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Massic L, Gorzalski A, Siao DD, Dykema P, Hua C, Schneider E, Van Hooser S, Pandori M, Hess D. Detection of five instances of dual-clade infections of Candida auris with opposite mating types in southern Nevada, USA. Lancet Infect Dis 2023; 23:e328-e329. [PMID: 37478879 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Massic
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89503, USA; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | | | | | - Philip Dykema
- Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Chi Hua
- Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89503, USA; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David Hess
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89503, USA; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Ambrosio FJ, Scribner MR, Wright SM, Otieno JR, Doughty EL, Gorzalski A, Siao DD, Killian S, Hua C, Schneider E, Tran M, Varghese V, Libuit KG, Pandori M, Sevinsky JR, Hess D. TheiaEuk: a species-agnostic bioinformatics workflow for fungal genomic characterization. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1198213. [PMID: 37593727 PMCID: PMC10428623 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1198213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The clinical incidence of antimicrobial-resistant fungal infections has dramatically increased in recent years. Certain fungal pathogens colonize various body cavities, leading to life-threatening bloodstream infections. However, the identification and characterization of fungal isolates in laboratories remain a significant diagnostic challenge in medicine and public health. Whole-genome sequencing provides an unbiased and uniform identification pipeline for fungal pathogens but most bioinformatic analysis pipelines focus on prokaryotic species. To this end, TheiaEuk_Illumina_PE_PHB (TheiaEuk) was designed to focus on genomic analysis specialized to fungal pathogens. Methods TheiaEuk was designed using containerized components and written in the workflow description language (WDL) to facilitate deployment on the cloud-based open bioinformatics platform Terra. This species-agnostic workflow enables the analysis of fungal genomes without requiring coding, thereby reducing the entry barrier for laboratory scientists. To demonstrate the usefulness of this pipeline, an ongoing outbreak of C. auris in southern Nevada was investigated. We performed whole-genome sequence analysis of 752 new C. auris isolates from this outbreak. Furthermore, TheiaEuk was utilized to observe the accumulation of mutations in the FKS1 gene over the course of the outbreak, highlighting the utility of TheiaEuk as a monitor of emerging public health threats when combined with whole-genome sequencing surveillance of fungal pathogens. Results A primary result of this work is a curated fungal database containing 5,667 unique genomes representing 245 species. TheiaEuk also incorporates taxon-specific submodules for specific species, including clade-typing for Candida auris (C. auris). In addition, for several fungal species, it performs dynamic reference genome selection and variant calling, reporting mutations found in genes currently associated with antifungal resistance (FKS1, ERG11, FUR1). Using genome assemblies from the ATCC Mycology collection, the taxonomic identification module used by TheiaEuk correctly assigned genomes to the species level in 126/135 (93.3%) instances and to the genus level in 131/135 (97%) of instances, and provided zero false calls. Application of TheiaEuk to actual specimens obtained in the course of work at a local public health laboratory resulted in 13/15 (86.7%) correct calls at the species level, with 2/15 called at the genus level. It made zero incorrect calls. TheiaEuk accurately assessed clade type of Candida auris in 297/302 (98.3%) of instances. Discussion TheiaEuk demonstrated effectiveness in identifying fungal species from whole genome sequence. It further showed accuracy in both clade-typing of C. auris and in the identification of mutations known to associate with drug resistance in that organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steve Killian
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Chi Hua
- Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - Emily Schneider
- Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - Michael Tran
- Public Health Laboratories, Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - Vici Varghese
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA, United States
| | | | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | | | - David Hess
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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Gorzalski A, Ambrosio FJ, Massic L, Scribner MR, Siao DD, Hua C, Dykema P, Schneider E, Njoku C, Libuit K, Sevinsky JR, Van Hooser S, Pandori M, Hess D. The use of whole-genome sequencing and development of bioinformatics to monitor overlapping outbreaks of Candida auris in southern Nevada. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1198189. [PMID: 37522005 PMCID: PMC10374848 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1198189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A Candida auris outbreak has been ongoing in Southern Nevada since August 2021. In this manuscript we describe the sequencing of over 200 C. auris isolates from patients at several facilities. Genetically distinct subgroups of C. auris were detected from Clade I (3 distinct lineages) and III (1 lineage). Open-source bioinformatic tools were developed and implemented to aid in the epidemiological investigation. The work herein compares three methods for C. auris whole genome analysis: Nullarbor, MycoSNP and a new pipeline TheiaEuk. We also describe a novel analysis method focused on elucidating phylogenetic linkages between isolates within an ongoing outbreak. Moreover, this study places the ongoing outbreaks in a global context utilizing existing sequences provided worldwide. Lastly, we describe how the generated results were communicated to the epidemiologists and infection control to generate public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauryn Massic
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States
| | | | | | - Chi Hua
- Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - Phillip Dykema
- Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - Emily Schneider
- Division of Disease Control and Health Statistics, Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, Shoreline, WA, United States
| | - Chidinma Njoku
- Nevada Department of Health and Human Services, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kevin Libuit
- Theiagen Consulting LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - David Hess
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
