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López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Mateo SV, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Subiela S. Validation of two immunoassays for oxytocin measurements in human saliva. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297539. [PMID: 38635553 PMCID: PMC11025789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop and validate two immunoassays for oxytocin measurement in human saliva, one using a monoclonal and the other a polyclonal antibody against oxytocin, whose affinity for oxytocin was tested by an antibody mapping epitope analysis. These assays were analytically validated and used to compare oxytocin concentrations with those obtained with a commercial kit before and after the extraction or reduction/alkylation (R/A) treatments to saliva samples. The assays were also used to evaluate changes in salivary oxytocin concentrations following a physical effort and an induced psychological stress, which have previously been described as situations that cause an increase in salivary oxytocin. Both assays showed to be precise and accurate in the validation studies, and the antibodies used showed a defined binding region in case of the monoclonal antibody, whereas the polyclonal antibody showed binding events through all the oxytocin sequence. Although the monoclonal and polyclonal assays showed a positive correlation, they give results in a different range of magnitude. Both assays showed significant increases in oxytocin concentrations when applied after the physical effort and the psychological stress. This study shows that a variability in the reported values of oxytocin can occur depending on the assay and indicates that the use of different types of antibodies can give a different range of values when measuring oxytocin in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra V. Mateo
- Molecular Inflammation Group, University Clinical Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Pascual Parrilla), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Botía M, Escribano D, Ortín-Bustillo A, López-Martínez MJ, Fuentes P, Jiménez-Caparrós FJ, Hernández-Gómez JL, Avellaneda A, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, López-Arjona M, Tecles F. Comparison of the Effect of Two Different Handling Conditions at Slaughter in Saliva Analytes in Pigs. Metabolites 2024; 14:234. [PMID: 38668362 PMCID: PMC11052431 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this report, different handling conditions at slaughterhouse were studied to assess changes in salivary biomarkers. For this purpose, finishing pigs were divided into two groups, one in which handling was improved to minimize stress (Group A, n = 24, transported and stabled at the slaughterhouse at low density without mixing with unfamiliar animals throughout the whole process) and another one in which animals had a more stressful handling process (Group B, n = 24, transported and stabled at high density with unfamiliar animals). Saliva samples were taken the day before transport to the slaughterhouse at 8:00 a.m. (B0) and 12:00 a.m. (B4), and the day of slaughter just after unloading animals at the slaughterhouse at approximately 8:00 a.m. (S0) and after 4 h of lairage at approximately 12:00 a.m. (S4). Group B showed significantly higher cortisol, total esterase activity, oxytocin, adenosine deaminase and haptoglobin levels than the Group A at both S0 and S4 sampling times, and higher levels of calprotectin and creatine kinase at S4 sampling time. This report indicates that differences in the way in which the pigs are handled at the slaughterhouse can lead to changes in salivary biomarkers and opens the possibility of the use of biomarker at slaughter to monitor handling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - María J. López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Pablo Fuentes
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - Francisco J. Jiménez-Caparrós
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - Juan L. Hernández-Gómez
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Avellaneda
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola de Vallés, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
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Ortín-Bustillo A, Botía M, López-Arjona M, Pardo-Marín L, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, López-Martínez MJ, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, Rubio CP, Martínez-Miró S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Saliva Sampling Material Matters: Effects on the Results of Saliva Analysis in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3757. [PMID: 38136795 PMCID: PMC10741101 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva as a biological sample from pigs is of high practical interest because blood collection from pigs is difficult and stressful. In this study, the influence of two different materials, a cotton roll and a polypropylene sponge, in porcine saliva collection was evaluated. For this purpose, the effect of the material used for sampling was evaluated in a panel of 13 analytes, including those related to stress (cortisol and oxytocin), inflammation and immunity (adenosine deaminase, haptoglobin and myeloperoxidase), redox homeostasis (the cupric reducing ability of saliva, the ferric reducing activity of saliva, and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), and sepsis (procalcitonin), as well as other routine analytes related to metabolism and different tissues and organs, such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, urea, and total protein concentration. The polypropylene sponge provided a higher sample volume than the cotton roll. Although the results of some salivary analytes were equivalent for both materials, other analytes, such as creatine kinase, haptoglobin and total proteins, showed significant differences depending on the material used for saliva collection. Therefore, the type of material used for salivary collection in pigs should be considered when interpreting the results of analyses of the salivary analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
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Botía M, Ortín-Bustillo A, López-Martínez MJ, Fuentes P, Escribano D, González-Bulnes A, Manzanilla EG, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Muñoz-Prieto A. Gaining knowledge about biomarkers of the immune system and inflammation in the saliva of pigs: The case of myeloperoxidase, S100A12, and ITIH4. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104997. [PMID: 37657394 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
