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Angula M, Ishola A, Tjiurutue M, Chigonga N, Sulyok M, Krska R, Ezekiel CN, Misihairabgwi J. Association of food consumption patterns and nutritional status of children under 5 years from rural households in Northern regions, Namibia. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:51. [PMID: 38500224 PMCID: PMC10949813 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many developing countries, Namibia included, have a high prevalence of malnutrition among children, especially in rural subsistence farming areas where inadequate food supply is common. Poor diets in children under 5 years may result in negative health impacts. This study determined the association of food consumption patterns and nutritional status of children under 5 years from rural households in Oshana and Oshikoto regions in Namibia. METHOD Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design, 377 children under 5 years participated in this study using purposive sampling. Validated dietary diversity and food frequency questionnaires were used to obtain information on demographic characteristics, commonly consumed food per week, and meal frequencies for the recruited children. Anthropometric measurements were obtained to assess nutritional status of children using Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA) software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using the IBM® SPSS® Statistics (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 27. RESULTS Staple foods, mostly grains, roots and tubers, along with flesh foods, legumes and nuts were commonly consumed. Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables were solely consumed in Oshana region (10.7%) and not in Oshikoto. Oshana exhibited a lower dietary diversity score (4±1 SD) compared to Oshikoto (5±1 SD). The prevalence of adequate feeding practices varied, with Oshana having 38.8% meeting minimum milk feeding frequency (MMFF), 55.6% minimum dietary diversity (MDD), 69.8% minimum meal frequency (MMF), and 27% minimum acceptable diet (MAD). In Oshikoto, these figures were lower at 2%, 7%, 32%, and 0.5%, respectively. Stunting, underweight, wasting, and overweight were also documented, with slight differences between the two regions. The study did not find association between nutritional status and MMFF, MDD and MAD. However, significant associations were found between specific food types, amount of food, breastfeeding length, MMF and malnutrition indicators in both regions (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Most study participants consumed locally available staple foods. Stunting, underweight, and wasting were prevalent among children in the two regions which were significantly associated to the amount of food consumed, MMF and/ some food types. Improving food environments and eliminating access barriers to diversified diets can mitigate high prevalence of malnutrition among rural children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angula
- Department of Human, Biological, and Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Anthony Ishola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Muvari Tjiurutue
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln, A-3430, Austria
| | - Jane Misihairabgwi
- Department of Human, Biological, and Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
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Berger S, Oesterle I, Ayeni KI, Ezekiel CN, Rompel A, Warth B. Polyphenol exposure of mothers and infants assessed by LC-MS/MS based biomonitoring in breast milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1759-1774. [PMID: 38363307 PMCID: PMC10899372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to polyphenols is relevant throughout critical windows of infant development, including the breastfeeding phase. However, the quantitative assessment of polyphenols in human breast milk has received limited attention so far, though polyphenols may positively influence infant health. Therefore, a targeted LC-MS/MS assay was developed to investigate 86 analytes representing different polyphenol classes in human breast milk. The sample preparation consisted of liquid extraction, salting out, freeze-out, and a dilution step. Overall, nearly 70% of the chemically diverse polyphenols fulfilled all strict validation criteria for full quantitative assessment. The remaining analytes did not fulfill all criteria at every concentration level, but can still provide useful semi-quantitative insights into nutritional and biomedical research questions. The limits of detection for all analyzed polyphenols were in the range of 0.0041-87 ng*mL-1, with a median of 0.17 ng*mL-1. Moreover, the mean recovery was determined to be 82% and the mean signal suppression and enhancement effect was 117%. The developed assay was applied in a proof-of-principle study to investigate polyphenols in breast milk samples provided by twelve Nigerian mothers at three distinct time points post-delivery. In total, 50 polyphenol analytes were detected with almost half being phenolic acids. Phase II metabolites, including genistein-7-β-D-glucuronide, genistein-7-sulfate, and daidzein-7-β-D-glucuronide, were also detected in several samples. In conclusion, the developed method was demonstrated to be fit-for-purpose to simultaneously (semi-) quantify a wide variety of polyphenols in breast milk. It also demonstrated that various polyphenols including their biotransformation products were present in breast milk and therefore likely transferred to infants where they might impact microbiome development and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Berger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian Oesterle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, 1090, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Node, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Ayeni K, Seki D, Pjevac P, Hausmann B, Krausová M, Braun D, Wisgrill L, Berry D, Warth B, Ezekiel CN. Biomonitoring of Dietary Mycotoxin Exposure and Associated Impact on the Gut Microbiome in Nigerian Infants. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:2236-2246. [PMID: 38252460 PMCID: PMC10851434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals that adversely affect human health. Here, we assessed the influence of mycotoxin exposure on the longitudinal development of early life intestinal microbiota of Nigerian neonates and infants (NIs). Human biomonitoring assays based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were applied to quantify mycotoxins in breast milk (n = 68) consumed by the NIs, their stool (n = 82), and urine samples (n = 15), which were collected longitudinally from month 1-18 postdelivery. Microbial community composition was characterized by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of stool samples and was correlated to mycotoxin exposure patterns. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), FB2, and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) were frequently quantified in stool samples between months 6 and 18. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), AME, and citrinin were quantified in breast milk samples at low concentrations. AFM1, FB1, and ochratoxin A were quantified in urine samples at relatively high concentrations. Klebsiella and Escherichia/Shigella were dominant in very early life stool samples (month 1), whereas Bifidobacterium was dominant between months 3 and 6. The total mycotoxin levels in stool were significantly associated with NIs' gut microbiome composition (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was observed between specific microbiota and the detection of certain mycotoxins. Albeit a small cohort, this study demonstrates that mycotoxins may influence early life gut microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole
I. Ayeni
- Department
of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo PMB 4003, Ogun State, Nigeria
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and
Toxicology, Währinger
Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - David Seki
- Joint
Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University
of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Division
of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Petra Pjevac
- Joint
Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University
of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department
of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and
Environmental Systems Science, University
of Vienna, Djerassiplatz
1, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint
Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University
of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Division
of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Magdaléna Krausová
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and
Toxicology, Währinger
Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and
Toxicology, Währinger
Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division
of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive
Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Exposome
Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Node, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Joint
Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University
of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department
of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and
Environmental Systems Science, University
of Vienna, Djerassiplatz
1, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and
Toxicology, Währinger
Straße 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Exposome
Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Node, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo PMB 4003, Ogun State, Nigeria
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of
Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-LorenzStr. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
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Ayeni KI, Berry D, Ezekiel CN, Warth B. Enhancing microbiome research in sub-Saharan Africa. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:111-115. [PMID: 38212192 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
While there are lighthouse examples of microbiome research in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a significant proportion of local researchers face several challenges. Here, we highlight prevailing issues limiting microbiome research in SSA and suggest potential technological, societal, and research-based solutions. We emphasize the need for considerable investment in infrastructures, training, and appropriate funding to democratize modern technologies with a view to providing useful data to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole I Ayeni