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Walas N, Slown S, Amato HK, Lloyd T, Bender M, Varghese V, Pandori M, Graham JP. The role of plasmids in carbapenem resistant E. coli in Alameda County, California. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:147. [PMID: 37217873 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistant infections continue to be a leading global public health crisis. Mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, have been shown to play a major role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Despite its ongoing threat to human health, surveillance of AMR in the United States is often limited to phenotypic resistance. Genomic analyses are important to better understand the underlying resistance mechanisms, assess risk, and implement appropriate prevention strategies. This study aimed to investigate the extent of plasmid mediated antimicrobial resistance that can be inferred from short read sequences of carbapenem resistant E. coli (CR-Ec) in Alameda County, California. E. coli isolates from healthcare locations in Alameda County were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq and assembled with Unicycler. Genomes were categorized according to predefined multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) schemes. Resistance genes were identified and corresponding contigs were predicted to be plasmid-borne or chromosome-borne using two bioinformatic tools (MOB-suite and mlplasmids). RESULTS Among 82 of CR-Ec identified between 2017 and 2019, twenty-five sequence types (STs) were detected. ST131 was the most prominent (n = 17) followed closely by ST405 (n = 12). blaCTX-M were the most common ESBL genes and just over half (18/30) of these genes were predicted to be plasmid-borne by both MOB-suite and mlplasmids. Three genetically related groups of E. coli isolates were identified with cgMLST. One of the groups contained an isolate with a chromosome-borne blaCTX-M-15 gene and an isolate with a plasmid-borne blaCTX-M-15 gene. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the dominant clonal groups driving carbapenem resistant E. coli infections in Alameda County, CA, USA clinical sites and highlights the relevance of whole-genome sequencing in routine local genomic surveillance. The finding of multi-drug resistant plasmids harboring high-risk resistance genes is of concern as it indicates a risk of dissemination to previously susceptible clonal groups, potentially complicating clinical and public health intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Walas
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Samuel Slown
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Heather K Amato
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Lloyd
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Monica Bender
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Vici Varghese
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pandori
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA, USA
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jay P Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Payen SH, Gorzalski A, Siao DD, Pandori M, Verma SC, Rossetto CC. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants from patient specimens in Nevada from October 2020 to August 2021. Infect Genet Evol 2023; 111:105434. [PMID: 37059256 PMCID: PMC10098042 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In early 2020, the emergence and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the human population quickly developed into a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which has a broad range of respiratory illnesses. As the virus circulates, it acquires nucleotide changes. These mutations are potentially due to the inherent differences in the selection pressures within the human population compared to the original zoonotic reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 and formerly naïve humans. The acquired mutations will most likely be neutral, but some may have implications for viral transmission, disease severity and resistance to therapies or vaccines. This is a follow-up study from our early report (Hartley et al. J Genet Genomics. 01202021;48(1):40-51) which detected a rare variant (nsp12, RdRp P323F) circulating within Nevada in mid 2020 at high frequency. The primary goals of the current study were to determine the phylogenetic relationship of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes within Nevada and to determine if there are any unusual variants within Nevada compared to the current database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 from 425 positively identified nasopharyngeal/nasal swab specimens were performed from October 2020 to August 2021 to determine any variants that could result in potential escape from current therapeutics. Our analysis focused on nucleotide mutations that generated amino acid variations in the viral Spike (S) protein, Receptor binding domain (RBD) and the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) complex. The data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Nevada did not contain any unusual variants that had not been previously reported. Additionally, we did not detect the previously identified the RdRp P323F variant in any of the samples. This suggests that the rare variant we detected before was only able to circulate because of the stay-at-home orders and semi-isolation experience during the early months of the pandemic. IMPORTANCE: SARS-COV-2 continues to circulate in the human population. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 positive nasopharyngeal/nasal swab samples were used for whole genome sequencing to determine the phylogenetic relationship of SARS-CoV-2 sequences within Nevada from October 2020 to August 2021. The resulting data is being added to a continually growing database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences that will be important for understanding the transmission and evolution of the virus as it spreads around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Harger Payen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno
| | | | | | - Mark Pandori
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno; Nevada State Public Health Lab
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno
| | - Cyprian C Rossetto
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno.
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Lumpe J, Gumbleton L, Gorzalski A, Libuit K, Varghese V, Lloyd T, Tadros F, Arsimendi T, Wagner E, Stephens C, Sevinsky J, Hess D, Pandori M. GAMBIT (Genomic Approximation Method for Bacterial Identification and Tracking): A methodology to rapidly leverage whole genome sequencing of bacterial isolates for clinical identification. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277575. [PMID: 36795668 PMCID: PMC9934365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical bacterial isolates has the potential to transform the fields of diagnostics and public health. To realize this potential, bioinformatic software that reports identification results needs to be developed that meets the quality standards of a diagnostic test. We developed GAMBIT (Genomic Approximation Method for Bacterial Identification and Tracking) using k-mer based strategies for identification of bacteria based on WGS reads. GAMBIT incorporates this algorithm with a highly curated searchable database of 48,224 genomes. Herein, we describe validation of the scoring methodology, parameter robustness, establishment of confidence thresholds and the curation of the reference database. We assessed GAMBIT by way of validation studies when it was deployed as a laboratory-developed test in two public health laboratories. This method greatly reduces or eliminates false identifications which are often detrimental in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Lumpe
- Independent Researcher, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (MP); (DH)
| | - Lynette Gumbleton
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gorzalski
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Kevin Libuit
- Theiagen Consulting LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO, United States of America
| | - Vici Varghese
- Alameda County Department of Public Health, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Tyler Lloyd
- Alameda County Department of Public Health, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Farid Tadros
- Biology Department, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
| | - Tyler Arsimendi
- Biology Department, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
| | - Eileen Wagner
- Theiagen Consulting LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO, United States of America
| | - Craig Stephens
- Biology Department, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
| | - Joel Sevinsky
- Theiagen Consulting LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO, United States of America
| | - David Hess
