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Svoboda T, Parich A, Güldener U, Schöfbeck D, Twaruschek K, Václavíková M, Hellinger R, Wiesenberger G, Schuhmacher R, Adam G. Biochemical Characterization of the Fusarium graminearum Candidate ACC-Deaminases and Virulence Testing of Knockout Mutant Strains. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1072. [PMID: 31552072 PMCID: PMC6746940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus which is able to infect wheat and other economically important cereal crop species. The role of ethylene in the interaction with host plants is unclear and controversial. We have analyzed the inventory of genes with a putative function in ethylene production or degradation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC). F. graminearum, in contrast to other species, does not contain a candidate gene encoding ethylene-forming enzyme. Three genes with similarity to ACC synthases exist; heterologous expression of these did not reveal enzymatic activity. The F. graminearum genome contains in addition two ACC deaminase candidate genes. We have expressed both genes in E. coli and characterized the enzymatic properties of the affinity-purified products. One of the proteins had indeed ACC deaminase activity, with kinetic properties similar to ethylene-stress reducing enzymes of plant growth promoting bacteria. The other candidate was inactive with ACC but turned out to be a d-cysteine desulfhydrase. Since it had been reported that ethylene insensitivity in transgenic wheat increased Fusarium resistance and reduced the content of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in infected wheat, we generated single and double knockout mutants of both genes in the F. graminearum strain PH-1. No statistically significant effect of the gene disruptions on fungal spread or mycotoxin content was detected, indicating that the ability of the fungus to manipulate the production of the gaseous plant hormones ethylene and H2S is dispensable for full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Svoboda
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Denise Schöfbeck
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Krisztian Twaruschek
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Marta Václavíková
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roland Hellinger
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- BOKU, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Malachová A, Stránská M, Václavíková M, Elliott CT, Black C, Meneely J, Hajšlová J, Ezekiel CN, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Advanced LC-MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:801-825. [PMID: 29273904 PMCID: PMC5775372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products. In addition to the regulated mycotoxins, for which official control is required, LC-MS is often used for the screening of a large range of mycotoxins and/or for the identification and characterization of novel metabolites. This review provides insight into the LC-MS methods used for the determination of co-occurring mycotoxins with special emphasis on multiple-analyte applications. The first part of the review is focused on targeted LC-MS approaches using cleanup methods such as solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography, as well as on methods based on minimum cleanup (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; QuEChERS) and dilute and shoot. The second part of the review deals with the untargeted determination of mycotoxins by LC coupled with high-resolution MS, which includes also metabolomics techniques to study the fate of mycotoxins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachová
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Milena Stránská
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Václavíková
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Connor Black
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, 121103, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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