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de Souza AR, Polo JLL, Santos EF, Nascimento FSD, Rantala MJ. Small-bodied males invest in larger testes when highly ornamented. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:548-554. [PMID: 38596874 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Sperm competition and male mating rate are two non-mutually exclusive key evolutionary pressures selecting for larger testes within and across animal taxa. A few studies have tried to test the role of mating rate in the absence of sperm competition. Under the mating rate hypothesis, particular phenotypes of a given population that are expected to gain more mates (e.g., more ornamented males) are expected to make higher investments in testes size (a proxy for sperm production). We test this prediction in Polistes simillimus, a neotropical paper wasp in which females are single mated (no sperm competition) and males can mate with multiple partners. Testes size was predicted by body size (positive association), sexual ornamentation (negative association), and their interaction (among small males, testes size was positively related to ornamentation, but the opposite pattern was observed among large males). We propose that small-bodied well-ornamented males may face the highest risk of sperm depletion. Small-bodied males make relatively higher investment in testes size when highly ornamented. This strategy might be less profitable to large males, as they have overall larger testes. Our results provide strong evidence for the mating rate hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rodrigues de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Lucas Lapria Polo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fernando Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho," São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos do Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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2
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Prato A, Fernando Santos E, Mendes Ferreira H, Akemi Oi C, Santos do Nascimento F, Rantala MJ, Krams I, Rodrigues de Souza A. Immune response in paper wasp workers: Task matters more than age. J Insect Physiol 2024; 154:104629. [PMID: 38430966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Workers of social hymenopterans (ants, bees and wasps) display specific tasks depending on whether they are younger or older. The relative importance of behavior and age in modulating immune function has seldom been addressed. We compared the strength of encapsulation-melanization immune response (hereafter melanotic encapsulation) in paper wasps displaying age polyethism or experimentally prevented from behavioral specialization. Foragers of Polybia paulista had higher melanotic encapsulation than guards, regardless of their age. Nevertheless, melanotic encapsulation decreased with age when wasps were prevented from behavioral specialization. Thus, in this species, worker melanotic encapsulation seems more sensitive to task than age. Foraging is considered one of the riskier behaviors in terms of pathogen exposure, so upregulating melanotic encapsulation in foragers can possibly improve both individual and colony-level resistance against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Prato
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Eduardo Fernando Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São José do Rio Preto, Brasil
| | | | - Cintia Akemi Oi
- Laboratory of Socioecology and Social Evolution, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Department of Genetics and Evolution, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fábio Santos do Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Latvia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Latvia; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - André Rodrigues de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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3
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Krama T, Munkevics M, Krams R, Grigorjeva T, Trakimas G, Jõers P, Popovs S, Zants K, Elferts D, Rantala MJ, Sledevskis E, Contreras-Garduño J, de Bivort BL, Krams IA. Corrigendum: Development under predation risk increases serotonin-signaling, variability of turning behavior and survival in adult fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1391782. [PMID: 38586562 PMCID: PMC10995732 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1391782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1189301.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Māris Munkevics
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Grigorjeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Krists Zants
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriks Sledevskis
- Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin L. de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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4
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Krama T, Bahhir D, Ots L, Popovs S, Bartkevičs V, Pugajeva I, Krams R, Merivee E, Must A, Rantala MJ, Krams I, Jõers P. A diabetes-like biochemical and behavioural phenotype of Drosophila induced by predator stress. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230442. [PMID: 37403506 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation can have both lethal and non-lethal effects on prey. The non-lethal effects of predation can instil changes in prey life history, behaviour, morphology and physiology, causing adaptive evolution. The chronic stress caused by sustained predation on prey is comparable to chronic stress conditions in humans. Conditions like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress syndrome have also been implicated in the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. In this study, we found that predator stress induced during larval development in fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster impairs carbohydrate metabolism by systemic inhibition of Akt protein kinase, which is a central regulator of glucose uptake. However, Drosophila grown with predators survived better under direct spider predation in the adult phase. Administration of metformin and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin, reversed these effects. Our results demonstrate a direct link between predator stress and metabolic impairment, suggesting that a diabetes-like biochemical phenotype may be adaptive in terms of survival and reproductive success. We provide a novel animal model to explore the mechanisms responsible for the onset of these metabolic disorders, which are highly prevalent in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Diana Bahhir
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE-51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Ots
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE-51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevičs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment 'BIOR', Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment 'BIOR', Riga 1076, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Enno Merivee
- Chair of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne Must
- Chair of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga 1004, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga 1067, Latvia
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE-51010, Tartu, Estonia
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Krama T, Munkevics M, Krams R, Grigorjeva T, Trakimas G, Jõers P, Popovs S, Zants K, Elferts D, Rantala MJ, Sledevskis E, Contreras-Garduño J, de Bivort BL, Krams IA. Development under predation risk increases serotonin-signaling, variability of turning behavior and survival in adult fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1189301. [PMID: 37304760 PMCID: PMC10248140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1189301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput behavioral assays, where numerous individual animals can be analyzed in various experimental conditions, has facilitated the study of animal personality. Previous research showed that isogenic Drosophila melanogaster flies exhibit striking individual non-heritable locomotor handedness. The variability of this trait, i.e., the predictability of left-right turn biases, varies across genotypes and under the influence of neural activity in specific circuits. This suggests that the brain can dynamically regulate the extent of animal personality. It has been recently shown that predators can induce changes in prey phenotypes via lethal or non-lethal effects affecting the serotonergic signaling system. In this study, we tested whether fruit flies grown with predators exhibit higher variability/lower predictability in their turning behavior and higher survival than those grown with no predators in their environment. We confirmed these predictions and found that both effects were blocked when flies were fed an inhibitor (αMW) of serotonin synthesis. The results of this study demonstrate a negative association between the unpredictability of turning behavior of fruit flies and the hunting success of their predators. We also show that the neurotransmitter serotonin controls predator-induced changes in the turning variability of fruit flies, regulating the dynamic control of behavioral predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Māris Munkevics
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Grigorjeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Krists Zants
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriks Sledevskis
- Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin L. de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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6
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de Souza AR, França W, Prato A, Rantala MJ, do Nascimento FS. Recognition of conspecific immunological status in a neotropical paper wasp. Behav Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Host immune activation is common under a pathogen invasion. This physiological response can promote changes in the body surface compounds, thus providing chemical cues related to health that might be useful to conspecifics. By recognizing the current immunological status of social partners, individuals can modulate their behavior to minimize the risk of infection. Tegument wounding, an immune elicitor, is a required step for many parasites to become established in a host. By using the neotropical eusocial paper wasp Mischocyttarus metathoracicus as a model organism, we first performed a lure presentation experiment in the field to test if wasps discriminate conspecific immunological status (experimentally manipulated by wounding) during on nest social interactions. Then, we performed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses to test if immunostimulation by wounding alters the wasps’ cuticular hydrocarbon profile. We found that wasps reduce the duration of aggressive physical contact when interacting with wounded lures, despite displaying a similar frequency of inspective and aggressive behaviors toward both the wounded and the control lures. Besides, we found a subtle increase in a single cuticular hydrocarbon in the wounded wasps. Thus, wasps recognize conspecific immunological status, likely by chemical cues, and modulate their behavior in order to defend the colony against intruders while minimizing the personal risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rodrigues de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 14040-900 , Brasil