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States of America
- Biology Department, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (MP); (DH)
| | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, United States of America
- Alameda County Department of Public Health, Oakland, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (MP); (DH)
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Li L, Uppal T, Hartley PD, Gorzalski A, Pandori M, Picker MA, Verma SC, Pagilla K. Detecting SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater and their correlation with circulating variants in the communities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16141. [PMID: 36167869 PMCID: PMC9514676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater has been highly informative in estimating the approximate number of infected individuals in the surrounding communities. Recent developments in wastewater monitoring to determine community prevalence of COVID-19 further extends into identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants, including those being monitored for having enhanced transmissibility. We sequenced genomic RNA derived from wastewater to determine the variants of coronaviruses circulating in the communities. Wastewater samples were collected from Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility (TMWRF) from November 2020 to June 2021. SARS-CoV-2 variants resulting from wastewater were compared with the variants detected in infected individuals' clinical specimens (nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs) during the same period and found conclusively in agreement. Therefore, wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 variants in the community is a feasible strategy as a complementary tool to clinical specimen testing in the latter's absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS258, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, MS320, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Paul D Hartley
- Nevada Genomics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Michael A Picker
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, MS320, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, MS258, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Vo V, Tillett RL, Papp K, Shen S, Gu R, Gorzalski A, Siao D, Markland R, Chang CL, Baker H, Chen J, Schiller M, Betancourt WQ, Buttery E, Pandori M, Picker MA, Gerrity D, Oh EC. Use of wastewater surveillance for early detection of Alpha and Epsilon SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and estimation of overall COVID-19 infection burden. Sci Total Environ 2022; 835:155410. [PMID: 35469875 PMCID: PMC9026949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A decline in diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 is expected to delay the tracking of COVID-19 variants of concern and interest in the United States. We hypothesize that wastewater surveillance programs provide an effective alternative for detecting emerging variants and assessing COVID-19 incidence, particularly when clinical surveillance is limited. Here, we analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater from eight locations across Southern Nevada between March 2020 and April 2021. Trends in SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations (ranging from 4.3 log10 gc/L to 8.7 log10 gc/L) matched trends in confirmed COVID-19 incidence, but wastewater surveillance also highlighted several limitations with the clinical data. Amplicon-based whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 86 wastewater samples identified the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B.1.429 (Epsilon) lineages in December 2020, but clinical sequencing failed to identify the variants until January 2021, thereby demonstrating that 'pooled' wastewater samples can sometimes expedite variant detection. Also, by calibrating fecal shedding (11.4 log10 gc/infection) and wastewater surveillance data to reported seroprevalence, we estimate that ~38% of individuals in Southern Nevada had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 as of April 2021, which is significantly higher than the 10% of individuals confirmed through clinical testing. Sewershed-specific ascertainment ratios (i.e., X-fold infection undercounts) ranged from 1.0 to 7.7, potentially due to demographic differences. Our data underscore the growing application of wastewater surveillance in not only the identification and quantification of infectious agents, but also the detection of variants of concern that may be missed when diagnostic testing is limited or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Vo
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Richard L Tillett
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Katerina Papp
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193, USA
| | - Shirley Shen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Richard Gu
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | | | - Danielle Siao
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89597, USA
| | - Rayma Markland
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Ching-Lan Chang
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Hayley Baker
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Martin Schiller
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Erin Buttery
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89597, USA
| | - Michael A Picker
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Daniel Gerrity
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193, USA.
| | - Edwin C Oh
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, UNLV School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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9
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Uppal T, Tuffo K, Khaiboullina S, Reganti S, Pandori M, Verma SC. Screening of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals through a cell-based RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) reporter assay. Cell Insight 2022; 1:100046. [PMID: 37192863 PMCID: PMC9239919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2) continues to pose an international public health threat and thus far, has resulted in greater than 6.4 million deaths worldwide. Vaccines are critical tools to limit COVID-19 spread, but antiviral drug development is an ongoing global priority due to fast-spreading COVID-19 variants that may elude vaccine efficacies. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 is an essential enzyme of viral replication and transcription machinery complex. Therefore, the RdRp is an attractive target for the development of effective anti-COVID-19 therapeutics. In this study, we developed a cell-based assay to determine the enzymatic activity of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp through a luciferase reporter system. The SARS-CoV-2 RdRp reporter assay was validated using known inhibitors of RdRp polymerase, remdesivir along with other anti-virals including ribavirin, penciclovir, rhoifolin, 5′CT, and dasabuvir. Dasabuvir (an FDA-approved drug) exhibited promising RdRp inhibitory activity among these inhibitors. Anti-viral activity of dasabuvir was also tested on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 through infection of Vero E6 cells. Dasabuvir inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2, USA-WA1/2020 as well as B.1.617.2 (delta variant) in Vero E6 cells in a dose-dependent manner with EC50 values 9.47 μM and 10.48 μM, for USA-WA1/2020 and B.1.617.2 variants, respectively. Our results suggest that dasabuvir can be further evaluated as a therapeutic drug for COVID-19. Importantly, this system provides a robust, target-specific, and high-throughput screening compatible (z- and z’-factors of >0.5) platforms that will be a valuable tool for screening SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors.