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-LorenzStr. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria; Clifford University, Owerrinta, Ihie Campus, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Akinyemi MO, Ogunremi OR, Adeleke RA, Ezekiel CN. Probiotic Potentials of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts from Raw Goat Milk in Nigeria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:163-180. [PMID: 36520357 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic microorganisms are incorporated in foods due to their numerous health benefits. We investigated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts isolated from goat milk in Nigeria for novel probiotic strains. In this study, a total of 27 LAB and 23 yeast strains were assessed for their probiotic potentials. Only six LAB strains (Weissella cibaria GM 93m3, Weissella confusa GM 92m1, Pediococcus acidilactici GM 18a, Pediococcus pentosaceus GM 23d, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GM 102s4, Limosilactobacillus fermentum GM 30m1) and four yeast strains (Candida tropicalis 12a, C. tropicalis 33d, Diutina rugosa 53b, and D. rugosa 77a) identified using partial 16S and 26S rDNA sequencing, respectively, showed survival at pH 2.5, 0.3% bile salt, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions and possessed auto-aggregative and hydrophobic properties, thus satisfying key in vitro criteria as probiotics. All LAB strains showed coaggregation properties and antimicrobial activities against pathogens. Pediococcus pentosaceus GM 23d recorded the strongest coaggregation percentage (34-94%) against 14 pathogens, while W. cibaria GM 93m3 showed the least (6-57%) against eight of the 14 pathogens. The whole cell and extracellular extracts of LAB and yeast strains, with the exception of D. rugosa 77a, had either 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl and/or hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In conclusion, all six LAB and four yeast strains are important probiotic candidates that can be further investigated for use as functional starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muiz O Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Omotade R Ogunremi
- Department of Biological Sciences, First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed A Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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6
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Malachová A, Sopel MM, Ezekiel CN. Introduction to This Special Issue of Toxins: Reduction and Control of Mycotoxins along Entire Food and Feed Chain. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020131. [PMID: 36828445 PMCID: PMC9961339 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is considered a significant issue in food and feed safety worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachová
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Magdalena Sopel
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria
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7
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Akinyemi MO, Ezeokoli OT, Mthiyane DMN, Adeleke RA, Ezekiel CN. Bacterial and yeast communities in raw milk from three dairy animal species in Nigeria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:6887835. [PMID: 36688752 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the microbial (bacteria and yeast) composition of raw milk from dairy camel (n = 10), cow (n = 10) and goat (n = 10) in North-western Nigeria. High-throughput DNA metabarcoding was used to compare microbial compositions in raw milk among the three species. Although the three species had similar dominant bacterial (Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) and yeast (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) phyla, their microbial compositions at the genus level were noticeably different. The top differentially abundant bacterial and yeast genera (percentage abundance) were Lactobacillus (36%), Streptococcus (34%), Enterococcus (12%), Kluyveromyces (28%), Saccharomyces (24%), and Candida (18%), respectively. Principal coordinate analysis based on unweighted UniFrac values revealed significant differences in the structure of bacterial communities and no differences in yeast communities in milk samples from the three species. This study provides insight into the rich and diverse bacterial and yeast communities in raw animal milk consumed in Nigeria, which could play beneficial roles or pose health threats to consumers. However, further research on the economic significance of the microbial community in animal milk consumed in Nigeria is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muiz O Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State 121103 , Nigeria.,Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.,Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Obinna T Ezeokoli
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Doctor M N Mthiyane
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Rasheed A Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State 121103 , Nigeria
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8