| | - Wilson França
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 14040-900 , Brasil
| | - Amanda Prato
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 14040-900 , Brasil
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology and Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku , 20014 Turku , Finland
| | - Fábio Santos do Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo 14040-900 , Brasil
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7
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Amaro-Sánchez T, Ruiz-Guzmán G, Hernández-Martínez S, Krams I, Rantala MJ, Contreras-Garduño J. Effect of juvenile hormone on phenoloxidase and hemocyte number: The role of age, sex, and immune challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 265:110827. [PMID: 36610635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are key factors in determining the response of organisms to their environment. For example, the juvenile hormone (JH) coordinates the insects' development, reproduction, and survival. However, it is still unclear how the impact of juvenile hormone on insect immunity varies depending on the sex and reproductive state of the individual, as well as the type of the immune challenge (i.e., Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria). We used Tenebrio molitor and methoprene, a JH analog (JHa) to explore these relationships. We tested the effect of methoprene on phenoloxidase activity (PO), an important component of humoral immunity in insects, and hemocyte number. Lyophilized Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative Escherichia coli were injected for the immune challenge. The results suggest that JH did not affect the proPO, PO activity, or hemocyte number of larvae. JH and immune challenge affected the immune response and consequently, affected adult developmental stage and sex. We propose that the influence of JH on the immune response depends on age, sex, the immune response parameter, and the immune challenge, which may explain the contrasting results about the role of JH in the insect immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Amaro-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Colonia Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Guzmán
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62300 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils 5401, Latvia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga 1004, Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No.8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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8
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Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Borráz-León JI, Krams I. Schizophrenia: the new etiological synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104894. [PMID: 36181926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been an evolutionary paradox: it has high heritability, but it is associated with decreased reproductive success. The causal genetic variants underlying schizophrenia are thought to be under weak negative selection. To unravel this paradox, many evolutionary explanations have been suggested for schizophrenia. We critically discuss the constellation of evolutionary hypotheses for schizophrenia, highlighting the lack of empirical support for most existing evolutionary hypotheses-with the exception of the relatively well supported evolutionary mismatch hypothesis. It posits that evolutionarily novel features of contemporary environments, such as chronic stress, low-grade systemic inflammation, and gut dysbiosis, increase susceptibility to schizophrenia. Environmental factors such as microbial infections (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii) can better predict the onset of schizophrenia than polygenic risk scores. However, researchers have not been able to explain why only a small minority of infected people develop schizophrenia. The new etiological synthesis of schizophrenia indicates that an interaction between host genotype, microbe infection, and chronic stress causes schizophrenia, with neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis mediating this etiological pathway. Instead of just alleviating symptoms with drugs, the parasite x genotype x stress model emphasizes that schizophrenia treatment should focus on detecting and treating possible underlying microbial infection(s), neuroinflammation, gut dysbiosis, and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Severi Luoto
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004, Rīga, Latvia
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9
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van Leeuwen F, Inbar Y, Petersen MB, Aarøe L, Barclay P, Barlow FK, de Barra M, Becker DV, Borovoi L, Choi J, Consedine NS, Conway JR, Conway P, Adoric VC, Demirci E, Fernández AM, Ferreira DCS, Ishii K, Jakšić I, Ji T, Jonaityte I, Lewis DMG, Li NP, McIntyre JC, Mukherjee S, Park JH, Pawlowski B, Pizarro D, Prokop P, Prodromitis G, Rantala MJ, Reynolds LM, Sandin B, Sevi B, Srinivasan N, Tewari S, Yong JC, Žeželj I, Tybur JM. Disgust sensitivity relates to attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women across 31 nations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211067151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has reported a relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice toward various social groups, including gay men and lesbian women. It is currently unknown whether this association is present across cultures, or specific to North America. Analyses of survey data from adult heterosexuals ( N = 11,200) from 31 countries showed a small relation between pathogen disgust sensitivity (an individual-difference measure of pathogen-avoidance motivations) and measures of antigay attitudes. Analyses also showed that pathogen disgust sensitivity relates not only to antipathy toward gay men and lesbians, but also to negativity toward other groups, in particular those associated with violations of traditional sexual norms (e.g., prostitutes). These results suggest that the association between pathogen-avoidance motivations and antigay attitudes is relatively stable across cultures and is a manifestation of a more general relation between pathogen-avoidance motivations and prejudice towards groups associated with sexual norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah Borovoi
- National Institute for Testing and Evaluation, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M. G. Lewis
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, and Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavol Prokop
- Comenius University, Slovakia
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
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10
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Borráz-León JI, Rantala MJ, Krams IA, Cerda-Molina AL, Contreras-Garduño J. Are Toxoplasma-infected subjects more attractive, symmetrical, or healthier than non-infected ones? Evidence from subjective and objective measurements. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13122. [PMID: 35356475 PMCID: PMC8958965 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parasites are among the main factors that negatively impact the health and reproductive success of organisms. However, if parasites diminish a host's health and attractiveness to such an extent that finding a mate becomes almost impossible, the parasite would decrease its odds of reproducing and passing to the next generation. There is evidence that Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) manipulates phenotypic characteristics of its intermediate hosts to increase its spread. However, whether T. gondii manipulates phenotypic characteristics in humans remains poorly studied. Therefore, the present research had two main aims: (1) To compare traits associated with health and parasite resistance in Toxoplasma-infected and non-infected subjects. (2) To investigate whether other people perceive differences in attractiveness and health between Toxoplasma-infected and non-infected subjects of both sexes. Methods For the first aim, Toxoplasma-infected (n = 35) and non-infected subjects (n = 178) were compared for self-perceived attractiveness, number of sexual partners, number of minor ailments, body mass index, mate value, handgrip strength, facial fluctuating asymmetry, and facial width-to-height ratio. For the second aim, an independent group of 205 raters (59 men and 146 women) evaluated the attractiveness and perceived health of facial pictures of Toxoplasma-infected and non-infected subjects. Results First, we found that infected men had lower facial fluctuating asymmetry whereas infected women had lower body mass, lower body mass index, a tendency for lower facial fluctuating asymmetry, higher self-perceived attractiveness, and a higher number of sexual partners than non-infected ones. Then, we found that infected men and women were rated as more attractive and healthier than non-infected ones. Conclusions Our results suggest that some sexually transmitted parasites, such as T. gondii, may produce changes in the appearance and behavior of the human host, either as a by-product of the infection or as the result of the manipulation of the parasite to increase its spread to new hosts. Taken together, these results lay the foundation for future research on the manipulation of the human host by sexually transmitted pathogens and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina
- Department of Ethology, National Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Borráz-León JI, Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Krams IA, Contreras-Garduño J, Krama T, Cerda-Molina AL. Self-Perceived Facial Attractiveness, Fluctuating Asymmetry, and Minor Ailments Predict Mental Health Outcomes. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Phenotypic markers associated with developmental stability such as fluctuating asymmetry, facial attractiveness, and reports of minor ailments can also act as indicators of overall physical health. However, few studies have assessed whether these markers might also be cues of mental health. We tested whether self- and other-perceived facial attractiveness, fluctuating asymmetry, and minor ailments are associated with psychopathological symptoms in a mixed sample of 358 college students, controlling for the effects of body mass index, age, and sex.