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Li L, Uppal T, Hartley PD, Gorzalski A, Pandori M, Picker MA, Verma SC, Pagilla K. Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Wastewater and Their Correlation With Circulating Variants in the Communities.. [PMID: 35313589 PMCID: PMC8936115 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1435729/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater has been highly informative in estimating the approximate number of infected individuals in the surrounding communities. Recent developments in wastewater monitoring to determine community prevalence of COVID-19 further extends into identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants, including those being monitored for having enhanced transmissibility. We sequenced genomic RNA derived from wastewater to determine the variants of coronaviruses circulating in the communities. Wastewater samples were collected from Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility (TMWRF) from November 2021 to June 2021 were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 variants and were compared with the variants detected in the clinical specimens (nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs) of infected individuals during the same period. The comparison was found to be conclusively in agreement. Therefore, wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 variants in the community is a feasible strategy both as a complementary tool to clinical specimen testing and in the latter’s absence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timsy Uppal
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Michael A. Picker
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District
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Hartley PD, Tillett RL, AuCoin DP, Sevinsky JR, Xu Y, Gorzalski A, Pandori M, Buttery E, Hansen H, Picker MA, Rossetto CC, Verma SC. Genomic surveillance of Nevada patients revealed prevalence of unique SARS-CoV-2 variants bearing mutations in the RdRp gene. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:40-51. [PMID: 33820739 PMCID: PMC7891100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with signs of COVID-19 were tested through diagnostic RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 using RNA extracted from the nasopharyngeal/nasal swabs. To determine the variants of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in the state of Nevada, specimens from 200 COVID-19 patients were sequenced through our robust sequencing platform, which enabled sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 from specimens with even very low viral loads, without the need of culture-based amplification. High genome coverage allowed the identification of single and multi-nucleotide variants in SARS-CoV-2 in the community and their phylogenetic relationships with other variants present during the same period of the outbreak. We report the occurrence of a novel mutation at 323aa (314aa of orf1b) of nsp12 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) changed to phenylalanine (F) from proline (P), in the first reported isolate of SARS-CoV-2, Wuhan-Hu-1. This 323F variant was present at a very high frequency in Northern Nevada. Structural modeling determined this mutation in the interface domain, which is important for the association of accessory proteins required for the polymerase. In conclusion, we report the introduction of specific SARS-CoV-2 variants at very high frequency in distinct geographic locations, which is important for understanding the evolution and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of public health importance, while it circulates in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Hartley
- Nevada Genomics Center, Reno, NV 89557, USA; University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Richard L Tillett
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - David P AuCoin
- University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Yanji Xu
- University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Nevada Center for Bioinformatics, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Andrew Gorzalski
- University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89503, USA
| | - Mark Pandori
- University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV 89503, USA
| | - Erin Buttery
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
| | - Holly Hansen
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
| | - Michael A Picker
- Southern Nevada Public Health Laboratory of the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89107, USA
| | - Cyprian C Rossetto
- University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Subhash C Verma
- University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, Kerwin H, Crawford N, Gorzalski A, Laverdure C, Verma SC, Rossetto CC, Jackson D, Farrell MJ, Van Hooser S, Pandori M. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21:52-58. [PMID: 33058797 PMCID: PMC7550103 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of protective immunity conferred by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently unknown. As such, the possibility of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood. We describe an investigation of two instances of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the same individual. METHODS A 25-year-old man who was a resident of Washoe County in the US state of Nevada presented to health authorities on two occasions with symptoms of viral infection, once at a community testing event in April, 2020, and a second time to primary care then hospital at the end of May and beginning of June, 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from the patient at each presentation and twice during follow-up. Nucleic acid amplification testing was done to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection. We did next-generation sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 extracted from nasopharyngeal swabs. Sequence data were assessed by two different bioinformatic methodologies. A short tandem repeat marker was used for fragment analysis to confirm that samples from both infections came from the same individual. FINDINGS The patient had two positive tests for SARS-CoV-2, the first on April 18, 2020, and the second on June 5, 2020, separated by two negative tests done during follow-up in May, 2020. Genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed genetically significant differences between each variant associated with each instance of infection. The second infection was symptomatically more severe than the first. INTERPRETATION Genetic discordance of the two SARS-CoV-2 specimens was greater than could be accounted for by short-term in vivo evolution. These findings suggest that the patient was infected by SARS-CoV-2 on two separate occasions by a genetically distinct virus. Thus, previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might not guarantee total immunity in all cases. All individuals, whether previously diagnosed with COVID-19 or not, should take identical precautions to avoid infection with SARS-CoV-2. The implications of reinfections could be relevant for vaccine development and application. FUNDING Nevada IDEA Network of Biomedical Research, and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (National Institutes of Health).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Tillett
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA; University of Nevada, Reno Center for Bioinformatics, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Paul D Hartley
- Nevada Genomics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Heather Kerwin
- Division of Epidemiology & Public Health Preparedness, Washoe County Health District, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | | | | | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Cyprian C Rossetto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Forensic Science Division, Washoe County Sheriff's Office, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Megan J Farrell
- Forensic Science Division, Washoe County Sheriff's Office, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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Horwich-Scholefield S, Lloyd T, Varghese V, Yette E, Huang S, Pandori M. 1432. Population-based Surveillance of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Alameda County, 2017-2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7777060 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), especially those that are carbapenemase-producing (CP), are difficult to treat and result in high mortality— the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) designates CRE an urgent level threat to public health. Alameda, a northern California county with 1.67 million residents, mandates submission of all carbapenem-resistant isolates Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. We assessed the genetic profiles of CRE isolates and compared to aggregate US data from the same time period. Methods Isolates are submitted to the Alameda County Public Health Laboratory (ACPHL), where antimicrobial resistance genetic markers are identified by whole genome sequencing (WGS) using single-end, 150-cycle reactions in a MiSeq (Illumina). Resistance genes were identified using pipelines built in Geneious and confirmed with Resfinder. All epidemiological analyses were conducted using R (Version 4.0). Results ACPHL performed WGS on 226 CRE isolates submitted between June 2017 and February 2020. A total of 34/95 (36%) Klebsiella spp., 17/60 (28%) E. coli, and 10/71 (14%) Enterobacter spp. a carbapenemase enzyme. Among all Enterobacteriaceae, 21/226 (9%) produced the New Delhi-metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) carbapenemase (Table 1). Among all CRE, 17/226 (8%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae with the multilocus sequence type (MLST) of ST-258. All six Klebsiella pneumoniae ST-35 and ST-11 isolates produced a carbapenemase (Table 2). Table 1: Carbapenemases, Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) and Other β-Lactamases by Organism ![]()
Table 2: Organism, Multilocus Sequence Type (MLST) and Carbapenemases Present ![]()
Conclusion Compared to US data, Alameda County Klebsiella spp. were nearly half as likely to produce any carbapenemase, and E. coli were three times more likely to produce an NDM carbapenemase. CP-CRE represented a wide array of MLST, with the globally distributed KPC-producing outbreak strain ST-258 being the most frequently identified. Two strains that have been associated with hypervirulent and multidrug resistant infections in Asia, K. pneumoniae ST-35 and ST-11, were also reported. Disclosures Sam Horwich-Scholefield, MPH CIC, Merck (Research Grant or Support)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Lloyd
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, California
| | - Vici Varghese
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, California
| | - Emily Yette
- Alameda County Public Health Department, oakland, California
| | - Sandra Huang
- Alameda County Public Health Department, oakland, California
| | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, Nevada
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Hartley PD, Tillett RL, Aucoin DP, Sevinsky JR, Xu Y, Gorzalski A, Pandori M, Buttery E, Hansen H, Picker MA, Rossetto CC, Verma SC. Genomic surveillance revealed prevalence of unique SARS-CoV- 2 variants bearing mutation in the RdRp gene among Nevada patients.. [PMID: 32869037 PMCID: PMC7457609 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.21.20178863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with signs of COVID-19 were tested with CDC approved diagnostic RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 using RNA extracted from nasopharyngeal/nasal swabs. In order to determine the variants of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in the state of Nevada, 200 patient specimens from COVID-19 patients were sequenced through our robust protocol for sequencing SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Our protocol enabled sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 genome directly from the specimens, with even very low viral loads, without the need of culture-based amplification. This allowed the identification of specific nucleotide variants including those coding for D614G and clades defining mutations. These sequences were further analyzed for determining SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in the state of Nevada and their phylogenetic relationships with other variants present in the united states and the world during the same period of the outbreak. Our study reports the occurrence of a novel variant in the nsp12 (RNA dependent RNA Polymerase) protein at residue 323 (314aa of orf1b) to Phenylalanine (F) from Proline (P), present in the original isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1). This 323F variant is found at a very high frequency (46% of the tested specimen) in Northern Nevada. Functional significance of this unique and highly prevalent variant of SARS-CoV-2 with RdRp mutation is currently under investigation but structural modeling showed this 323aa residue in the interface domain of RdRp, which is required for association with accessory proteins. In conclusion, we report the introduction of specific SARS-CoV-2 variants at a very high frequency within a distinct geographic location, which is important for clinical and public health perspectives in understanding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 while in circulation.
