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Schwab L, Allain PE, Mauran N, Dollat X, Mazenq L, Lagrange D, Gély M, Hentz S, Jourdan G, Favero I, Legrand B. Very-high-frequency probes for atomic force microscopy with silicon optomechanics. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:32. [PMID: 35371536 PMCID: PMC8931076 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been consistently supporting nanosciences and nanotechnologies for over 30 years and is used in many fields from condensed matter physics to biology. It enables the measurement of very weak forces at the nanoscale, thus elucidating the interactions at play in fundamental processes. Here, we leverage the combined benefits of micro/nanoelectromechanical systems and cavity optomechanics to fabricate a sensor for dynamic mode AFM at a frequency above 100 MHz. This frequency is two decades above the fastest commercial AFM probes, suggesting an opportunity for measuring forces at timescales unexplored thus far. The fabrication is achieved using very-large-scale integration technologies derived from photonic silicon circuits. The probe's optomechanical ring cavity is coupled to a 1.55 μm laser light and features a 130 MHz mechanical resonance mode with a quality factor of 900 in air. A limit of detection in the displacement of 3 × 10-16 m/√Hz is obtained, enabling the detection of the Brownian motion of the probe and paving the way for force sensing experiments in the dynamic mode with a working vibration amplitude in the picometer range. When inserted in a custom AFM instrument embodiment, this optomechanical sensor demonstrates the capacity to perform force-distance measurements and to maintain a constant interaction strength between the tip and sample, an essential requirement for AFM applications. Experiments indeed show a stable closed-loop operation with a setpoint of 4 nN/nm for an unprecedented subpicometer vibration amplitude, where the tip-sample interaction is mediated by a stretched water meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Schwab
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - P. E. Allain
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - N. Mauran
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - X. Dollat
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - L. Mazenq
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - D. Lagrange
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - M. Gély
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G. Jourdan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - I. Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - B. Legrand
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
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Peyre M, Choisy M, Sobhy H, Kilany WH, Gély M, Tripodi A, Dauphin G, Saad M, Roger F, Lubroth J, Jobre Y. Added Value of Avian Influenza (H5) Day-Old Chick Vaccination for Disease Control in Egypt. Avian Dis 2017; 60:245-52. [PMID: 27309063 DOI: 10.1637/11131-050715-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The immunity profile against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the commercial poultry value chain network in Egypt was modeled with the use of different vaccination scenarios. The model estimated the vaccination coverage, the protective seroconversion level, and the duration of immunity for each node of the network and vaccination scenario. Partial budget analysis was used to compare the benefit-cost of the different vaccination scenarios. The model predicted that targeting day-old chick avian influenza (AI) vaccination in industrial and large hatcheries would increase immunity levels in the overall poultry population in Egypt and especially in small commercial poultry farms (from <30% to >60%). This strategy was shown to be more efficient than the current strategy of using inactivated vaccines. Improving HPAI control in the commercial poultry sector in Egypt would have a positive impact to improve disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Peyre
- A UPR AGRIS, Centre International de Recherche en Agriculture pour le Développement, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Choisy
- B UMR MIVEGEC, 34394, Montpellier, France; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (OUCRU), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Heba Sobhy
- C Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, P.O. Box 2223, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- C Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, P.O. Box 2223, Cairo, Egypt.,D Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality on Poultry Production, 12618, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marie Gély
- A UPR AGRIS, Centre International de Recherche en Agriculture pour le Développement, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Astrid Tripodi
- E Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- E Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Mona Saad
- F General Organization for Veterinary Services, 12618, Cairo, Egypt
| | - François Roger
- A UPR AGRIS, Centre International de Recherche en Agriculture pour le Développement, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Lubroth
- E Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Yilma Jobre
- C Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, P.O. Box 2223, Cairo, Egypt
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Vial L, Stachurski F, Leblond A, Huber K, Vourc’h G, René-Martellet M, Desjardins I, Balança G, Grosbois V, Pradier S, Gély M, Appelgren A, Estrada-Peña A. Strong evidence for the presence of the tick Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 in southern continental France. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:1162-1167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tran A, Trevennec C, Lutwama J, Sserugga J, Gély M, Pittiglio C, Pinto J, Chevalier V. Development and Assessment of a Geographic Knowledge-Based Model for Mapping Suitable Areas for Rift Valley Fever Transmission in Eastern Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004999. [PMID: 27631374 PMCID: PMC5025187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF), a mosquito-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans, is one of the most important viral zoonoses in Africa. The objective of the present study was to develop a geographic knowledge-based method to map the areas suitable for RVF amplification and RVF spread in four East African countries, namely, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia, and to assess the predictive accuracy of the model using livestock outbreak data from Kenya and Tanzania. Risk factors and their relative importance regarding RVF amplification and spread were identified from a literature review. A numerical weight was calculated for each risk factor using an analytical hierarchy process. The corresponding geographic data were collected, standardized and combined based on a weighted linear combination to produce maps of the suitability for RVF transmission. The accuracy of the resulting maps was assessed using RVF outbreak locations in livestock reported in Kenya and Tanzania between 1998 and 2012 and the ROC curve analysis. Our results confirmed the capacity of the geographic information system-based multi-criteria evaluation method to synthesize available scientific knowledge and to accurately map (AUC = 0.786; 95% CI [0.730-0.842]) the spatial heterogeneity of RVF suitability in East Africa. This approach provides users with a straightforward and easy update of the maps according to data availability or the further development of scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Ste-Clotilde, Reunion Island
