Oliveira-Fusaro MCG. Regular swimming exercise prevented the acute and persistent mechanical muscle hyperalgesia by modulation of macrophages phenotypes and inflammatory cytokines via PPARγ receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:462-476. [PMID: 33964434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically active individuals are less likely to develop chronic pain, and physical exercise is an established strategy to control inflammatory diseases. Here, we hypothesized that 1) peripheral pro-inflammatory macrophages phenotype contribute to predisposition of the musculoskeletal to chronic pain, and that 2) activation of PPARγ receptors, modulation of macrophage phenotypes and cytokines through physical exercise would prevent persistent muscle pain. We tested these hypotheses using swimming exercise, pharmacological and immunochemical techniques in a rodent model of persistent muscle hyperalgesia. Swimming prevented the persistent mechanical muscle hyperalgesia most likely through activation of PPARγ receptors, as well as activation of PPARγ receptors by 15d-PGJ2 and depletion of muscle macrophages in sedentary animals. Acute and persistent muscle hyperalgesia were characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages phenotype, and swimming and the 15d-PGJ2 prevented this increase and increased anti-inflammatory macrophages phenotype. Finally, IL-1β concentration in muscle increased in the acute phase, which was also prevented by PPARγ receptors activation through swimming. Besides, swimming increased muscle concentration of IL-10 in both acute and chronic phases, but only in the persistent phase through PPARγ receptors. Our findings suggest physical exercise activates PPARγ receptors and increases anti-inflammatory responses in the muscle tissue by modulating macrophages phenotypes and cytokines, thereby preventing the establishment of persistent muscle hyperalgesia. These results further highlight the potential of physical exercise to prevent chronic muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciana de Azambuja
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolina O Jorge
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Beatriz B Gomes
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hayla R Lourenço
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation Research, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory in Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
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Schiavuzzo JG, Teixeira JM, Melo B, da Silva dos Santos DF, Jorge CO, Oliveira-Fusaro MCG, Parada CA. Muscle hyperalgesia induced by peripheral P2X3 receptors is modulated by inflammatory mediators. Neuroscience 2014; 285:24-33. [PMID: 25446353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP, via activation of P2X3 receptors, has been highlighted as a key target in inflammatory hyperalgesia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm whether the activation of P2X3 receptors in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats induces mechanical muscle hyperalgesia and, if so, to analyze the involvement of the classical inflammatory mediators (bradykinin, prostaglandins, sympathetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil migration) in this response. Intramuscular administration of the non-selective P2X3 receptor agonist α,β-meATP in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats induced mechanical muscle hyperalgesia, which, in turn, was prevented by the selective P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors antagonist A-317491, the selective bradykinin B1-receptor antagonist Des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK (DALBK), the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the β1- or β2-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol and ICI 118,551, respectively. Also, the nonspecific selectin inhibitor fucoidan. α,β-meATP induced increases in the local concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), which were reduced by bradykinin antagonist. Finally, α,β-meATP also induced neutrophil migration. Together, these findings suggest that α,β-meATP induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats via activation of peripheral P2X3 receptors, which involves bradykinin, prostaglandins, sympathetic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines release and neutrophil migration. It is also indicated that bradykinin is the key modulator of the mechanical muscle hyperalgesia induced by P2X3 receptors. Therefore, we suggest that P2X3 receptors are important targets to control muscle inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Schiavuzzo
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences - UNICAMP, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Teixeira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Melo
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences - UNICAMP, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D F da Silva dos Santos
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences - UNICAMP, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C O Jorge
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences - UNICAMP, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C G Oliveira-Fusaro
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences - UNICAMP, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - C A Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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