Methods
We applied the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire to assess psychopathological symptoms, a battery of questionnaires about self-perceptions of facial attractiveness, and gathered information about the number of previous minor ailments as well as demographic data. Other-perceived attractiveness was assessed by an independent mixed sample of 109 subjects. Subjects’ facial fluctuating asymmetry was determined by geometric morphometrics.
Results
The results revealed that in both men and women, higher self-perceived attractiveness and fewer minor ailments predicted lower scores of Somatization, Obsessive–Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism, and a General Psychopathology Index. Higher facial fluctuating asymmetry was associated with higher Interpersonal Sensitivity, but did not contribute to its prediction when controlling for the other studied variables.
Conclusions
The observed strong associations between self-perceived attractiveness, minor ailments, and psychopathology indicate common developmental pathways between physiological and psychological symptomatology which may reflect broader life history (co)variation between genetics, developmental environment, and psychophysiological functioning.
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12
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Luoto S, Krama T, Rubika A, Borráz-León JI, Trakimas G, Elferts D, Skrinda I, Krams R, Moore FR, Birbele E, Kaminska I, Contreras-Garduño J, Rantala MJ, Krams IA. Socioeconomic position, immune function, and its physiological markers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105202. [PMID: 33756285 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of costly traits such as immune function and secondary sexual traits is constrained by resource availability. The quality of developmental conditions and the availability of resources in ontogeny may therefore influence immune system functions and other biological traits. We analyzed causal pathways between family socioeconomic position, strength of immune response, and five physiological biomarkers in young Latvian men (n = 93) using structural equation modeling. Men from wealthier families had higher testosterone levels (rs = 0.280), stronger immune response (rs = 0.551), and higher facial attractiveness (rs = 0.300). There were weak, non-significant correlations between family income, body fat percentage (rs = -0.147), and fluctuating asymmetry (rs = -0.159). Testosterone partially (33.8%) mediated the effect of family income on facial masculinity. Testosterone (positively) and adiposity (negatively) partially (4%) mediated the relationship between family income and immune function. Higher facial masculinity, higher facial symmetry, and lower adiposity were reliable and independent cues of better immune function (R2 = 0.238) in a larger sample of young Latvian men (N = 146). Resource availability in ontogeny has an important role for the development of immune function and physical appearance, and it is a key parameter to be included in human eco-immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Anna Rubika
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Javier I Borráz-León
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Ethology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | | | - Ronalds Krams
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Fhionna R Moore
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elza Birbele
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Irena Kaminska
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.
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13
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Krams IA, Krama T, Krams R, Trakimas G, Popovs S, Jõers P, Munkevics M, Elferts D, Rantala MJ, Makņa J, de Bivort BL. Serotoninergic Modulation of Phototactic Variability Underpins a Bet-Hedging Strategy in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:659331. [PMID: 33935664 PMCID: PMC8085305 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.659331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When organisms’ environmental conditions vary unpredictably in time, it can be advantageous for individuals to hedge their phenotypic bets. It has been shown that a bet-hedging strategy possibly underlies the high inter-individual diversity of phototactic choice in Drosophila melanogaster. This study shows that fruit flies from a population living in a boreal and relatively unpredictable climate have more variable variable phototactic biases than fruit flies from a more stable tropical climate, consistent with bet-hedging theory. We experimentally show that phototactic variability of D. melanogaster is regulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), which acts as a suppressor of the variability of phototactic choices. When fed 5-HT precursor, boreal flies exhibited lower variability, and they were insensitive to 5-HT inhibitor. The opposite pattern was seen in the tropical flies. Thus, the reduction of 5-HT in fruit flies’ brains may be the mechanistic basis of an adaptive bet-hedging strategy in a less predictable boreal climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maris Munkevics
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jānis Makņa
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Benjamin L de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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14
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Krams IA, Rantala MJ, Borráz-León JI, Luoto S. Corrigendum to "Bipolar disorder: An evolutionary psychoneuroimmunological approach". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:528. [PMID: 33811947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Del Giudice M. Gender norms and the wellbeing of girls and boys. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e397. [PMID: 33740402 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | - Marco Del Giudice
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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16
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Krams IA, Jõers P, Luoto S, Trakimas G, Lietuvietis V, Krams R, Kaminska I, Rantala MJ, Krama T. The Obesity Paradox Predicts the Second Wave of COVID-19 to Be Severe in Western Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18031029. [PMID: 33503828 PMCID: PMC7908102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While COVID-19 infection and mortality rates are soaring in Western countries, Southeast Asian countries have successfully avoided the second wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic despite high population density. We provide a biochemical hypothesis for the connection between low COVID-19 incidence, mortality rates, and high visceral adiposity in Southeast Asian populations. The SARS-CoV-2 virus uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a gateway into the human body. Although the highest expression levels of ACE2 are found in people’s visceral adipose tissue in Southeast Asia, this does not necessarily make them vulnerable to COVID-19. Hypothetically, high levels of visceral adiposity cause systemic inflammation, thus decreasing the ACE2 amount on the surface of both visceral adipocytes and alveolar epithelial type 2 cells in the lungs. Extra weight gained during the pandemic is expected to increase visceral adipose tissue in Southeast Asians, further decreasing the ACE2 pool. In contrast, weight gain can increase local inflammation in fat depots in Western people, leading to worse COVID-related outcomes. Because of the biological mechanisms associated with fat accumulation, inflammation, and their differential expression in Southeast Asian and Western populations, the second wave of the pandemic may be more severe in Western countries, while Southeast Asians may benefit from their higher visceral fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, LV5401 Daugavpils, Latvia; (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, LV1004 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, EE51010 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Severi Luoto
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Vilnis Lietuvietis
- Department of Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia;
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, LV1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, LV5401 Daugavpils, Latvia; (R.K.); (T.K.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, LV5401 Daugavpils, Latvia;
| | - Irena Kaminska
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, LV5401 Daugavpils, Latvia;
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, LV5401 Daugavpils, Latvia; (R.K.); (T.K.)
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17
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Borráz-León JI, Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Krams I, Contreras-Garduño J, Cerda-Molina AL, Krama T. Toxoplasma gondii and Psychopathology: Latent Infection Is Associated with Interpersonal Sensitivity, Psychoticism, and Higher Testosterone Levels in Men, but Not in Women. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-020-00160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The ability of parasites to hijack the nervous system, manipulating the host’s physiology and behavior in ways that enhance the parasite’s fitness while damaging host fitness, is a topic of ongoing research interest in evolutionary biology, but is largely overlooked in mental health research. Nevertheless, recent evidence has shown that Toxoplasma gondii infection can change host testosterone levels and influence the development of some psychiatric disorders. Here, we tested this hypothesis in a mixed sample of 213 non-clinical subjects.