An assay for the measurement of myeloperoxidase (Mpx) in porcine saliva was developed and validated, and factors influencing Mpx and another two biomarkers of inflammation and immune system, the protein S100A12 and the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), were studied. The spectrophotometric method for Mpx measurement validated in this assay showed an adequate analytical performance including precision and accuracy. When a group of twenty healthy pigs was sampled every 4 h from 8 a.m. until 8 p.m., Mpx and S100A12 showed significant increases at 4 p.m., whereas ITIH4 concentration showed a significant decrease at 12 a.m. Increases were also seen in salivary Mpx, S100A12, and ITIH4 levels 24 h after the intramuscular administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in five pigs; whereas in a non-septic inflammation after the subcutaneous administration of turpentine oil to five pigs changes were seen in S100A12 at 3 h and in ITIH4 at 48 h. When a stressful situation consisting of the transportation and stay of 4 h to a slaughterhouse of 24 pigs was performed, all analytes were increased after 4 h of lairage in the slaughterhouse compared with the values that were obtained the day before at the same time of the day. Mpx can be measured in the saliva of pigs with the automated assay described in this report. Mpx, S100A12, and ITIH4 salivary levels can change depending on the hour of the day in which the sample is taken, and increases can be produced due to sepsis, non-septic inflammation and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María J López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edgar G Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, P61 C996, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola de Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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López-Martínez MJ, Ornelas MAS, Amarie RE, Manzanilla EG, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Tvarijonaviciute A, Escribano D, González-Bulnes A, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in salivary biomarkers of stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage due to Streptococcus suis infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:100. [PMID: 37525237 PMCID: PMC10388462 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacteria that infects pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, or endocarditis. This increases the mortality in pig farms deriving in severe economic losses. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has various advantages compared to blood, especially in pigs. In this study, it was hypothesized that saliva could reflect changes in different biomarkers related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in pigs with S. suis infection and that changes in these biomarkers could be related to the severity of the disease. RESULTS A total of 56 growing pigs from a farm were selected as infected pigs (n = 28) and healthy pigs (n = 28). Results showed increases in biomarkers related to stress (alpha-amylase and oxytocin), inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), total protein, S100A8-A9 and S100A12), redox status (advanced oxidation protein producs (AOPP)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, troponin I, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). An increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA), procalcitonin, and aldolase in infected animals were also observed, as previously described. The grade of severity of the disease indicated a significant positive correlation with total protein concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, aldolase, and AOPP. CONCLUSIONS This report revealed that S. suis infection caused variations in analytes related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in the saliva of pigs and these can be considered potential biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Mario Andre S Ornelas
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roxana Elena Amarie
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, 46115, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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López-Arjona M, Botía M, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Oxytocin measurements in saliva: an analytical perspective. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:96. [PMID: 37507690 PMCID: PMC10386254 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin has traditionally been known for its physiological effects on muscle contraction associated with birth and lactation, but in the last years is widely used as a biomarker of "positive experiences" in psychology and behavior. Different types of samples have been used for oxytocin measurements with saliva samples having the particular advantage of an easy and non-stressful collection. However, the low concentration of oxytocin in saliva can represent a limitation for its use. For this reason, sensitive assays and even a previous sample treatment in some cases are required for saliva oxytocin quantification. In addition, the lack of standardized and generally agreed-upon approach to peripheral oxytocin measurement leads to large discrepancies between different laboratories, that use different sample treatment protocols and different assays. The main objectives of this review are to describe the current status of the use of saliva for oxytocin measurement, provide details of the different sample processing techniques that can be applied and inform about the analytical techniques and assays available in different animal species, and also in humans for comparative purposes. It is expected that this information can contribute to an increase in the knowledge about the measurements of oxytocin in saliva and to its wider use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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Contreras-Jodar A, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Aymerich P, Soldevila C, Fàbrega E, Dalmau A. Reducing Stocking Densities and Using Cooling Systems for More Adapted Pigs to High Temperatures When Reared in Intensive Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2424. [PMID: 37570232 PMCID: PMC10416855 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of reducing stocking density and using cooling systems to mitigate the negative effects of high temperatures in growing pigs (females and castrated males) reared in intensive conditions (from 25 to 100 kg) during summer (June to October 2020). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial where pigs were provided with an evaporative cooling system and/or raised at regular or at lower stocking densities (i.e., 0.68 to 0.80 m2/animal). Treatments were distributed in four different rooms containing sex-balanced pens with either castrated males or females. Temperature and humidity were recorded throughout the experiment, and the temperature-humidity index was calculated. Heat stress (HS) on pigs was measured through changes in animals' performance, animal-based indicators (dirtiness and activity budget) and physiological indicators (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and hair cortisol). The use of cooling, lowering stocking density and the combination of both strategies had positive effects on pigs' final body weight (+5 kg, +3 kg, +9 kg, respectively; p < 0.001). The prevalence of dirtiness was similar at the stocking densities tested, and no clear effect of the cooling system was found. Both mitigation strategies lowered the physiological indicators of stress, although only hair cortisone can be considered an indicator of HS. In conclusion, both mitigation strategies are effective in improving pig welfare and performance, especially when both are combined. The severity of the stocking density effect may depend on the severity of the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Contreras-Jodar
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (A.C.-J.); (E.F.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.E.); (J.J.C.)