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Flasch M, Fitz V, Rampler E, Ezekiel CN, Koellensperger G, Warth B. Integrated Exposomics/Metabolomics for Rapid Exposure and Effect Analyses. JACS Au 2022; 2:2548-2560. [PMID: 36465551 PMCID: PMC9709941 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The totality of environmental exposures and lifestyle factors, commonly referred to as the exposome, is poorly understood. Measuring the myriad of chemicals that humans are exposed to is immensely challenging, and identifying disrupted metabolic pathways is even more complex. Here, we present a novel technological approach for the comprehensive, rapid, and integrated analysis of the endogenous human metabolome and the chemical exposome. By combining reverse-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and fast polarity-switching, molecules with highly diverse chemical structures can be analyzed in 15 min with a single analytical run as both column's effluents are combined before analysis. Standard reference materials and authentic standards were evaluated to critically benchmark performance. Highly sensitive median limits of detection (LODs) with 0.04 μM for >140 quantitatively assessed endogenous metabolites and 0.08 ng/mL for the >100 model xenobiotics and human estrogens in solvent were obtained. In matrix, the median LOD values were higher with 0.7 ng/mL (urine) and 0.5 ng/mL (plasma) for exogenous chemicals. To prove the dual-column approach's applicability, real-life urine samples from sub-Saharan Africa (high-exposure scenario) and Europe (low-exposure scenario) were assessed in a targeted and nontargeted manner. Our liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approach demonstrates the feasibility of quantitatively and simultaneously assessing the endogenous metabolome and the chemical exposome for the high-throughput measurement of environmental drivers of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Fitz
- Vienna
Doctoral School of Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Microbiology, Babcock University, 121103 Ilishan
Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Exposome
Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Exposome
Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Krska R, Warth B, Ezekiel CN. Mycotoxins in complementary foods consumed by infants and young children within the first 18 months of life. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Braun D, Šarkanj B, Ayeni KI, Oyedele OA, Michael-Chikezie EC, Ezekiel VC, Mark BN, Ahuchaogu CP, Krska R, Sulyok M, Turner PC, Warth B. Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children. Environ Int 2022; 158:106996. [PMID: 34991256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multi-specimen, multi-mycotoxin approach involving ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of breast milk, complementary food and urine was applied to examine mycotoxin co-exposure in 65 infants, aged 1-18 months, in Ogun state, Nigeria. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in breast milk (4/22 (18%)), while six other classes of mycotoxins were quantified; including dihydrocitrinone (6/22 (27%); range: 14.0-59.7 ng/L) and sterigmatocystin (1/22 (5%); 1.2 ng/L) detected for the first time. Seven distinct classes of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (9/42 (21%); range: 1.0-16.2 µg/kg) and fumonisins (12/42 (29%); range: 7.9-194 µg/kg) contaminated complementary food. Mycotoxins covering seven distinct classes with diverse structures and modes of action were detected in 64/65 (99%) of the urine samples, demonstrating ubiquitous exposure. Two aflatoxin metabolites (AFM1 and AFQ1) and FB1 were detected in 6/65 (9%), 44/65 (68%) and 17/65 (26%) of urine samples, respectively. Mixtures of mycotoxin classes were common, including 22/22 (100%), 14/42 (33%) and 56/65 (86%) samples having 2-6, 2-4, or 2-6 mycotoxins present, for breast milk, complementary food and urine, respectively. Aflatoxin and/or fumonisin was detected in 4/22 (18%), 12/42 (29%) and 46/65 (71%) for breast milk, complimentary foods and urine, respectively. Furthermore, the detection frequency, median concentrations and occurrence of mixtures were typically greater in urine of non-exclusively breastfed compared to exclusively breastfed infants. The study provides novel insights into mycotoxin co-exposures in early-life. Albeit a small sample set, it highlights transition to higher levels of infant mycotoxin exposure as complementary foods are introduced, providing impetus to mitigate during this critical early-life period and encourage breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University North, Center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, HR, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel C Michael-Chikezie
- Clifford University, Owerrinta (Ihie Campus), Abia State, Nigeria; Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Beatrice N Mark