Methods
Participants (nmales = 108, nfemales = 105) provided 5 ml of blood to quantify testosterone levels and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised was used to assess psychopathological symptoms.
Results
The results showed that Toxoplasma-infected men had higher testosterone levels and scored higher in Interpersonal Sensitivity and Psychoticism symptoms than non-infected men. Toxoplasma-infected women did not differ from control women.
Conclusions
Framed in an evolutionary framework, the findings suggest that the elevated testosterone levels and the expression of psychopathological symptoms can be seen as the result of the manipulation exerted by Toxoplasma gondii either to reach its definitive host or to increase its spread. Future research can benefit from integrating insights from evolutionary biology and parasite-host interactions with physiology, immunology, and mental health to develop a better understanding of mental health etiology.
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18
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Pölkki M, Rantala MJ. Exposure to copper during larval development has intra- and trans-generational influence on fitness in later life. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111133. [PMID: 32896818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution has a disadvantageous influence on various life-history traits. Although direct effects are well known, potential fitness-related trans-generational costs are less studied. Previously, empirical findings have demonstrated that environmental conditions faced by the parental generation have an effect on the traits expressed by their offspring. Here, to study this conjecture larvae of the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) were either exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of copper or reared on uncontaminated larval medium. Adult flies were kept under uncontaminated conditions. For the next generation, individuals were mated with their own group and their offspring were either exposed to copper or fed with uncontaminated larval medium. We found that in the parental generation copper exposure reduced fecundity compared with uncontaminated controls. In the progeny, females suffered impaired fecundity only if their larval condition differed from the conditions experienced by their parents. If the progeny was raised under similar conditions than the parental generation, no effect on fecundity was discovered, suggesting acclimatization to the prevailing conditions after short-time copper exposure (two generations). Our results demonstrate that exposure to an environmental stressor like heavy metals causes intra-and trans-generational fitness costs. Further, individuals may be able to acclimatize in prevailing contaminated conditions, but this might in turn debase fitness under uncontaminated conditions. Our findings are consistent with the prediction of the adaptive parental effects hypothesis which states that parents may produce offspring that are more successful under conditions faced by their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland.
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19
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Hakkarainen TJ, Krams I, Coetzee V, Skrinda I, Kecko S, Krama T, Ilonen J, Rantala MJ. MHC Class II Heterozygosity Associated With Attractiveness of Men and Women. Evol Psychol 2021; 19:1474704921991994. [PMID: 33715474 PMCID: PMC10303478 DOI: 10.1177/1474704921991994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), which plays a fundamental role in the immune system, are some of the most diverse genes in vertebrates and have been connected to mate choice in several species, including humans. While studies suggest a positive relationship between MHC diversity and male facial attractiveness, the connection of MHC diversity to other visual traits and female attractiveness is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate further whether MHC heterozygosity, indicating genetic quality, is associated with visual traits affecting mate preferences in humans. In total 74 Latvian men and 49 women were genotyped for several MHC loci and rated for facial and, in men, also body attractiveness. The results indicate a preference for MHC heterozygous female and male faces. However, the initially positive relationship between MHC heterozygosity and facial attractiveness becomes non-significant in females, when controlling for multiple testing, and in males, when age and fat content is taken into account, referring to the importance of adiposity in immune function and thus also attractiveness. Thus overall the effect of MHC heterozygosity on attractiveness seems weak. When considering separate loci, we show that the main gene related to facial attractiveness is the MHC class II DQB1; a gene important also in viral infections and autoimmune diseases. Indeed, in our study, heterozygous individuals are rated significantly more attractive than their homozygous counterparts, only in relation to gene DQB1. This study is the first to indicate a link between DQB1 and attractiveness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Finland
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences,
University of Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Latvia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology,
Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Vinet Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, 56410University of
Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Ilona Skrinda
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Finland
- Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Daugavpils,
Latvia
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences,
University of Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Latvia
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of
Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University
Hospital, Finland
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Finland
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20
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Rantala MJ, Dubovskiy IM, Pölkki M, Krama T, Contreras-Garduño J, Krams IA. Effect of Juvenile Hormone on Resistance against Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium robertsii Differs between Sexes. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040298. [PMID: 33227937 PMCID: PMC7711818 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormone has been suggested to be a potential mediator in the trade-off between mating and insects’ immunity. Studies on various insect taxons have found that juvenile hormone interferes with humoral and cellular immunity. Although this was shown experimentally, studies using highly virulent parasites or pathogens are lacking so far. In this study, we tested if juvenile hormone administration affected resistance against entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium robertsii, in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. In previous studies with T. molitor, juvenile hormone has been found to reduce a major humoral immune effector-system (phenoloxidase) in both sexes and decrease the encapsulation response in males. Here, we found that juvenile hormone administration prolonged survival time after infection with M. robertsii in males but reduced survival time in females. This study indicates that the effects of juvenile hormone on insect immunity might be more complicated than previously considered. We also suggest that there might be a trade-off between specific and non-specific immunity since, in males, juvenile hormone enhances specific immunity but corrupts non-specific immunity. Our study highlights the importance of using real parasites and pathogens in immuno-ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (M.J.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Department Plant Protection, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (M.J.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia;
- Department of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia;
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-2946-5273
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21
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Krams IA, Krams R, Jõers P, Munkevics M, Trakimas G, Luoto S, Eichler S, Butler DM, Merivee E, Must A, Rantala MJ, Contreras-Garduño J, Krama T. Developmental speed affects ecological stoichiometry and adult fat reserves in Drosophila melanogaster. ANIM BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The elemental composition of organisms belongs to a suite of functional traits that change during development in response to environmental conditions. However, associations between adaptive variations in developmental speed and elemental body composition are not well understood. We compared body mass, elemental body composition, food uptake and fat metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster male fruit flies in relation to their larval development speed. Slowly developing flies had higher body carbon concentration than rapidly developing and intermediate flies. Rapidly developing flies had the highest body nitrogen concentration, while slowly developing flies had higher body nitrogen levels than flies with intermediate speed of development. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was therefore lower in rapidly developing flies than in slow and intermediate flies. We also had a group of flies grown individually and their body mass and elemental body composition were similar to those of rapidly developing individuals grown in groups. This suggests that rapid growth is not suppressed by stress. Feeding rates were lowest in the slowly developing flies. The amount of triacylglycerides was highest in the flies with intermediate developmental speed which optimizes development under many climatic conditions. Although low food intake slows down developmental speed and the accumulation of body fat reserves in slowly developing flies, their phenotype conceivably facilitates survival under higher stochasticity of their environments. Rapidly developing flies grew with less emphasis on storage build-up. Overall, this study shoes that a combination of bet-hedging, adaptive tracking and developmental plasticity enables fruit flies to respond adaptively to environmental uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A. Krams
- 1Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rīga 1067, Latvia
- 2Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga 1004, Latvia
- 3Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
- 5Department of Plant Protection, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Jõers
- 6Department of General and Microbial Biochemistry, University of Tartu, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Māris Munkevics
- 2Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga 1004, Latvia
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- 7Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Severi Luoto
- 8English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
- 9School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 1142 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Eichler
- 10Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, 44460 Salem, OH, USA
| | - David M. Butler
- 11Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 37996-4561 Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Enno Merivee
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Anne Must
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- 12Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- 13Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190 Morelia, Mexico
| | - Tatjana Krama
- 1Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rīga 1067, Latvia
- 4Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
- 5Department of Plant Protection, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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22
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Rubika A, Luoto S, Krama T, Trakimas G, Rantala MJ, Moore FR, Skrinda I, Elferts D, Krams R, Contreras-Garduño J, Krams IA. Women's socioeconomic position in ontogeny is associated with improved immune function and lower stress, but not with height. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11517. [PMID: 32661326 PMCID: PMC7359344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune function, height and resource accumulation comprise important life history traits in humans. Resource availability models arising from life history theory suggest that socioeconomic conditions influence immune function, growth and health status. In this study, we tested whether there are associations between family income during ontogeny, adult height, cortisol level and immune response in women. A hepatitis B vaccine was administered to 66 young Latvian women from different socioeconomic backgrounds, and blood samples were then collected to measure the level of antibodies that the women produced in response to the vaccination. Cortisol levels were measured from plasma samples pre- and post-vaccination. Women from wealthier families had lower cortisol levels, and women from the highest family income group had the highest levels of antibody titers against hepatitis B vaccine. No significant relationships were observed between cortisol level and immune function, nor between family income and height. The results show that income level during ontogeny is associated with the strength of immune response and with psychoneuroendocrine pathways underlying stress perception in early adulthood. The findings indicate that the quality of the developmental niche is associated with the condition-dependent expression of immune function and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rubika
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Fhionna R Moore
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Skrinda
- Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Daugavpils, 5417, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, 1004, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58190, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, 5401, Latvia.