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (D.E.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Pau Aymerich
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (P.A.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Emma Fàbrega
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (A.C.-J.); (E.F.)
| | - Antoni Dalmau
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (A.C.-J.); (E.F.)
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Escribano D, Contreras-Jodar A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Fàbrega E, Aymerich P, Dalmau A. Changes in cortisol and cortisone in hair of pigs reared under heat stress conditions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1156480. [PMID: 37533453 PMCID: PMC10393039 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1156480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress accounts for millions of dollars in losses for swine producers worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine and evaluate cortisol and cortisone in hair as indicators of thermal stress in growing pigs reared under high environmental temperatures. The study was carried out in two independent batches of commercial crosses of Lean Duroc and Pietrain in trials 1 and 2, respectively, during the growing period (from 40 to 100 kg; 81 days in trial 1 and 77 days in trial 2) in the same commercial farm in Spain during the summers of 2020 and 2021. In both cases, four rooms were used. In Trial 1, Room 1 had cooling and 11 pigs per pen; Room 2 had no cooling and 13 pigs per pen; Room 3 had no cooling and 11 pigs per pen, and Room 4 had cooling and 13 pigs per pen. In Trial 2, Rooms 2 and 3 had cooling and rooms 1 and 4 had no cooling, and all of them had 13 pigs per pen. Mean THI value was higher (p < 0.0001) in rooms without cooling systems (75.0 trial 1; 74.9 trial 2) than with them (71.3 trial 1; 71.7 trial 2). A total of four pens per room (16 in total) was selected for analysis of hair corticoids and all pigs inside were sampled at the end of the study. Fifty percent of the pigs were males (castrated and intact in trial 1 and 2, respectively) and 50% females. In total, 44, 52, 44, and 52 pigs, respectively, were sampled in four rooms from the first trial and 52 for each of four rooms in Trial 2. Cortisol concentrations in hair did not show any significant change in relation to cooling-non-cooling in any trial. However, hair cortisone concentration was 172.3 pg./mg and 105.8 pg./mg less (p < 0.001) in pigs housed with cooling systems compared to those without them in Trial 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, the cortisone/cortisol ratio, which is an estimator of the activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) type 2, was also greater in rooms without cooling than in rooms with cooling in both trials (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0105 for Trials 1 and 2, respectively). In relation to the sex effect, the results showed greater levels in females than in castrated males both in cortisone and the cortisol/cortisone ratio while cortisol hair levels were greater in intact males than in females. Therefore, the use of cortisone and the estimation of 11β-HSD type 2 activity in hair is recommended to evaluate the chronic stress produced by high environmental conditions in pigs instead of using hair cortisol concentrations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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López-Martínez MJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Ramis G, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Miró S, Manzanilla EG, Eckersall PD, Tecles F, Escribano D, Muñoz-Prieto A. Measurement of Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) in the Saliva of Pigs: Validation Data of A Commercially Available Automated Assay and Changes in Sepsis, Inflammation, and Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071190. [PMID: 37048446 PMCID: PMC10092961 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (CALP, S100A8/A9), also named myeloid-related protein 8/14, is a dimer complex of S100A8 and S100A9 that belongs to the S-100 protein family. It is involved in inflammation and has a wide range of proinflammatory functions, such as cytokine production and regulation of leukocyte adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. In humans, CALP traditionally can be measured in faeces, serum, and saliva as a biomarker of inflammation and sepsis. The objective of this study was to validate an automated assay for CALP measurements in the saliva of pigs, having the advantage of the use of a non-invasive sample that is easy to collect. The assay was precise and accurate. CALP in saliva measured by this assay showed significant changes depending on the hour of the day. It also showed significant increases in the saliva of pigs after the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and showed a rise, although with increases of lower magnitude, after a stressful stimulus. Further studies should be made to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications of the measurements of CALP in the saliva of pigs as a biomarker to evaluate the animals’ health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Guillermo Ramis
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.R.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.R.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark,
P61 C996 Fermoy, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd., Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
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10