- Department of Community Health, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonso P Ahuchaogu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Braun D, Abia WA, Šarkanj B, Sulyok M, Waldhoer T, Erber AC, Krska R, Turner PC, Marko D, Ezekiel CN, Warth B. Mycotoxin-mixture assessment in mother-infant pairs in Nigeria: From mothers' meal to infants' urine. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132226. [PMID: 34826919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to food and environmental contaminants is a global environmental health issue. In this study, innovative LC-MS/MS approaches were applied to investigate mycotoxin co-exposure in mother-infant pairs (n = 23) by analyzing matched plate-ready food, breast milk and urine samples of mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants. The study revealed frequent co-occurrence of two to five mycotoxins. Regulated (e.g. aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A) and emerging mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol monomethyl ether and beauvericin) were frequently detected (3 %-89 % and 45 %-100 %), in at least one specimen. In addition, a moderate association of ochratoxin A in milk to urine of mothers (r = 0.47; p = 0.003) and infants (r = 0.52; p = 0.019) but no other significant correlations were found. Average concentration levels in food mostly did not exceed European maximum residue limits, and intake estimates demonstrated exposure below tolerable daily intake values. Infants were exposed to significantly lower toxin levels compared to their mothers, indicating the protective effect of breastfeeding. However, the transfer into milk and urine and the resulting chronic low-dose exposure warrant further monitoring. In the future, occurrence of mycotoxin-mixtures, and their combined toxicological effects need to be comprehensively considered and implemented in risk management strategies. These should aim to minimize early-life exposure in critical developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid C Erber
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Krausová M, Ayeni KI, Wisgrill L, Ezekiel CN, Braun D, Warth B. Trace analysis of emerging and regulated mycotoxins in infant stool by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:7503-7516. [PMID: 34932144 PMCID: PMC9482899 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infants are sensitive to negative effects caused by food contaminants such as mycotoxins. To date, analytical methods assessing mycotoxin mixture exposure in infant stool are absent. Herein, we present a novel multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS assay capable of detecting 30+ analytes including the regulated mycotoxin classes (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxins, zearalenone, citrinin), emerging Alternaria and Fusarium toxins, and several key metabolites. Sample preparation consisted of a ‘dilute, filter, and shoot’ approach. The method was in-house validated and demonstrated that 25 analytes fulfilled all required criteria despite the high diversity of chemical structures included. Extraction recoveries for most of the analytes were in the range of 65–114% with standard deviations below 30% and limits of detection between 0.03 and 11.3 ng/g dry weight. To prove the methods’ applicability, 22 human stool samples from premature Austrian infants (n = 12) and 12-month-old Nigerian infants (n = 10) were analyzed. The majority of the Nigerian samples were contaminated with alternariol monomethyl ether (8/10) and fumonisin B1 (8/10), while fumonisin B2 and citrinin were quantified in some samples. No mycotoxins were detected in any of the Austrian samples. The method can be used for sensitive human biomonitoring (HBM) purposes and to support exposure and, potentially, risk assessment of mycotoxins. Moreover, it allows for investigating potential associations between toxicant exposure and the infants’ developing gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Krausová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Dominik Braun
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Dike KS, Okafor CP, Ohabughiro BN, Maduwuba MC, Ezeokoli OT, Ayeni KI, Okafor CM, Ezekiel CN. Analysis of bacterial communities of three cassava-based traditionally fermented Nigerian foods (abacha, fufu and garri). Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:452-461. [PMID: 34850410 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Globally, cassava is an important food crop that contributes significantly to food security. In Nigeria, cassava can be traditionally processed into abacha (fermented strips), fufu (submerged-fermented porridge) and garri (solid-state fermented farinated granules) for human consumption. Despite the widespread consumption of these foods, there is a major knowledge gap in understanding their core bacterial diversity. This study, therefore, applied next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene to delineate the bacterial diversity in abacha, fufu and garri. Amplicon sequence variants belonging to nine phyla were present in the three foods. Firmicutes dominated the bacterial community of abacha and fufu, whereas, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in garri. At genus level taxa, Lactococcus, Lysinibacillus and Pseudomonas dominated the bacterial community in abacha, fufu and garri, respectively. Other dominant phylotypes reported in the foods belonged to Bacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster 1), Cupriavidus, Enterobacter, Sphingomonas and Staphylococcus. To the best of our knowledge, Clostridium sensu stricto cluster 1 and Lysinibacillus in fufu, and Brevundimonas, Cupriavidus, Sphingomonas and Strenotrophomomas in garri are reported for the first time. Although some potential pathogenic genera were recorded, the foods contained potentially functional species that could be explored to improve artisanal food production, food security and safeguard consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Dike