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Karp DG, Cuda D, Tandel D, Danh K, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Tian H, Pandori M, Miller KWP, Tsai CT. Sensitive and Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using a High-Throughput, Fully Automated Liquid-Handling Robotic System. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:545-552. [PMID: 32815769 PMCID: PMC7441286 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320950663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As of July 22, 2020, more than 14.7 million infections of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), have been confirmed globally. Serological assays are essential for community screening, assessing infection prevalence, aiding identification of infected patients, and enacting appropriate treatment and quarantine protocols in the battle against this rapidly expanding pandemic. Antibody detection by agglutination–PCR (ADAP) is a pure solution phase immunoassay that generates a PCR amplifiable signal when patient antibodies agglutinate DNA-barcoded antigen probes into a dense immune complex. Here, we present an ultrasensitive and high-throughput automated liquid biopsy assay based on the Hamilton Microlab ADAP STAR automated liquid-handling platform, which was developed and validated for the qualitative detection of total antibodies against spike protein 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 that uses as little as 4 µL of serum. To assess the clinical performance of the ADAP assay, 57 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 223 control patients were tested. The assay showed a sensitivity of 98% (56/57) and a specificity of 99.55% (222/223). Notably, the SARS-CoV-2–negative control patients included individuals with other common coronaviral infections, such as CoV-NL63 and CoV-HKU, which did not cross-react. In addition to high performance, the hands-free automated workstation enabled high-throughput sample processing to reduce screening workload while helping to minimize analyst contact with biohazardous samples. Therefore, the ADAP STAR liquid-handling workstation can be used as a valuable tool to address the COVID-19 global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanne Cuda
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Danh
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David Seftel
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Honglin Tian
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Cheng-T Tsai
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Elma M, Krusel K, Crumpler M, Tavella N, Talan A, Rendina J, Pandori M. Use of the Bio-Rad Geenius HIV-1/2 supplemental assay for the testing of oral fluids for the presence of HIV antibody. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104422. [PMID: 32464307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently an absence of products which are cleared by the FDA to provide supplemental testing for oral fluid for HIV antibody. We created a procedure for the use of the BioRad Geenius HIV-1/2 as a supplemental antibody test for oral fluid specimens. The modified procedure was evaluated for its ability to detect HIV-1 antibody in oral fluid in specimens that were found to be repeatedly reactive for HIV-1 antibody by way of the Avioq HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Evaluated were oral fluid specimens analyzed at a local public health laboratory which were stored frozen and oral fluid specimens collected prospectively. Prospectively collected specimens were from patients whose HIV status was subsequently assessed through blood-based testing. For retrospective specimens found repeatedly EIA reactive, and positive by Western blot, the modified Geenius was found positive in 37/38 instances (97.4 %). Those specimens with a mean EIA signal-to-cutoff (S/CO) greater than 3.00 were found to be positive by Geenius in 34/34 (100 %) of instances. For specimens found repeated reactive by EIA and positive by Western blot with mean S/CO less than or equal to 3.00, the Geenius was positive in 4/5 instances (80 %) of instances. For prospectively collected specimens, the Geenius accurately confirmed infection in 22/24 cases (92 %) while prospective specimens found repeatedly reactive by EIA without supplemental Geenius testing were confirmed positive in 29/37 instances (78 %). A modified usage of the Geenius HIV-1/2 Supplemental Assay antibody test may provide utility in the supplementation of testing of oral fluid for the presence of HIV-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elma
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ali Talan
- City University of New York, United States
| | | | - Mark Pandori
- Alameda County Public Health Laboratory, United States.