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Botía M, López-Arjona M, Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Measurement of haptoglobin in saliva of cows: Validation of an assay and a pilot study of its potential application. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:44-49. [PMID: 36924634 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of saliva as a matrix for the measurement of biomarkers of health and welfare is gaining importance due to its non-invasive collection. Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute-phase protein involved in the inflammatory response and changes in its concentration can provide information about the health status of the animals. This study aimed to develop and validate an assay based on luminescent amplification (AlphaLISA technology) for the measurement of Hp in bovine saliva and to study the possible changes in different inflammatory situations such as peripartum period and lameness. The assay proved to be accurate, reliable, and sensitive for the measurement of Hp in cow saliva (coefficient of variation (CV) 7.57%; coefficient of determination (R2) 0.992; recovery test 105.15%; lower limit of quantification (LLQ) 7.9 ng/ml). Significant differences were observed between Hp levels in saliva of cows before (13 days before) and after (7 and 20 days after) calving and at the moment of calving (p < 0.0001), and between lame and healthy cows (p < 0.008). In conclusion, this assay can detect Hp in a precise, sensitive, and accurate way in saliva of cows. Future studies with a larger population and different disease conditions should be conducted to determine the potential of Hp as an inflammatory biomarker in cow saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P J Vallejo-Mateo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Trace Elements and Ferritin in Pig Saliva: Variations during Fattening, Time of Sampling, Effect of Dirtiness and Stability under Different Storage Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030649. [PMID: 36978897 PMCID: PMC10045741 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible changes of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and ferritin during the entire productive cycle in fattening pigs and at different diurnal sampling times. Moreover, the possible effects of the presence of pen contaminants and storage stability at different temperature conditions were assessed. The analytes changed along the different phases of the fattening productive cycle, showing, in general, higher values at the initial phases. In addition, statistically significant variations were found in Zn and Cu measurements at different sampling times of the day. In the spectrophotometric assays, the values of all analytes significantly increased after adding high concentrations of feces or feed. However, when low concentrations of feces or feed were added, only Cu showed a significant increase. Overall, the salivary levels of Zn, Cu, Fe and ferritin in pigs can change during different fattening phases and the different hours of the day. These analytes were more stable at −80 °C and, if saliva is contaminated with feces or feed, it can lead to an increase in these analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-887-082
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12
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Franco-Martínez L, Ortín-Bustillo A, Rubio CP, Escribano D, López-Arjona M, García-Manzanilla E, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Tecles F. Effects of pen faeces and feed contamination in biomarkers determination in oral fluid of pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:403-409. [PMID: 36115297 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the possible effects of the presence of pen faeces and feed on the measurement of a panel of biomarkers in porcine oral fluid. For this, clean porcine oral fluid was pooled and incubated with two different concentrations of pen faeces or feed representing a high or low level of contamination with each material. In addition, these pools were aliquoted and subjected to centrifugation, filtration or chemical clarification to evaluate if these techniques could revert the effects of those contaminants in biomarker evaluation. A panel of 21 biomarkers that assessed stress, inflammation, immune system and redox homeostasis among others, were measured for all aliquots. Changes of statistical relevance (p < 0.05) in oral fluid contaminated with pen faeces or feed versus untreated samples were observed for all methods employed with the exception of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and creatine kinase (CK) in oral fluid contaminated with pen faeces or feed. Pen faeces did not affect the measurement of haptoglobin, superoxide dismutase, CK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ADA and cortisol (when the latter is measured by chemiluminescence); while uric acid, LDH, CK, ADA, and hydrogen peroxide methods were not affected by the presence of feed in oral fluid. The effects of centrifugation, filtration or chemical clarification with chitosan in these contaminated samples were modest and for most cases did not caused baseline levels on the measured biomarkers. In conclusion, the presence of pen faeces or feed in porcine oral fluid can interfere with the results obtained when analytes are measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Manzanilla
- Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Centre, Teagasc, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Ortín-Bustillo A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Botia M, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Evaluation of the Effect of Sampling Time on Biomarkers of Stress, Immune System, Redox Status and Other Biochemistry Analytes in Saliva of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162127. [PMID: 36009717 PMCID: PMC9404901 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the possible variations due to the sampling time in the day in 26 analytes of pigs’ saliva, related to stress, the immune system, redox status and other biomarkers related to metabolism and selected tissues and organs, in order to know the possible effects of the hour of the day in their interpretation. These analytes were measured in saliva obtained from a population of 40 clinically healthy pigs from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., every 4 h in the same day. In our experimental conditions, daily variations were observed in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, total esterase activity, butyrylcholinesterase, lipase, adenosine deaminase isoenzyme 1, uric acid, superoxide dismutase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate and triglycerides. These changes appeared in both sexes, except for adenosine deaminase isoenzyme 1 and superoxide dismutase which only showed differences in females. In conclusion, this report indicates that, in the experimental conditions of this trial, the time of the day and sex can influence the values obtained in various salivary analytes in pigs. These variations should thus be taken into consideration for an adequate interpretation of these analytes when used for the evaluation of health and welfare in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María D. Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Botia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868887082