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Ste-Clotilde, Reunion Island
| | - Carlène Trevennec
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joseph Sserugga
- Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Claudia Pittiglio
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Julio Pinto
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Baudon E, Fournié G, Hiep DT, Pham TTH, Duboz R, Gély M, Peiris M, Cowling BJ, Ton VD, Peyre M. Analysis of Swine Movements in a Province in Northern Vietnam and Application in the Design of Surveillance Strategies for Infectious Diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:411-424. [PMID: 26040303 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While swine production is rapidly growing in South-East Asia, the structure of the swine industry and the dynamic of pig movements have not been well-studied. However, this knowledge is a prerequisite for understanding the dynamic of disease transmission in swine populations and designing cost-effective surveillance strategies for infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the farming and trading practices in the Vietnamese swine familial farming sector, which accounts for most pigs in Vietnam, and for which disease surveillance is a major challenge. Farmers from two communes of a Red River Delta Province (northern Vietnam) were interviewed, along with traders involved in pig transactions. Major differences in the trade structure were observed between the two communes. One commune had mainly transversal trades, that is between farms of equivalent sizes, whereas the other had pyramidal trades, that is from larger to smaller farms. Companies and large familial farrow-to-finish farms were likely to act as major sources of disease spread through pig sales, demonstrating their importance for disease control. Familial fattening farms with high pig purchases were at greater risk of disease introduction and should be targeted for disease detection as part of a risk-based surveillance. In contrast, many other familial farms were isolated or weakly connected to the swine trade network limiting their relevance for surveillance activities. However, some of these farms used boar hiring for breeding, increasing the risk of disease spread. Most familial farms were slaughtering pigs at the farm or in small local slaughterhouses, making the surveillance at the slaughterhouse inefficient. In terms of spatial distribution of the trades, the results suggested that northern provinces were highly connected and showed some connection with central and southern provinces. These results are useful to develop risk-based surveillance protocols for disease detection in the swine familial sector and to make recommendations for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baudon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - G Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Production and Population Health Department, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - D T Hiep
- Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T T H Pham
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - R Duboz
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - M Gély
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - M Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - V D Ton
- Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M Peyre
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
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Berthouly-Salazar C, Rognon X, Van TN, Gély M, Chi CV, Tixier-Boichard M, Bed'Hom B, Bruneau N, Verrier E, Maillard JC, Michaux JR. Vietnamese chickens: a gate towards Asian genetic diversity. BMC Genet 2010; 11:53. [PMID: 20565868 PMCID: PMC2897773 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickens represent an important animal genetic resource and the conservation of local breeds is an issue for the preservation of this resource. The genetic diversity of a breed is mainly evaluated through its nuclear diversity. However, nuclear genetic diversity does not provide the same information as mitochondrial genetic diversity. For the species Gallus gallus, at least 8 maternal lineages have been identified. While breeds distributed westward from the Indian subcontinent usually share haplotypes from 1 to 2 haplogroups, Southeast Asian breeds exhibit all the haplogroups. The Vietnamese Ha Giang (HG) chicken has been shown to exhibit a very high nuclear diversity but also important rates of admixture with wild relatives. Its geographical position, within one of the chicken domestication centres ranging from Thailand to the Chinese Yunnan province, increases the probability of observing a very high genetic diversity for maternal lineages, and in a way, improving our understanding of the chicken domestication process. RESULTS A total of 106 sequences from Vietnamese HG chickens were first compared to the sequences of published Chinese breeds. The 25 haplotypes observed in the Vietnamese HG population belonged to six previously published haplogroups which are: A, B, C, D, F and G. On average, breeds from the Chinese Yunnan province carried haplotypes from 4.3 haplogroups. For the HG population, haplogroup diversity is found at both the province and the village level (0.69).The AMOVA results show that genetic diversity occurred within the breeds rather than between breeds or provinces. Regarding the global structure of the mtDNA diversity per population, a characteristic of the HG population was the occurrence of similar pattern distribution as compared to G. gallus spadiceus. However, there was no geographical evidence of gene flow between wild and domestic populations as observed when microsatellites were used. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to other chicken populations, the HG chicken population showed very high genetic diversity at both the nuclear and mitochondrial levels. Due to its past and recent history, this population accumulates a specific and rich gene pool highlighting its interest and the need for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berthouly-Salazar
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRS, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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