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, 1004, Latvia.
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Rīga, 1067, Latvia.
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23
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Kangassalo K, Sorvari J, Nousiainen I, Pölkki M, Valtonen TM, Krams I, Rantala MJ. Intra- and Trans-Generational Phenotypic Responses of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella, to a Low-Nutrition Larval Diet. ANN ZOOL FENN 2020. [DOI: 10.5735/086.057.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Kangassalo
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Sorvari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Nousiainen
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi M. Valtonen
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes iela 1, LV-1067 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
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24
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Abstract
Eating disorders are evolutionarily novel conditions. They lead to some of the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric disorders. Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed for eating disorders, but only the intrasexual competition hypothesis is extensively supported by evidence. We present the mismatch hypothesis as a necessary extension to the current theoretical framework of eating disorders. This hypothesis explains the evolutionarily novel adaptive metaproblem that has arisen when mating motives conflict with the large-scale and easy availability of hyper-rewarding but obesogenic foods. This situation is exacerbated particularly in those contemporary environments that are characterized by sedentary lifestyles, ever-present junk foods, caloric surplus and the ubiquity of social comparisons that take place via social media. Our psychoneuroimmunological model connects ultimate-level causation with proximate mechanisms by showing how the adaptive metaproblem between mating motives and food rewards leads to chronic stress and, further, to disordered eating. Chronic stress causes neuroinflammation, which increases susceptibility to OCD-like behaviors that typically co-occur with eating disorders. Chronic stress upregulates the serotonergic system and causes dysphoric mood in anorexia nervosa patients. Dieting, however, reduces serotonin levels and dysphoric mood, leading to a vicious serotonergic-homeostatic stress/starvation cycle whereby cortisol and neuroinflammation increase through stringent dieting. Our psychoneuroimmunological model indicates that between-individual and within-individual variation in eating disorders partially arises from (co)variation in gut microbiota and stress responsivity, which influence neuroinflammation and the serotonergic system. We review the advances that have been made in recent years in understanding how to best treat eating disorders, outlining directions for future clinical research. Current evidence indicates that eating disorder treatments should aim to reduce the chronic stress, neuroinflammation, stress responsivity and gut dysbiosis that fuel the disorders. Connecting ultimate causes with proximate mechanisms and treating biopsychosocial causes rather than manifest symptoms is expected to bring more effective and sophisticated long-term interventions for the millions of people who suffer from eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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25
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Borráz-León JI, Cerda-Molina AL, Rantala MJ, Mayagoitia-Novales L, Contreras-Garduño J. Low intrasexual competitiveness and decreasing testosterone in human males (Homo sapiens): the adaptive meaning. BEHAVIOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of indirect mechanisms of intrasexual competition (e.g., visual identification of possible rivals) could be related to personality traits such as aggressiveness and self-esteem. However, the study of endocrine changes associated to indirect mechanisms of intrasexual competition is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in testosterone levels after a rival choice test in men and how intrasexual competitiveness, aggressiveness, and self-esteem modulate these changes. A group of 160 healthy men answered four personality questionnaires, participated in a rival choice test, and donated saliva samples to measure the changes in their testosterone levels. We found a significant decrease in testosterone levels of men with lower intrasexual competitiveness, but testosterone levels remained stables in competitive men. Non-significant results were found for aggressiveness and self-esteem. These decreases in testosterone levels could be interpreted as an adaptation aimed to reduce costs in male-male contests in Western modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I. Borráz-León
- aDepartment of Ethology, National Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Mexico City, Mexico
- bEvolutionary Ecology Lab, ENES, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina
- bEvolutionary Ecology Lab, ENES, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- cDepartment of Biology, and Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales
- aDepartment of Ethology, National Institute of Psychiatry “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Luoto S, Krams I, Rantala MJ. A Life History Approach to the Female Sexual Orientation Spectrum: Evolution, Development, Causal Mechanisms, and Health. Arch Sex Behav 2019; 48:1273-1308. [PMID: 30229521 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Women's capacity for sexual fluidity is at least as interesting a phenomenon from the point of view of evolutionary biology and behavioral endocrinology as exclusively homosexual orientation. Evolutionary hypotheses for female nonheterosexuality have failed to fully account for the existence of these different categories of nonheterosexual women, while also overlooking broader data on the causal mechanisms, physiology, ontogeny, and phylogeny of female nonheterosexuality. We review the evolutionary-developmental origins of various phenotypes in the female sexual orientation spectrum using the synergistic approach of Tinbergen's four questions. We also present femme-specific and butch-specific hypotheses at proximate and ultimate levels of analysis. This review article indicates that various nonheterosexual female phenotypes emerge from and contribute to hormonally mediated fast life history strategies. Life history theory provides a biobehavioral explanatory framework for nonheterosexual women's masculinized body morphology, psychological dispositions, and their elevated likelihood of experiencing violence, substance use, obesity, teenage pregnancy, and lower general health. This pattern of life outcomes can create a feedback loop of environmental unpredictability and harshness which destabilizes intrauterine hormonal conditions in mothers, leading to a greater likelihood of fast life history strategies, global health problems, and nonheterosexual preferences in female offspring. We further explore the potential of female nonheterosexuality to function as an alloparental buffer that enables masculinizing alleles to execute their characteristic fast life history strategies as they appear in the female and the male phenotype. Synthesizing life history theory with the female sexual orientation spectrum enriches existing scientific knowledge on the evolutionary-developmental mechanisms of human sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Arts 1, Building 206, Room 616, 14A Symonds St., Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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27
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Luoto S, Krams I, Rantala MJ. Response to Commentaries: Life History Evolution, Causal Mechanisms, and Female Sexual Orientation. Arch Sex Behav 2019; 48:1335-1347. [PMID: 31119422 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-1439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Arts 1, Bldg. 206, Room 616, 14A Symonds St., Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Polo‐Kantola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
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29
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Trakimas G, Krams R, Krama T, Kortet R, Haque S, Luoto S, Eichler Inwood S, Butler DM, Jõers P, Hawlena D, Rantala MJ, Elferts D, Contreras-Garduño J, Krams I. Ecological Stoichiometry: A Link Between Developmental Speed and Physiological Stress in an Omnivorous Insect. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:42. [PMID: 30906256 PMCID: PMC6419478 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The elemental composition of organisms belongs to a suite of functional traits that may adaptively respond to fluctuating selection pressures. Life history theory predicts that predation risk and resource limitations impose selection pressures on organisms’ developmental time and are further associated with variability in energetic and behavioral traits. Individual differences in developmental speed, behaviors and physiology have been explained using the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis. However, how an organism’s developmental speed is linked with elemental body composition, metabolism and behavior is not well understood. We compared elemental body composition, latency to resume activity and resting metabolic rate (RMR) of western stutter-trilling crickets (Gryllus integer) in three selection lines that differ in developmental speed. We found that slowly developing crickets had significantly higher body carbon, lower body nitrogen and higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than rapidly developing crickets. Slowly developing crickets had significantly higher RMR than rapidly developing crickets. Male crickets had higher RMR than females. Slowly developing crickets resumed activity faster in an unfamiliar relative to a familiar environment. The rapidly developing crickets did the opposite. The results highlight the tight association between life history, physiology and behavior. This study indicates that traditional methods used in POLS research should be complemented by those used in ecological stoichiometry, resulting in a synthetic approach that potentially advances the whole field of behavioral and physiological ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrius Trakimas