- Department of Microbiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - C P Okafor
- Department of Microbiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - B N Ohabughiro
- Department of Microbiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - M C Maduwuba
- Department of Microbiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - O T Ezeokoli
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - K I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - C M Okafor
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - C N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
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14
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Akinyemi MO, Sulyok M, Oyedele OA, Babalola DA, Ogara IM, Krska R. Dietary Risk Assessment and Consumer Awareness of Mycotoxins among Household Consumers of Cereals, Nuts and Legumes in North-Central Nigeria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090635. [PMID: 34564639 PMCID: PMC8472633 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the health risks due to the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and assessed the consumer awareness level of mycotoxins in households in two north-central Nigerian states during the harvest and storage seasons of 2018. Twenty-six mycotoxins and 121 other microbial and plant metabolites were quantified by LC-MS/MS in 250 samples of cereals, nuts and legumes. Aflatoxins were detected in all food types (cowpea, maize, peanut and sorghum) except in millet. Aflatoxin B1 was the most prevalent mycotoxin in peanut (64%) and rice (57%), while fumonisin B1 occurred most in maize (93%) and beauvericin in sorghum (71%). The total aflatoxin concentration was highest in peanut (max: 8422 µg/kg; mean: 1281 µg/kg) and rice (max: 955 µg/kg; mean: 94 µg/kg), whereas the totals of the B-type fumonisins and citrinin were highest in maize (max: 68,204 µg/kg; mean: 2988 µg/kg) and sorghum (max: 1335 µg/kg; mean: 186 µg/kg), respectively. Citrinin levels also reached 51,195 µg/kg (mean: 2343 µg/kg) in maize. Aflatoxin and citrinin concentrations in maize were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during storage than at harvest. The estimated chronic exposures to aflatoxins, citrinin and fumonisins were high, resulting in as much as 247 new liver cancer cases/year/100,000 population and risks of nephrotoxicity and esophageal cancer, respectively. Children who consumed the foods were the most vulnerable. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was evident, which could increase the health risk of the outcomes. Awareness of mycotoxin issues was generally low among the households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Muiz O. Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Oluwawapelumi A. Oyedele
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Daniel A. Babalola
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Isaac M. Ogara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University, Keffi 950101, Nasarawa State, Nigeria;
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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15
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Ekpakpale DO, Kraak B, Meijer M, Ayeni KI, Houbraken J, Ezekiel CN. Fungal Diversity and Aflatoxins in Maize and Rice Grains and Cassava-Based Flour (Pupuru) from Ondo State, Nigeria. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:635. [PMID: 34436174 PMCID: PMC8397998 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grains and cassava-based foods serve as major dietary sources for many households in Nigeria. However, these foods are highly prone to contamination by moulds and aflatoxins owing to poor storage and vending practices. Therefore, we studied the fungal diversity in maize, cassava-based flour (pupuru), and rice vended in markets from Ondo state, Nigeria, and assessed their aflatoxin levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular analysis of 65 representative fungal isolates recovered from the ground grains and pupuru samples revealed 26 species belonging to five genera: Aspergillus (80.9%), Penicillium (15.4%), and Talaromyces (1.9%) in the Ascomycota; Syncephalastrum (1.2%) and Lichtheimia (0.6%) in Mucoromycota. Aspergillus flavus was the predominant species in the ground grains and pupuru samples. Aflatoxins were found in 73.8% of the 42 representative food samples and 41.9% exceeded the 10 μg/kg threshold adopted in Nigeria for total aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella O. Ekpakpale
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (D.O.E.); (K.I.A.)
| | - Bart Kraak
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (B.K.); (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Martin Meijer
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (B.K.); (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (D.O.E.); (K.I.A.)
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (B.K.); (M.M.); (J.H.)
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (D.O.E.); (K.I.A.)