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Siedner MJ, Pandori M, Leon SR, Espinosa BJ, Hall ER, Caceres C, Coates TJ, Klausner JD. Facilitating lymphogranuloma venereum surveillance with the use of real time polymerase chain reaction. Int J STD AIDS 2016; 18:506-7. [PMID: 17623514 DOI: 10.1258/095646207781147256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Peters PJ, Westheimer E, Cohen S, Hightow-Weidman LB, Moss N, Tsoi B, Hall L, Fann C, Daskalakis DC, Beagle S, Patel P, Radix A, Foust E, Kohn RP, Marmorino J, Pandori M, Fu J, Samandari T, Gay CL. Screening Yield of HIV Antigen/Antibody Combination and Pooled HIV RNA Testing for Acute HIV Infection in a High-Prevalence Population. JAMA 2016; 315:682-90. [PMID: 26881371 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although acute HIV infection contributes disproportionately to onward HIV transmission, HIV testing has not routinely included screening for acute HIV infection. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of an HIV antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) combination assay to detect acute HIV infection compared with pooled HIV RNA testing. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multisite, prospective, within-individual comparison study conducted between September 2011 and October 2013 in 7 sexually transmitted infection clinics and 5 community-based programs in New York, California, and North Carolina. Participants were 12 years or older and seeking HIV testing, without known HIV infection. EXPOSURES All participants with a negative rapid HIV test result were screened for acute HIV infection with an HIV Ag/Ab combination assay (index test) and pooled human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) RNA testing. HIV RNA testing was the reference standard, with positive reference standard result defined as detectable HIV-1 RNA on an individual RNA test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Number and proportion with acute HIV infections detected. RESULTS Among 86,836 participants with complete test results (median age, 29 years; 75.0% men; 51.8% men who have sex with men), established HIV infection was diagnosed in 1158 participants (1.33%) and acute HIV infection was diagnosed in 168 participants (0.19%). Acute HIV infection was detected in 134 participants with HIV Ag/Ab combination testing (0.15% [95% CI, 0.13%-0.18%]; sensitivity, 79.8% [95% CI, 72.9%-85.6%]; specificity, 99.9% [95% CI, 99.9%-99.9%]; positive predictive value, 59.0% [95% CI, 52.3%-65.5%]) and in 164 participants with pooled HIV RNA testing (0.19% [95% CI, 0.16%-0.22%]; sensitivity, 97.6% [95% CI, 94.0%-99.4%]; specificity, 100% [95% CI, 100%-100%]; positive predictive value, 96.5% [95% CI, 92.5%-98.7%]; sensitivity comparison, P < .001). Overall HIV Ag/Ab combination testing detected 82% of acute HIV infections detectable by pooled HIV RNA testing. Compared with rapid HIV testing alone, HIV Ag/Ab combination testing increased the relative HIV diagnostic yield (both established and acute HIV infections) by 10.4% (95% CI, 8.8%-12.2%) and pooled HIV RNA testing increased the relative HIV diagnostic yield by 12.4% (95% CI, 10.7%-14.3%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In a high-prevalence population, HIV screening using an HIV Ag/Ab combination assay following a negative rapid test detected 82% of acute HIV infections detectable by pooled HIV RNA testing, with a positive predictive value of 59%. Further research is needed to evaluate this strategy in lower-prevalence populations and in persons using preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Peters
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Westheimer
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City
| | - Stephanie Cohen
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Nicholas Moss
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California5Alameda County Department of Public Health, Oakland, California
| | - Benjamin Tsoi
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City
| | | | - Charles Fann
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California
| | - Demetre C Daskalakis
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City7Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Steve Beagle
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
| | - Pragna Patel
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Asa Radix
- Callen Lorde Community Health Center, New York City, New York
| | - Evelyn Foust
- North Carolina Department of Public Health, Raleigh
| | - Robert P Kohn
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Mark Pandori
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California5Alameda County Department of Public Health, Oakland, California
| | - Jie Fu
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City
| | - Taraz Samandari
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill
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Nguyen D, Gose S, Castro L, Chung K, Bernstein K, Samuel M, Bauer H, Pandori M. Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain with reduced susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1211-3. [PMID: 24964277 PMCID: PMC4073858 DOI: 10.3201/eid2007.131396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is an increasing public health threat. Using Etest and multiantigen sequence typing, we detected sequence type 1407, which is associated with reduced susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, in 4 major populated regions in California, USA, in 2012.
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Davis JL, Kawamura LM, Chaisson LH, Grinsdale J, Benhammou J, Ho C, Babst A, Banouvong H, Metcalfe JZ, Pandori M, Hopewell PC, Cattamanchi A. Impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF on patients and tuberculosis programs in a low-burden setting. a hypothetical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1551-9. [PMID: 24869625 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1974oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Guidelines recommend routine nucleic-acid amplification testing in patients with presumed tuberculosis (TB), but these tests have not been widely adopted. GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), a novel, semiautomated TB nucleic-acid amplification test, has renewed interest in this technology, but data from low-burden countries are limited. OBJECTIVES We sought to estimate Xpert's potential clinical and public health impact on empiric treatment, contact investigation, and housing in patients undergoing TB evaluation. METHODS We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study with 2-month follow-up comparing Xpert with standard strategies for evaluating outpatients for active pulmonary TB at the San Francisco Department of Public Health TB Clinic between May 2010 and June 2011. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of standard algorithms for initial empiric TB treatment, contact investigation, and housing in reference to three Mycobacterium tuberculosis sputum cultures, as compared with that of a single sputum Xpert test. We estimated the incremental diagnostic value of Xpert, and the hypothetical reductions in unnecessary treatment, contact investigation, and housing if Xpert were adopted to guide management decisions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 156 patients underwent Xpert testing. Fifty-nine (38%) received empiric TB treatment. Thirteen (8%) had culture-positive TB. Xpert-guided management would have hypothetically decreased overtreatment by 94%, eliminating a median of 44 overtreatment days (interquartile range, 43-47) per patient and 2,169 total overtreatment days (95% confidence interval, 1,938-2,400) annually, without reducing early detection of TB patients. We projected similar benefits for contact investigation and housing. CONCLUSIONS Xpert could greatly reduce the frequency and impact of unnecessary empiric treatment, contact investigation, and housing, providing substantial patient and programmatic benefits if used in management decisions.