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Plant Protection, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Plant Protection, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Shahi Haque
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Eichler Inwood
- The Bredesen Center, Energy Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David M Butler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Priit Jõers
- Department of General and Microbial Biochemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology and Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Ecuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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30
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Marcinkowska UM, Rantala MJ, Lee AJ, Kozlov MV, Aavik T, Cai H, Contreras-Garduño J, David OA, Kaminski G, Li NP, Onyishi IE, Prasai K, Pazhoohi F, Prokop P, Cardozo SLR, Sydney N, Taniguchi H, Krams I, Dixson BJW. Women's preferences for men's facial masculinity are strongest under favorable ecological conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3387. [PMID: 30833635 PMCID: PMC6399235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of sexual selection on secondary sexual traits varies depending on prevailing economic and ecological conditions. In humans, cross-cultural evidence suggests women’s preferences for men’s testosterone dependent masculine facial traits are stronger under conditions where health is compromised, male mortality rates are higher and economic development is higher. Here we use a sample of 4483 exclusively heterosexual women from 34 countries and employ mixed effects modelling to test how social, ecological and economic variables predict women’s facial masculinity preferences. We report women’s preferences for more masculine looking men are stronger in countries with higher sociosexuality and where national health indices and human development indices are higher, while no associations were found between preferences and indices of intra-sexual competition. Our results show that women’s preferences for masculine faces are stronger under conditions where offspring survival is higher and economic conditions are more favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula M Marcinkowska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Anthony J Lee
- Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Toivo Aavik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Turku, Estonia
| | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Oana A David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gwenaël Kaminski
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UT2J, Toulouse, 31058, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Farid Pazhoohi
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pavol Prokop
- Department of Biology, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.,Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Nicolle Sydney
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
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31
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Borráz-León JI, Rantala MJ, Cerda-Molina AL. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and facial fluctuating asymmetry as predictors of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Krams I, Luoto S, Rubika A, Krama T, Elferts D, Krams R, Kecko S, Skrinda I, Moore FR, Rantala MJ. A head start for life history development? Family income mediates associations between height and immune response in men. Am J Phys Anthropol 2018; 168:421-427. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Anna Rubika
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | | | - Fhionna R. Moore
- School of Psychology; University of Dundee; Dundee United Kingdom
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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33
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de Souza AR, Guimarães Simões T, Rantala MJ, Fernando Santos E, Lino-Netto J, do Nascimento FS. Sexual ornaments reveal the strength of melanization immune response and longevity of male paper wasps. J Insect Physiol 2018; 109:163-168. [PMID: 29870690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently suggested that female mate choice, based on sexually selected ornaments, is an important component of social wasps' reproductive biology. The correlates of male ornaments that could be of a female's interest, however, remain to be investigated. Males of the Neotropical paper wasp Polistes simillimus have sexually dimorphic melanin-based black spots on their faces. In this species, male spots work like sexual ornaments, as it has been experimentally demonstrated that females prefer sexual partners with a higher proportion of black pigment on their faces. We have shown that, under laboratory conditions, male sexual ornamentation positively predicts the strength of the melanization immune response and longevity. Therefore, in P. simillimus, melanin-based facial patterns (ornaments) seem to be honest indicators of male quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rodrigues de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology and Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eduardo Fernando Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - José Lino-Netto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fábio Santos do Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dixson BJW, Blake KR, Denson TF, Gooda-Vossos A, O'Dean SM, Sulikowski D, Rantala MJ, Brooks RC. The role of mating context and fecundability in women's preferences for men's facial masculinity and beardedness. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 93:90-102. [PMID: 29705577 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The ovulatory shift hypothesis proposes that women's preferences for masculine physical and behavioral traits are greater at the peri-ovulatory period than at other points of the menstrual cycle. However, many previous studies used self-reported menstrual cycle data to estimate fecundability rather than confirming the peri-ovulatory phase hormonally. Here we report two studies and three analyses revisiting the ovulatory shift hypothesis with respect to both facial masculinity and beardedness. In Study 1, a large sample of female participants (N = 2,161) self-reported their cycle phase and provided ratings for faces varying in beardedness (clean-shaven, light stubble, heavy stubble, full beards) and masculinity (-50%, -25%, natural, +25% and +50%) in a between-subjects design. In Study 2, 68 women provided the same ratings data, in a within-subjects design in which fertility was confirmed via luteinising hormone (LH) tests and analysed categorically. In Study 2, we also measured salivary estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) at the low and high fertility phases of the menstrual cycle among 36 of these women and tested whether shifts in E, P or E:P ratios predicted face preferences. Preferences for facial masculinity and beardedness did not vary as predicted with fecundability in Study 1, or with respect to fertility as confirmed via LH in Study 2. However, consistent with the ovulatory shift hypothesis, increasing E (associated with cyclical increases in fecundability) predicted increases in preferences for relatively more masculine faces; while high P (associated with cyclical decreases in fecundability) predicted increases in preferences for relatively more feminine faces. We also found an interaction between E and preferences for facial masculinity and beardedness, such that stubble was more attractive on un-manipulated than more masculine faces among women with high E. We consider discrepancies between our findings and those of other recent studies and suggest that closer scrutiny of the stimuli used to measure masculinity preferences across studies may help account for the many conflicting findings that have recently appeared regarding cycle phase preference shifts for facial masculinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Khandis R Blake
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia
| | | | - Amany Gooda-Vossos
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Markus J Rantala
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Section of Department of Biology, FI-20014, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Robert C Brooks
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney 2052 NSW, Australia
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35
