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Alonso-Nocelo M, Ruiz-Cañas L, Sancho P, Görgülü K, Alcalá S, Pedrero C, Vallespinos M, López-Gil JC, Ochando M, García-García E, David Trabulo SM, Martinelli P, Sánchez-Tomero P, Sánchez-Palomo C, Gonzalez-Santamaría P, Yuste L, Wörmann SM, Kabacaoğlu D, Earl J, Martin A, Salvador F, Valle S, Martin-Hijano L, Carrato A, Erkan M, García-Bermejo L, Hermann PC, Algül H, Moreno-Bueno G, Heeschen C, Portillo F, Cano A, Sainz B. Macrophages direct cancer cells through a LOXL2-mediated metastatic cascade in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2023; 72:345-359. [PMID: 35428659 PMCID: PMC9872246 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lysyl oxidase-like protein 2 (LOXL2) contributes to tumour progression and metastasis in different tumour entities, but its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been evaluated in immunocompetent in vivo PDAC models. DESIGN Towards this end, we used PDAC patient data sets, patient-derived xenograft in vivo and in vitro models, and four conditional genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMS) to dissect the role of LOXL2 in PDAC. For GEMM-based studies, K-Ras +/LSL-G12D;Trp53 LSL-R172H;Pdx1-Cre mice (KPC) and the K-Ras +/LSL-G12D;Pdx1-Cre mice (KC) were crossed with Loxl2 allele floxed mice (Loxl2Exon2 fl/fl) or conditional Loxl2 overexpressing mice (R26Loxl2 KI/KI) to generate KPCL2KO or KCL2KO and KPCL2KI or KCL2KI mice, which were used to study overall survival; tumour incidence, burden and differentiation; metastases; epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); stemness and extracellular collagen matrix (ECM) organisation. RESULTS Using these PDAC mouse models, we show that while Loxl2 ablation had little effect on primary tumour development and growth, its loss significantly decreased metastasis and increased overall survival. We attribute this effect to non-cell autonomous factors, primarily ECM remodelling. Loxl2 overexpression, on the other hand, promoted primary and metastatic tumour growth and decreased overall survival, which could be linked to increased EMT and stemness. We also identified tumour-associated macrophage-secreted oncostatin M (OSM) as an inducer of LOXL2 expression, and show that targeting macrophages in vivo affects Osm and Loxl2 expression and collagen fibre alignment. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings establish novel pathophysiological roles and functions for LOXL2 in PDAC, which could be potentially exploited to treat metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso-Nocelo
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Cañas
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Translational Research Unit, Hospital Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kıvanç Görgülü
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Sonia Alcalá
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Pedrero
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Vallespinos
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López-Gil
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Ochando
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-García
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Sara Maria David Trabulo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Martinelli
- Institute for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medizinische Universitat Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Tomero
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sánchez-Palomo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histologia y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gonzalez-Santamaría
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Yuste
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonja Maria Wörmann
- Ahmed Cancer Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Derya Kabacaoğlu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Julie Earl
- Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumor Markers Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain, Madrid, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Tumours Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Martin
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Valle
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martin-Hijano
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Molecular Epidemiology and Predictive Tumor Markers Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain, Madrid, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Tumours Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Alcala University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mert Erkan
- University Research Center for Translational Medicine - KUTTAM, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Laura García-Bermejo
- Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets Group, Area 4, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hana Algül
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Breast Cancer Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Heeschen
- Stem Cells and Cancer Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Single-Cell Omics and Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Breast Cancer Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- Breast Cancer Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Departament of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Departament of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Stem Cells and Fibroinflammatory Microenvironment Group, Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Gastrointestinal Tumours Research Programme, Biomedical Research Network in Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
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Ascası́bar E, Alejaldre C, Alonso J, Almoguera L, Baciero A, Balbı́n R, Blaumoser M, Botija J, Brañas B, de la Cal E, Cappa A, Castellano J, Carrasco R, Castejón F, Cepero J, Cremy C, Doncel J, Eguilior S, Estrada T, Fernández A, Fuentes C, Garcı́a A, Garcı́a-Cortés I, Guasp J, Herranz J, Hidalgo C, Jiménez J, Kirpitchev I, Krivenski V, Labrador I, Lapayese F, Likin K, Liniers M, López-Fraguas A, López-Sánchez A, de la Luna E, Martı́n R, Martı́nez-Laso L, Medrano M, Méndez P, McCarthy K, Medina F, van Milligen B, Ochando M, Pacios L, Pastor I, Pedrosa M, de la Peña A, Portas A, Qin J, Rodrı́guez-Rodrigo L, Romero J, Salas A, Sánchez E, Sánchez J, Tabarés F, Tafalla D, Tribaldos V, Vega J, Zurro B. Overview of TJ-II flexible heliac results. Fusion Engineering and Design 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(01)00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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