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Cerón JJ, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Martínez MJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Franco-Martínez L, Rubio CP, Muñoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F. Basics for the potential use of saliva to evaluate stress, inflammation, immune system, and redox homeostasis in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:81. [PMID: 35227252 PMCID: PMC8883734 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva as a biological sample has many advantages, being especially relevant in pigs where the blood collection is highly stressful and painful, both for the animal and the staff in charge of the sampling. Currently one of the main uses of saliva is for diagnosis and detection of infectious diseases, but the saliva can also be used to measure biomarkers that can provide information of stress, inflammation, immune response and redox homeostasis. This review will be focused on the analytes that can be used for such evaluations. Emphasis will be given in providing data of practical use about their physiological basis, how they can be measured, and their interpretation. In addition, some general rules regarding sampling and saliva storage are provided and the concept of sialochemistry will be addressed. There is still a need for more data and knowledge for most of these biomarkers to optimize their use, application, and interpretation. However, this review provides updated data to illustrate that besides the detection of pathogens in saliva, additional interesting applicative information regarding pigs´ welfare and health can be obtained from this fluid. Information that can potentially be applied to other animal species as well as to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - M J López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - C P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Padilla L, López-Arjona M, Martinez-Subiela S, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Roca J, Barranco I. Oxytocin in pig seminal plasma is positively related with in vivo fertility of inseminated sows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:101. [PMID: 34511116 PMCID: PMC8436503 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of relevant in vivo biomarkers for fertility remains a challenge for the livestock industry. Concentrations of the small peptide hormone oxytocin (OXT), involved in male reproductive function and present in the seminal plasma (SP) of several species could be a robust one. This study characterized concentrations of SP-OXT in ejaculates from boars used in artificial insemination (AI) programs aiming to evaluate its relationship with sperm quality variables and in vivo fertility of their liquid-stored AI-semen. Seminal OXT concentrations (ng/mL) were measured in 169 ejaculates from 61 boars of the Duroc, Pietrain, Landrace and Large White breeds using a direct competitive immunoassay test based on AlphaLISA® technology. Ejaculate (ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count) and sperm parameters (motility, viability, intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species, plasma membrane fluidity) were assessed at 0 h and 72 h in AI-semen samples stored at 17 °C. In vivo fertility included only 18 Large White and Landrace boars whose AI-semen was used to inseminated > 100 sows and evaluated both farrowing rate and litter size of 3,167 sows. RESULTS The results showed that SP-OXT differed between boars and between ejaculates within boar (P < 0.05) but not between breeds (Duroc, Pietrain, Landrace and Large White). Ejaculates with higher SP-OXT concentration/mL (hierarchically grouped; P < 0.001) had larger volume and came from younger boars (P < 0.05). Ejaculates of boars showing positive farrowing rate deviation exhibited higher (P < 0.05) SP-OXT concentration/mL than those with negative farrowing rate deviation. CONCLUSION The SP concentrations of OXT are boar, ejaculate and age dependent, and positively related with ejaculate volume and farrowing rates of liquid-stored semen AI-doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Padilla
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH/Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Isabel Barranco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, IT-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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López-Arjona M, Tecles F, Mateo SV, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Miró S, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. A Procedure for Oxytocin Measurement in Hair of Pig: Analytical Validation and a Pilot Application. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10060527. [PMID: 34199172 PMCID: PMC8231541 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oxytocin is gaining importance in human and animal studies because of its role in welfare stress response, but there is no evidence of oxytocin measurement in hair, which would allow an evaluation of this analyte over a long period of time. For this reason, in this study, a new immunoassay to measure oxytocin in the hair of pigs was developed and validated. In addition, the possible changes in concentrations of oxytocin in hair during the reproductive cycle of pigs were evaluated. The assay was precise and accurate and when applied to the hair extracts of pigs, higher oxytocin values were obtained at days 23 and 59 after farrowing in the winter–spring period. When oxytocin concentrations were compared to cortisone and cortisol, it showed moderate and low correlations, respectively. Based on the results of this report, oxytocin can be measured in the hair of pigs, and changes in concentrations can be detected during a pig’s reproductive cycle. Abstract There is growing interest in oxytocin as a biomarker of stress and welfare. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a procedure based on a highly sensitive immunoassay to measure oxytocin in the hair of pigs. In addition, a pilot study to apply this procedure to evaluate possible changes in concentrations of oxytocin in hair during the reproductive cycle of pigs at different periods of the year was conducted. This procedure used methanol for sample extraction, since it offered better recoveries than acetonitrile, and the immunoassay developed was precise and accurate for the quantification of the oxytocin in the hair. When this procedure was applied to hair collected at different times of the reproductive cycle and season, higher values were found at days 23 and 59 after farrowing in the winter–spring period. In addition, higher oxytocin values in the spring–summer period were found in hair collected 5 days before farrowing compared to winter–spring. Oxytocin in hair showed moderate and low correlations with cortisone and cortisol in hair, respectively. This study represents the first report in which oxytocin was measured in hair and could open new lines for future research about the measurement of oxytocin in pigs and other biological species as a biomarker of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (F.T.); (S.V.M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (F.T.); (S.V.M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Sandra V. Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (F.T.); (S.V.M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (F.T.); (S.V.M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Departament of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain;
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (F.T.); (S.V.M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868884722
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (F.T.); (S.V.M.); (M.D.C.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
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López-Arjona M, Mateo SV, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Changes in salivary oxytocin after stroking in dogs: Validation of two assays for its assessment. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:527-534. [PMID: 33882381 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is currently of high interest as a biomarker of welfare and stress in humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to validate two new assays (one using a monoclonal antibody and the other using a polyclonal antibody) for the oxytocin measurement in the saliva of dogs. For this purpose, an analytical validation was performed, and these assays were applied in an experimental trial in which dogs were stroked by their owners. In the experimental trial, saliva samples of 17 dogs were collected by the owners at three different times: a basal sample, at the end of 10 min of an affiliative interaction with their owners consisting of stroking and 15 min after the end of the affiliative interaction. The dogs were separated into two groups (group 1, n = 8 and group 2, n = 9) according to the acceptance of the sponge and the response to the stroking. Significant differences in the response of salivary oxytocin after stroking in the two groups were found when the assay with the monoclonal antibody was used. This assay showed a significant increase just after the end of affiliative interaction (P < 0.01) and 15 min after (P < 0.01) in those dogs that had a good acceptance of the sponge and the stroking induced a positive response on them (based in a Likert-type scale from 1 to 10). These data reflect that the assays used in this study can lead to different results when quantifying oxytocin in the saliva of dogs after stroking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra V Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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López-Arjona M, Mainau E, Navarro E, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Mateo SV, Manteca X, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Oxytocin in bovine saliva: validation of two assays and changes in parturition and at weaning. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:140. [PMID: 33794896 PMCID: PMC8017845 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possible use of oxytocin in saliva as an indicator of positive emotions in bovine species has been poorly investigated. In the present study, two new assays (one using a monoclonal antibody and the other using a polyclonal antibody) for the measurement of oxytocin in bovine saliva were developed and validated. Also, the changes in oxytocin in saliva were explored in two different situations. One was around parturition, and for this purpose, saliva samples from 13 cows were collected at three different times: 7 days before the parturition, the day of parturition and 7 days after the parturition. The second situation was weaning and grouping of calves, and for this purpose, saliva from 25 calves was collected at three different times: 1 day before weaning, 2 days after weaning or milk withdrawal and 4 days after grouping calves. RESULTS In cows, oxytocin concentrations showed an increase on the day of parturition with both assays, while in calves, oxytocin concentrations showed a decrease 4 days after the grouping. CONCLUSIONS The assays validated in this report could be used for the measurement of oxytocin in bovine saliva and detect changes in this analyte that can occur in different physiological or productive situations such as parturition and weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Mainau
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra V Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavier Manteca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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López-Arjona M, Mateo SV, Escribano D, Tecles F, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Effect of reduction and alkylation treatment in three different assays used for the measurement of oxytocin in saliva of pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106498. [PMID: 32653738 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a hormone that is increasingly being used for welfare evaluation in animals. Although several types of samples have been used for oxytocin measurement, saliva can be a suitable option for pigs producing less stress than blood sampling. In this study, 3 different methods for oxytocin measurements, 2 based on alphaLISA technology (one with a monoclonal and other with a polyclonal antibody) and one commercially available kit, were compared in saliva of pigs. These methods were used in saliva samples obtained from female pigs at 3 different days during gestation and lactation, with and without a reduction/alkylation (R/A), which is a procedure for breaking the links between oxytocin and proteins of the sample. The assays showed a different behavior after the R/A procedure, with no significant changes in the oxytocin results in case of the alphaLISA monoclonal method, a significant decrease with the alphaLISA polyclonal method, and a significant increase with the commercial kit. Although all assays showed a similar tendency in detecting the changes in oxytocin during gestation and lactation, they showed changes of different magnitude and statistical signification. This report indicates that different assays can measure different forms of oxytocin present in saliva and can have a different behavior after R/A of the sample and when are used to measure oxytocin in gestation and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S V Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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López-Arjona M, Escribano D, Mateo SV, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Tecles F, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Changes in oxytocin concentrations in saliva of pigs after a transport and during lairage at slaughterhouse. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:26-30. [PMID: 32919235 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is associated with reproductive physiology but also with welfare and positive emotions. In this study, oxytocin was measured in saliva samples of 45 pigs that were collected before being transported to the slaughterhouse, at the time of arrival and 4 h after arrival to the slaughterhouse. Two previously validated assays, one that measures free oxytocin and other that measures oxytocin linked to proteins, were used. In addition, cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), total esterase activity (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which are biomarkers associated with stress and pain in pigs, were measured. The results showed a decrease in free and protein-linked oxytocin concentrations at 4 h after transport compared with the time before transport, while cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE and LDH showed an increase at 4 h after transport compared with the time before transport. Based on these results it can be concluded that the transport and lairage at slaughterhouse in the conditions of this study produce a decrease in oxytocin in the saliva of pigs that could indicate a reduced emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra V Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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López-Arjona M, Padilla L, Roca J, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Ejaculate Collection Influences the Salivary Oxytocin Concentrations in Breeding Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081268. [PMID: 32722376 PMCID: PMC7460095 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate how the process of ejaculate collection affects oxytocin concentrations in saliva of boars used in artificial insemination. Saliva samples of 33 boars were collected the day before ejaculate collection, during the ejaculation time, and two hours after ejaculate collection. Free oxytocin and oxytocin linked to proteins were quantified in these saliva samples. Oxytocin concentrations during the ejaculation time were higher than the day before with oxytocin linked to proteins showing higher differences. In addition, younger boars, boars with higher libido intensity and boars of the Pietrain breed showed higher values of oxytocin in saliva during ejaculation than the day before. This study demonstrated that ejaculation influences the salivary oxytocin concentrations boars. Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible changes of oxytocin concentrations in saliva during and after ejaculate collection in breeding boars usually used in artificial insemination programs. Saliva samples of 33 boars were collected the day before ejaculate collection (DB), during the ejaculation time (T0) and two hours after ejaculate collection (T2). Free oxytocin and oxytocin linked to proteins concentrations were measured by two methods previously developed and validated for saliva of pigs. Younger boars, boars with higher libido intensity and boars of the Pietrain breed showed higher values of oxytocin in saliva during ejaculation than the day before. In addition, boars with higher libido showed higher concentrations two hours after ejaculate collection than during the day before. These changes were of higher magnitude and significance when oxytocin linked to proteins was measured. In conclusion, this study demonstrated for the first time that ejaculation influences the salivary oxytocin concentrations in breeding boars, although this influence varies according to age, libido and breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Lorena Padilla
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.P.); (J.R.)
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.P.); (J.R.)
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868884722
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; (M.L.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
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22
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López-Arjona M, Tecles F, Mateo SV, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Miró S, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Measurement of cortisol, cortisone and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in hair of sows during different phases of the reproductive cycle. Vet J 2020; 259-260:105458. [PMID: 32553232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two sensitive assays based on AlphaLISA technology were developed and validated for the measurement of cortisol and cortisone in hair of pigs, that also enabled estimation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity. These assays were applied to hair samples from sows (n = 32) collected at 5 days before, and at 23 and 59 after farrowing, in reproductive cycles in two different periods: spring-summer (n = 16) and winter-spring (n = 16). The assays were precise (imprecision <12%) and accurate (recovery range, 80-115%) for cortisol and cortisone determination. Hair cortisone concentrations and the cortisone/cortisol ratio (an estimate of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme type 2 activity) increased after farrowing more than cortisol, being these changes of higher magnitude during periods of higher atmospheric temperature. The measurement of hair cortisone concentrations and estimations of the activity of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme type 2, measured by the assays developed in this study, are complementary biomarkers to hair cortisol, and can increase at periods associated with stress, such as farrowing and lactation, especially at high atmospheric temperatures. .