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Kangassalo K, Valtonen TM, Sorvari J, Kecko S, Pölkki M, Krams I, Krama T, Rantala MJ. Independent and interactive effects of immune activation and larval diet on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1485-1497. [PMID: 29957883 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms in the wild are likely to face multiple immune challenges as well as additional ecological stressors, yet their interactive effects on immune function are poorly understood. Insects are found to respond to cues of increased infection risk by enhancing their immune capacity. However, such adaptive plasticity in immune function may be limited by physiological and environmental constraints. Here, we investigated the effects of two environmental stressors - poor larval diet and an artificial parasite-like immune challenge at the pupal stage - on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). Males whose immune system was activated with an artificial parasite-like immune challenge had weaker immune response - measured as strength of encapsulation response - as adults compared to the control groups, but only when reared on high-nutrition larval diet. Immune activation did not negatively affect adult immune response in males reared on low-nutrition larval diet, indicating that poor larval diet improved the capacity of the insects to respond to repeated immune challenges. Low-nutrition larval diet also had a positive independent effect on immune capacity in females, yet it negatively affected development time and adult body mass in both sexes. As in the nature immune challenges are rarely isolated, and adverse nutritional environment may indicate an elevated risk of infection, resilience to repeated immune challenges as a response to poor nutritional conditions could provide a significant fitness advantage. This study highlights the importance of considering environmental context when investigating the effects of immune activation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terhi M Valtonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Sorvari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia .,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Krams I, Trakimas G, Kecko S, Elferts D, Krams R, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Mänd M, Kuusik A, Kekäläinen J, Jõers P, Kortet R, Krama T. Linking organismal growth, coping styles, stress reactivity, and metabolism via responses against a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in an insect. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8599. [PMID: 29872133 PMCID: PMC5988682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that brain serotonin (5-HT) is one of the central mediators of different types of animal personality. We tested this assumption in field crickets Gryllus integer using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Crickets were selected for slow and rapid development and tested for their coping styles under non-stressful conditions (time spent exploring a novel object). Resting metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate and latency to resume activity were measured under stressful conditions (stress reactivity). Measurements were taken (i) before and (ii) during the SSRI treatment. Before the SSRI treatment, a strong negative correlation was observed between coping style and stress reactivity, which suggests the existence of a behavioral syndrome. After the SSRI treatment, the syndrome was no longer evident. The results of this study show that 5-HT may be involved in regulating behavior not only along a stress reactivity gradient but also along a coping styles axis. The relationship between personality and the strength and direction of 5-HT treatment on observed behaviors indicates trait-like individual differences in 5-HT signaling. Overall, these findings do not support recent ideas arising from the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis, which predict higher exploration and metabolic rates in rapidly developing bold animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, USA.
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marika Mänd
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aare Kuusik
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jukka Kekäläinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Priit Jõers
- Insttute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
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Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Krams I. An Evolutionary Approach to Clinical Pharmacopsychology. Psychother Psychosom 2018; 86:370-371. [PMID: 29131107 DOI: 10.1159/000480709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology and Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Luoto S, Karlsson H, Krams I, Rantala MJ. Depression subtyping based on evolutionary psychiatry: From reactive short-term mood change to depression. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:630. [PMID: 29203424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Latvia, 1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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Krams IA, Niemelä PT, Trakimas G, Krams R, Burghardt GM, Krama T, Kuusik A, Mänd M, Rantala MJ, Mänd R, Kekäläinen J, Sirkka I, Luoto S, Kortet R. Metabolic rate associates with, but does not generate covariation between, behaviours in western stutter-trilling crickets, Gryllus integer. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2481. [PMID: 28330918 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes and consequences of among-individual variation and covariation in behaviours are of substantial interest to behavioural ecology, but the proximate mechanisms underpinning this (co)variation are still unclear. Previous research suggests metabolic rate as a potential proximate mechanism to explain behavioural covariation. We measured the resting metabolic rate (RMR), boldness and exploration in western stutter-trilling crickets, Gryllus integer, selected differentially for short and fast development over two generations. After applying mixed-effects models to reveal the sign of the covariation, we applied structural equation models to an individual-level covariance matrix to examine whether the RMR generates covariation between the measured behaviours. All traits showed among-individual variation and covariation: RMR and boldness were positively correlated, RMR and exploration were negatively correlated, and boldness and exploration were negatively correlated. However, the RMR was not a causal factor generating covariation between boldness and exploration. Instead, the covariation between all three traits was explained by another, unmeasured mechanism. The selection lines differed from each other in all measured traits and significantly affected the covariance matrix structure between the traits, suggesting that there is a genetic component in the trait integration. Our results emphasize that interpretations made solely from the correlation matrix might be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia .,Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0900, USA
| | - Petri T Niemelä
- Behavioural Ecology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils LV5401, Latvia.,Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT10257, Lithuania
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils LV5401, Latvia
| | - Gordon M Burghardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0900, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0900, USA
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Aare Kuusik
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Marika Mänd
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raivo Mänd
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Jukka Kekäläinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Ilkka Sirkka
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, and School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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Borráz-León JI, Cerda-Molina AL, Rantala MJ, Mayagoitia-Novales L. Choosing Fighting Competitors Among Men: Testosterone, Personality, and Motivations. Evol Psychol 2018; 16:1474704918757243. [PMID: 29558827 PMCID: PMC10480942 DOI: 10.1177/1474704918757243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher testosterone levels have been positively related to a variety of social behaviors and personality traits associated with intrasexual competition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of testosterone levels and personality traits such as aggressiveness, competitiveness, and self-esteem on the task of choosing a fighting competitor (a rival) with or without a motivation to fight. In Study 1, a group of 119 men participated in a task for choosing a rival through pictures of men with high-dominant masculinity versus low-dominant masculinity. Participants completed three personality questionnaires and donated two saliva samples (pre-test and post-test sample) to quantify their testosterone levels. We found that the probability of choosing high-dominant masculine men as rivals increased with higher aggressiveness scores. In Study 2, the task of choosing rivals was accompanied by motivations to fight (pictures of women with high or low waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]). In this context, we observed that the probability of choosing dominant masculine men as rivals depended on the WHR of the women. Overall, average levels of post-test testosterone, aggressiveness, and high self-esteem increased the probability to fight for women with low WHR independently of the dominance masculinity of the rivals. Our results indicate that human decisions, in the context of intrasexual competition and mate choice, are regulated by physiological and psychological mechanisms allowing men to increase their biological fitness. We discuss our results in the light of the plasticity of human behavior according to biological and environmental forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I. Borráz-León
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz,” Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz,” Ciudad de México, México
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales