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Gose S, Nguyen D, Lowenberg D, Samuel M, Bauer H, Pandori M. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and extended-spectrum cephalosporins in California: surveillance and molecular detection of mosaic penA. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:570. [PMID: 24305088 PMCID: PMC4235022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with mosaic penA alleles and reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is a major public health problem. While much work has been performed internationally, little is known about the genetics or molecular epidemiology of N. gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in the United States. The majority of N. gonorrhoeae infections are diagnosed without a live culture. Molecular tools capable of detecting markers of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance are needed. METHODS Urethral N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected from 684 men at public health clinics in California in 2011. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefpodoxime and azithromycin were determined by Etest and categorized according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control 2010 alert value breakpoints. 684 isolates were screened for mosaic penA alleles using real-time PCR (RTPCR) and 59 reactive isolates were subjected to DNA sequencing of their penA alleles and Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). To increase the specificity of the screening RTPCR in detecting isolates with alert value extended-spectrum cephalosporin MICs, the primers were modified to selectively amplify the mosaic XXXIV penA allele. RESULTS Three mosaic penA alleles were detected including two previously described alleles (XXXIV, XXXVIII) and one novel allele (LA-A). Of the 29 isolates with an alert value extended-spectrum cephalosporin MIC, all possessed the mosaic XXXIV penA allele and 18 were sequence type 1407, an internationally successful strain associated with multi-drug resistance. The modified RTPCR detected the mosaic XXXIV penA allele in urethral isolates and urine specimens and displayed no amplification of the other penA alleles detected in this study. CONCLUSION N. gonorrhoeae isolates with mosaic penA alleles and reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins are currently circulating in California. Isolates with the same NG-MAST ST, penA allele and extended-spectrum cephalosporin MICs have caused treatment failures elsewhere. The RTPCR assay presented here may be useful for the detection of N. gonorrheoae isolates and clinical specimens with reduced extended-spectrum cephalosporin MICs in settings where antimicrobial susceptibility testing is unavailable. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance and decreasing culture capacity, molecular assays capable of detecting extended-spectrum cephalosporin of resistance are essential to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Gose
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, 101 Grove St. Rm. 419, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Duylinh Nguyen
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, 101 Grove St. Rm. 419, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
| | - Daniella Lowenberg
- California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405, USA
- Currently at PharmGKB, Standford University, CA, Stanford University 1501 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael Samuel
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Heidi Bauer
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Branch, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Mark Pandori
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, 101 Grove St. Rm. 419, San Francisco, CA 94102, USA
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Gose S, Kong CJ, Lee Y, Samuel MC, Bauer HM, Dixon P, Soge OO, Lei J, Pandori M. Comparison of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MICs obtained by Etest and agar dilution for ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefixime and azithromycin. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:379-380. [PMID: 24455772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated Neisseria gonorrhoeae Etest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) relative to agar dilution MICs for 664 urethral isolates for ceftriaxone (CRO) and azithromycin (AZM), 351 isolates for cefpodoxime (CPD) and 315 isolates for cefixime (CFM). Etest accurately determined CPD, CFM and AZM MICs, but resulted in higher CRO MICs.
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Gose S, Kong CJ, Lee Y, Samuel MC, Bauer HM, Dixon P, Soge OO, Lei J, Pandori M. Comparison of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MICs obtained by Etest and agar dilution for ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, cefixime and azithromycin. J Microbiol Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Espinosa K, Gerrity J, Pandori M, Marsiglia V, Hardick J, Barnes M, Hess D, Gaydos C. O03.6 Using Molecular Typing to Investigate N. Gonorrhoeae Strain Turnover: A Comparative Study of GISP Isolates Collected from Baltimore and San Francisco. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Park J, Marcus J, Bernstein K, Pandori M, Snell A, Philip S. P1-S2.41 Sentinel survillance for pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men - San Francisco, 2010. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yukl SA, Li P, Fujimoto K, Lampiris H, Lu CM, Hare CB, Deeks SG, Liegler T, Pandori M, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Modification of the Abbott RealTime assay for detection of HIV-1 plasma RNA viral loads less than one copy per milliliter. J Virol Methods 2011; 175:261-5. [PMID: 21536073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although commercial tests are approved for detection of HIV-1 plasma viral loads ≥ 20 copies per milliliter (ml), only one specialized research assay has been reported to detect plasma viral loads as low as 1 copy/ml. This manuscript describes a method of concentrating HIV-1 virions from up to 30 ml of plasma, which can be combined with a commercial viral load test to create a widely available, reproducible assay for quantifying plasma HIV RNA levels less than 1 copy/ml. Using this pre-analytically modified assay, samples with a known level of 0.5 copy/ml were detected in 8 of 12 replicates (mean 0.47 copy/ml; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.81 copy/ml) and samples with a known level of 1.0 copy/ml were detected in 13 of 13 replicates (mean 1.96 copy/ml; 95% CI 1.42-2.50 copy/ml). By concentrating virus from 30 ml of plasma, HIV RNA could be measured in 16 of 19 samples (84%) from 12 of 12 subjects (mean 2.77 copy/ml; 95% CI 0.86-4.68 copy/ml). The measured viral load correlated inversely (r = -0.78; p = 0.028) with the total duration of viral suppression (viral load<40 copies/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Modongo C, Zetola NM, Pandori M, Klausner JD. Has the answer to diagnosing TB in resource-limited settings been found? MLO Med Lab Obs 2011; 43:25. [PMID: 21446578 PMCID: PMC3786214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Yukl SA, Gianella S, Sinclair E, Epling L, Li Q, Duan L, Choi ALM, Girling V, Ho T, Li P, Fujimoto K, Lampiris H, Hare CB, Pandori M, Haase AT, Günthard HF, Fischer M, Shergill AK, McQuaid K, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Differences in HIV burden and immune activation within the gut of HIV-positive patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:1553-61. [PMID: 20939732 DOI: 10.1086/656722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut is a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that distinct immune environments within the gut may support varying levels of HIV. METHODS In 8 HIV-1-positive adults who were receiving ART and had CD4(+) T cell counts of >200 cells/μL and plasma viral loads of <40 copies/mL, levels of HIV and T cell activation were measured in blood samples and endoscopic biopsy specimens from the duodenum, ileum, ascending colon, and rectum. RESULTS HIV DNA and RNA levels per CD4(+) T cell were higher in all 4 gut sites compared with those in the blood. HIV DNA levels increased from the duodenum to the rectum, whereas the median HIV RNA level peaked in the ileum. HIV DNA levels correlated positively with T cell activation markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but negatively with T cell activation markers in the gut. Multiply spliced RNA was infrequently detected in gut, and ratios of unspliced RNA to DNA were lower in the colon and rectum than in PBMCs, which reflects paradoxically low HIV transcription, given the higher level of T cell activation in the gut. CONCLUSIONS HIV DNA and RNA are both concentrated in the gut, but the inverse relationship between HIV DNA levels and T cell activation in the gut and the paradoxically low levels of HIV expression in the large bowel suggest that different processes drive HIV persistence in the blood and gut. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00884793 (PLUS1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Siedner MJ, Pandori M, Leon SR, Barry PM, Espinosa BJ, Hall ER, Coates TJ, Klausner JD. Detection of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urogenital specimens with the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19:69-71. [PMID: 18275657 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2007.007206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Siedner MJ, Pandori M, Castro L, Barry P, Whittington WLH, Liska S, Klausner JD. Real-time PCR assay for detection of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine samples. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1250-4. [PMID: 17267635 PMCID: PMC1865802 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01909-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A need exists for the development of applicable surveillance tools to detect fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (QRNG) in urine samples. We describe here a real-time PCR assay for detecting mutations in the Ser91 codon of the gyrA gene of N. gonorrhoeae in urine specimens. We tested 96 urine samples collected along with Gonorrhea Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) urethral swab samples and compared the results with matched MICs of ciprofloxacin, as reported by the regional GISP laboratory. We then tested 100 urine specimens, known to be gonorrhea positive by nucleic acid amplification testing, provided by females to challenge the real-time PCR assay with urine specimens containing potentially less target DNA content than specimens from symptomatic males. With an MIC threshold of 0.125 mug of ciprofloxacin/ml, our assay correctly identified resistance in 41 of 44 (93.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 81.3 to 98.6%) corresponding resistant culture specimens and correctly identified 51 of 51 (100%; 95% CI = 93.0 to 100%) susceptible specimens. One specimen did not amplify. The assay successfully amplified the gyrA amplicon and determined a susceptibility genotype in 72 of 100 (72%) urine specimens collected from female patients. We developed an assay for detecting QRNG in urine specimens that correlated well with MIC results of cultured specimens and had moderate sensitivity with urine specimens. This methodology might fulfill the need for a QRNG detection system for urine specimens, a useful characteristic in the age of nucleic acid amplification testing for gonococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Siedner
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
We have created a novel method for coupling adenoviral vectors to solid microbeads in a way that does not adversely affect the infectivity of the attached virions. This method utilizes the extremely tight interaction between the protein streptavidin and its ligand biotin as a means of tethering viral particles to microbeads. The adenovirus-microbead conjugates that were created functioned as fully infectious entities and possessed several functional advantages over free, unmodified viral particles. The adenovirus-microbead conjugates possessed enhanced ability to transduce target cells in culture. For target cells of a highly permissive nature, this increase in infectivity was modest. However for target cells of moderate to low permissivity, the enhancement of transduction efficiency was substantial. Adenoviral vectors, previously incapable of infecting a particular colon cancer cell line, were made fully infectious on the same cell line when delivered as solid-phase conjugates. Additionally, solid-phase adenovirus-microbead conjugates showed highly limited diffusion in solution, allowing for focused delivery of viral vectors only to cells that come into contact with the conjugates. When the solid phase to which the viral particles were attached had paramagnetic properties, the location of viral infections was tightly controllable by magnetic force through the use of strategically placed magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pandori
- Center for Molecular Imaging Diagnosis and Therapy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pandori M, Craig H, Moutouh L, Corbeil J, Guatelli J. Virological importance of the protease-cleavage site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef is independent of both intravirion processing and CD4 down-regulation. Virology 1998; 251:302-16. [PMID: 9837795 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef protein is present within the virion and is processed there by the viral protease. Mutational analysis indicated that residues 54-60 in HIV-1 Nef were required for intravirion cleavage. When viruses were produced using T cell lines or primary lymphoblasts, these residues were also required for optimal viral infectivity. However, substitution of native Nef residues with those of a functional Gag cleavage site demonstrated that intravirion cleavage was insufficient for the virological function of this domain. Furthermore, the importance of certain cleavage site residues to infectivity was conditional on the producer cell type. In particular, a mutant containing a deletion of residues 54-57 was phenotypically nef defective when produced using T cells (CEM, A2.01, or primary lymphoblasts) but was minimally impaired when produced from 293 or HeLa cells. This mutant was cleavage resistant, indicating that proteolytic processing of Nef was dispensable for infectivity enhancement when virions were assembled in certain non-T cells. Residues 54-61 of the cleavage site, including 54-57, were also required for Nef-mediated down-regulation of CD4. However, the surface expression of CD4 on HeLa cells in amounts comparable to that on the surface of primary T lymphoblasts did not create a producer cell environment in which residues 54-57 acquired greater virological importance. Furthermore, these residues were required for optimal infectivity even during virion assembly in T cells (A2. 01) that expressed a CD4 molecule that is unable to respond to Nef. These data suggested that in producer T cells, certain cleavage site residues (54-57) contribute to a Nef-mediated virological effect that is unlikely to be linked causally to CD4 down-regulation. Conversely, in the context of 293 cells as viral producers, the Delta54-57 mutant separated genetically down-regulation of CD4 (for which it was defective) from enhancement of infectivity (for which it was functional). Together, these data indicate that the virological function of the cleavage site domain is both independent of intravirion proteolytic processing of Nef and independent of CD4 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pandori
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
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