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S V Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Miró
- Departament of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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López-Arjona M, Mateo SV, Manteca X, Escribano D, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Oxytocin in saliva of pigs: an assay for its measurement and changes after farrowing. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 70:106384. [PMID: 31569032 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a hormone of interest in reproduction, but also in the field of psychology and behavior, being considered as a biomarker of positive emotions. Saliva can be a noninvasive way to measure oxytocin, which is very useful in species such as the pig where blood collection can produce a high degree of stress. In this study, a new assay for oxytocin measurement was developed, analytically validated, and used to measure possible changes in oxytocin in saliva of female pigs at different days after farrowing. The assay showed an adequate accuracy and precision and does not need a previous extraction step. In addition, oxytocin concentrations were significantly higher at day 1 of lactation than at day 9 after farrowing, but levels increased at day 20 again. This assay can contribute to a wider use of oxytocin measurements in pigs as it is a noninvasive sampling procedure that minimizes stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - S V Mateo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - X Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martínez-Miró S, López-Arjona M, Rubio CP, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Application of a score for evaluation of pain, distress and discomfort in pigs with lameness and prolapses: correlation with saliva biomarkers and severity of the disease. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:155-163. [PMID: 31494378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A score system was used to evaluate pain, distress and discomfort in healthy pigs and pigs with two different diseases: lameness and rectal prolapse. In addition, correlations between the results of this score and a panel of salivary biomarkers and severity of disease were studied. This panel included biomarkers of stress (cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), total esterase activity (TEA), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and lipase (Lip)), immunity (adenosine deaminase isozymes 1 (ADA1) and 2 (ADA2)) and oxidative status (uric acid (UA), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)). Based on their score, diseased animals were subdivided in those without and with evident pain. Lame pigs and prolapsed pigs with pain showed higher salivary levels of cortisol, sAA, TEA, BChE, ADA1 and ADA2 compared with the healthy pigs. In addition, the prolapsed pigs with pain showed higher levels of FRAS, AOPP and H2O2 compared with the healthy animals. Salivary cortisol, TEA, BChE, ADA isozymes 1 and 2, FRAS and AOPP correlated with the pain score. This five-point pain score system can be easily applied to lame and prolapsed pigs, and salivary biomarkers could be used as an additional tool for pain assessment in those pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Rubio CP, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Quiles A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Hevia ML, Escribano D, Tecles F. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in saliva of sheep: Analytical performance and changes after an experimentally induced stress. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:71-76. [PMID: 30592995 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can affect animal's health and the quality of its final products. The oxidative status can be evaluated by the measurement of both oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers. The use of saliva as a sample is preferable to blood, as individuals with limited training can collect it easily and non-invasively with minimal stress to the animal. The aim of this study was to perform an analytical validation of automated assays of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and uric acid as antioxidant biomarkers and of the advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant biomarkers in saliva samples of sheep, and to evaluate their possible changes after stress induced by shearing. All assays produced acceptable results in the analytical validation, from which it can be concluded that oxidative stress biomarkers such as FRAP, CUPRAC, TEAC, uric acid and AOPP and H2O2 can be measured in sheep saliva. In addition, acute stress due to shearing could produce an oxidative stress response in sheep and subsequently increase antioxidants in order to protect cells from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Quiles
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Hevia
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Tecles F, Rubio CP, Contreras-Aguilar MD, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Miró S, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ. Adenosine deaminase activity in pig saliva: analytical validation of two spectrophotometric assays. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:175-179. [PMID: 29145785 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We validated 2 assays for the measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the saliva of pigs: the Giusti-Galanti manual method (ADA-GG) and a commercial automated assay (Diazyme Laboratories; ADA-D). Intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were <7 and 9%, and interassay CVs were <12 and 5%, for ADA-GG and ADA-D, respectively. Accuracy was measured by 2 methods: recovery and linearity-under-dilution. Recovery was 82.4-106.8% for ADA-GG, and 92.8-107.9% for ADA-D. Serial dilutions showed R2 > 0.95 and 0.99 for ADA-GG and ADA-D, respectively. Linear regression between the methods gave R2 = 0.997 ( p < 0.0001), and a Bland-Altman plot showed a proportional bias of 112 IU/L (95% confidence interval of -99 to 322 IU/L) for ADA-D. No significant differences were observed between the results obtained by either method in saliva or serum. ADA activity was much higher in porcine saliva than in serum. Salivary ADA activity was significantly higher in lame pigs compared to healthy animals. However, serum ADA activity was significantly lower in lame pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María D Contreras-Aguilar
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Departments of Animal Medicine and Surgery (Tecles, Rubio, Contreras-Aguilar, Martínez-Subiela, Cerón), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.,Animal Production (Martínez-Miró), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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