- Departamento de Etología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz,” Ciudad de México, México
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Krams IA, Kecko S, Jõers P, Trakimas G, Elferts D, Krams R, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Inashkina I, Gudrā D, Fridmanis D, Contreras-Garduño J, Grantiņa-Ieviņa L, Krama T. Microbiome symbionts and diet diversity incur costs on the immune system of insect larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4204-4212. [PMID: 28939559 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communities of symbiotic microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in food digestion and protection against opportunistic microbes. Diet diversity increases the number of symbionts in the intestines, a benefit that is considered to impose no cost for the host organism. However, less is known about the possible immunological investments that hosts have to make in order to control the infections caused by symbiont populations that increase because of diet diversity. Using taxonomical composition analysis of the 16S rRNA V3 region, we show that enterococci are the dominating group of bacteria in the midgut of the larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). We found that the number of colony-forming units of enterococci and expressions of certain immunity-related antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as Gallerimycin, Gloverin, 6-tox, Cecropin-D and Galiomicin increased in response to a more diverse diet, which in turn decreased the encapsulation response of the larvae. Treatment with antibiotics significantly lowered the expression of all AMP genes. Diet and antibiotic treatment interaction did not affect the expression of Gloverin and Galiomicin AMP genes, but significantly influenced the expression of Gallerimycin, 6-tox and Cecropin-D Taken together, our results suggest that diet diversity influences microbiome diversity and AMP gene expression, ultimately affecting an organism's capacity to mount an immune response. Elevated basal levels of immunity-related genes (Gloverin and Galiomicin) might act as a prophylactic against opportunistic infections and as a mechanism that controls the gut symbionts. This would indicate that a diverse diet imposes higher immunity costs on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia .,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia.,University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia.,Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dita Gudrā
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Ecuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Mexico
| | | | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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Dixson BJW, Rantala MJ. Further Evidence Using a Continuous Measure of Conception Probability that Women's Preferences for Male Facial and Body Hair May Not Change with Fecundability. Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46:1159-1160. [PMID: 28271348 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Section of Department of Biology, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Luoto S, Rantala MJ. Specificity of Women's Sexual Response: Proximate Mechanisms and Ultimate Causes. Arch Sex Behav 2017; 46:1195-1198. [PMID: 28224312 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-0961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, ARTS 1 - Bldg 206, Level 6, Room 616, 14A Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Krams IA, Rumvolt K, Saks L, Krams R, Elferts D, Vrublevska J, Rantala MJ, Kecko S, Cīrule D, Luoto S, Krama T. Reproduction compromises adaptive immunity in a cyprinid fish. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kangassalo K, Kosonen K, Pölkki M, Sorvari J, Krams I, Rantala MJ. Immune Challenge has a Negative Effect on Cuticular Darkness in the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor. ANN ZOOL FENN 2016. [DOI: 10.5735/086.053.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Kangassalo
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Katja Kosonen
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Sorvari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, Vienības iela 13, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, EE-50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
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49
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Dixson BJW, Sulikowski D, Gouda-Vossos A, Rantala MJ, Brooks RC. The masculinity paradox: facial masculinity and beardedness interact to determine women's ratings of men's facial attractiveness. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2311-2320. [PMID: 27488414 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many species, male secondary sexual traits have evolved via female choice as they confer indirect (i.e. genetic) benefits or direct benefits such as enhanced fertility or survival. In humans, the role of men's characteristically masculine androgen-dependent facial traits in determining men's attractiveness has presented an enduring paradox in studies of human mate preferences. Male-typical facial features such as a pronounced brow ridge and a more robust jawline may signal underlying health, whereas beards may signal men's age and masculine social dominance. However, masculine faces are judged as more attractive for short-term relationships over less masculine faces, whereas beards are judged as more attractive than clean-shaven faces for long-term relationships. Why such divergent effects occur between preferences for two sexually dimorphic traits remains unresolved. In this study, we used computer graphic manipulation to morph male faces varying in facial hair from clean-shaven, light stubble, heavy stubble and full beards to appear more (+25% and +50%) or less (-25% and -50%) masculine. Women (N = 8520) were assigned to treatments wherein they rated these stimuli for physical attractiveness in general, for a short-term liaison or a long-term relationship. Results showed a significant interaction between beardedness and masculinity on attractiveness ratings. Masculinized and, to an even greater extent, feminized faces were less attractive than unmanipulated faces when all were clean-shaven, and stubble and beards dampened the polarizing effects of extreme masculinity and femininity. Relationship context also had effects on ratings, with facial hair enhancing long-term, and not short-term, attractiveness. Effects of facial masculinization appear to have been due to small differences in the relative attractiveness of each masculinity level under the three treatment conditions and not to any change in the order of their attractiveness. Our findings suggest that beardedness may be attractive when judging long-term relationships as a signal of intrasexual formidability and the potential to provide direct benefits to females. More generally, our results hint at a divergence of signalling function, which may result in a subtle trade-off in women's preferences, for two highly sexually dimorphic androgen-dependent facial traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J W Dixson
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
| | - D Sulikowski
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - A Gouda-Vossos
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Rantala
- Turku Brain and Mind Center, Section of Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R C Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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50
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Krams I, Burghardt GM, Krams R, Trakimas G, Kaasik A, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Krama T. A dark cuticle allows higher investment in immunity, longevity and fecundity in a beetle upon a simulated parasite attack. Oecologia 2016; 182:99-109. [PMID: 27245343 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cuticle melanism in insects is linked to a number of life history traits: a positive relationship is hypothesized between melanism, immune function, fecundity and lifespan. However, it is not clear how activation of the immune system affects trade-offs between life history traits in female mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) differing in cuticle melanization. The females with tan, brown and black cuticles examined in the present study did not differ in the intensity of encapsulation response, fecundity and longevity when their immune system was not activated. However, we found that immune activation and cuticle melanization have a significant effect on life history traits. Offspring number and lifespan decreased in females with tan and brown cuticles, while the fecundity and lifespan of black females were not affected. Importantly, we inserted the implants again and found a significant decrease in the strength of encapsulation response in females with tan and brown cuticles. In contrast, black females increased melanotic reactions against the nylon implant, suggesting immunological priming. The results show that cuticle melanization plays an important adaptive role under the risk of being infected, while the lack of these benefits before the insertion of nylon monofilaments suggests that there are costs associated with an activated immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia. .,Institute of Ecology and Earth Science, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Gordon M Burghardt
- Departments of Psychology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Science, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies & School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
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