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16
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Ayeni KI, Atanda OO, Krska R, Ezekiel CN. Present status and future perspectives of grain drying and storage practices as a means to reduce mycotoxin exposure in Nigeria. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kimanya ME, Routledge MN, Mpolya E, Ezekiel CN, Shirima CP, Gong YY. Estimating the risk of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer in Tanzania based on biomarker data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247281. [PMID: 33705417 PMCID: PMC7951873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence about the magnitude of the aflatoxin menace can help policy makers appreciate the importance of the problem and strengthen policies to support aflatoxin mitigation measures. In this study, we estimated aflatoxin-induced liver cancer risk in 2016 for Tanzania and used the information to estimate the health burden due to the aflatoxin exposure in the country. The burden of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer was assessed based on available aflatoxin biomarker data from a previous epidemiology study, hepatitis B virus infection prevalence and population size of Tanzania in 2016. The health burden due to aflatoxin-induced liver cancer was estimated using disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The aflatoxin exposures ranged from 15.0–10,926.0 ng/kg bw/day (median, 105.5 ng/kg bw/day). We estimated that in 2016 there were about 1,480 (2.95 per 100,000 persons) new cases of aflatoxin-induced liver cancer in Tanzania and assumed all of them would die within a year. These morbidity and mortality rates led to a total loss of about 56,247.63 DALYs. These results show, quantitatively, the cases of liver cancer and related deaths that could be avoided, and the healthy life years that could be saved, annually, by strengthening measures to control aflatoxin contamination in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. Kimanya
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Arusha Region, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Emmanuel Mpolya
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Arusha Region, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Candida P. Shirima
- Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam Region, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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18
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Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Ezeokoli OT, Sulyok M, Notununu I, Petchkongkaew A, Elliott CT, Adeleke RA, Krska R, Ezekiel CN. Metataxonomic analysis of bacterial communities and mycotoxin reduction during processing of three millet varieties into ogi, a fermented cereal beverage. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110241. [PMID: 33992353 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ogi is a fermented cereal beverage, made primarily from maize (Zea mays) and rarely from millets. Unlike maize-based ogi, little is known about the bacterial community and mycotoxin profile during the production of millet-based ogi. Therefore, the bacterial community dynamics and mycotoxin reduction during ogi processing from three millet varieties were investigated using next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. A total of 1163 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were obtained, with ASV diversity across time intervals influenced by processing stage and millet variety. ASV distribution among samples suggested that the souring stage was more influenced by millet variety than the steeping stage, and that souring may be crucial for the quality attributes of the ogi. Furthermore, bacterial community structure during steeping and souring was significantly differentiated (PERMANOVA, P < 0.05) between varieties, with close associations observed for closely-related millet varieties. Taxonomically, Firmicutes, followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla were relatively abundant (>1%). Lactic acid bacteria, such as Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Pediococcus, dominated most fermentation stages, suggesting their roles as key fermentative and functional bacteria in relation to mycotoxin reduction. About 52-100%, 58-100% and 100% reductions in mycotoxin (aflatoxins, beauvericin, citrinin, moniliformin, sterigmatocystin and zearalenone) concentrations were recorded after processing of white fonio, brown fonio and finger millet, respectively, into ogi. This study provides new knowledge of the dominant bacterial genera vital for the improvement of millet-based ogi through starter culture development and as well, elucidates the role of processing in reducing mycotoxins in millet ogi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Obinna T Ezeokoli
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Iviwe Notununu
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Awanwee Petchkongkaew
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Pathumthani, Thailand; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Rasheed A Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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19
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Akinyemi MO, Ayeni KI, Ogunremi OR, Adeleke RA, Oguntoyinbo FA, Warth B, Ezekiel CN. A review of microbes and chemical contaminants in dairy products in sub-Saharan Africa. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1188-1220. [PMID: 33506591 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal milk types in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are processed into varieties of products using different traditional methods and are widely consumed by households to support nutritional intake and diet. Dairy products contain several microorganisms, their metabolites, and other chemical compounds, some with health benefits and many others considered as potential health hazards. Consumption of contaminated milk products could have serious health implications for consumers. To access the safety of milk products across SSA, studies in the region investigating the occurrences of pathogens as well as chemical compounds such as heat stable toxins and veterinary drug residues in animal milk and its products were reviewed. This is done with a holistic view in light of the emerging exposome paradigm for improving food safety and consumer health in the region. Herein, we showed that several published studies in SSA applied conventional and/or less sensitive methods in detecting microbial species and chemical contaminants. This has serious implications in food safety because the correct identity of a microbial species and accurate screening for chemical contaminants is crucial for predicting the potential human health effects that undermine the benefits from consumption of these foods. Furthermore, we highlighted gaps in determining the extent of viral and parasitic contamination of milk products across SSA as well as investigating multiple classes of chemical contaminants. Consequently, robust studies should be conducted in this regard. Also, efforts such as development cooperation projects should be initiated by all stakeholders including scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers to improve the dairy product chain in SSA in view of safeguarding consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muiz O Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Omotade R Ogunremi
- Department of Biological Sciences, First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed A Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Folarin A Oguntoyinbo
- A.R. Smith Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, 28608, USA
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
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Abstract
Food safety encompasses the elimination of biological, chemical, and physical hazards along the food chain; however, climate change, an abnormal change in weather conditions, is a threat to food safety due to
irregularities in the elements of weather essential for food production. Such factors include elevated atmospheric carbon (IV) oxide (CO2), precipitation, rainfall, and temperature. Considering that the aim of food safety is to eliminate food hazards along the food chain, it is threatened by climate change in several ways, resulting in adverse effects such as severe consequences for livestock production, harmful algal bloom, mycotoxins (produced by mycotoxigenic fungi on crops), residues of pesticides and tenacious contaminants, and pathogenic microorganisms from contaminated water. These climate changes
include landslides and avalanches, drought and extreme heat waves, drought, heavy precipitation, flooding and tropical storms, ocean warming, climate change related acidification, and changes in ocean salinity. Therefore, there is a great need to employ adaptive strategies
such as the establishment of a food safety management programme which would expound on the need to detect food hazards in food as a result of climate change. This programme should include setting up awareness for consumers, the improvement of epidemiological surveillance, improved co-ordination among food safety organizations, public health officials, and veterinary officials, amongst others. Thus, to achieve the sustainable development goal two, of eradicating hunger, it is imperative to harness the strategies for reducing the food safety hazards associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muiz O. Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Tihomir Kovač
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ukpai A. Eze
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Coventry University, CVI 2DS, United Kingdom
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Makinde OM, Adetunji MC, Ezeokoli OT, Odumosu BT, Ngoma L, Mwanza M, Ezekiel CN. Bacterial contaminants and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in ready-to-eat foods vended in Ogun state, Nigeria. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:187-195. [PMID: 33030749 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods by pathogenic bacteria may predispose consumers to foodborne diseases. This study investigated the presence of bacterial contaminants and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in three locally processed RTE foods (eko, fufu and zobo) vended in urban markets in Ogun state, Nigeria. Bacteria isolated from a total of 120 RTE food samples were identified by 16S rRNA gene phylogeny while susceptibility patterns to eight classes of antibiotics were determined by the disc diffusion method. Species belonging to the genera Acinetobacter and Enterobacter were recovered from all RTE food types investigated, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus were recovered from eko and fufu samples, while those of Shigella were recovered from eko samples. Enterobacter hormaechei was the most prevalent species in all three RTE food types. Precisely 99% of 149 isolates were multidrug-resistant, suggesting a high risk for RTE food handlers and consumers. Co-resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin was the most frequently observed resistance phenotype. Results demonstrate that improved hygiene practices by food processors and vendors are urgently required during RTE processing and retail. Also, adequate food safety guidelines, regulation and enforcement by relevant government agencies are needed to improve the safety of RTE foods and ensure the protection of consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Makinde
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - M C Adetunji
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, Trinity University, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - O T Ezeokoli
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - B T Odumosu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - L Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - M Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - C N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Esan AO, Fapohunda SO, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Krska R. Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:361-369. [PMID: 32666399 PMCID: PMC7536151 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following seven fungal taxonomic groups in the foods: Aspergillus section Candidi, Aspergillus section Flavi, Aspergillus section Nigri, Cladosporium, Fusarium fujikuroi species group, Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurred in the foods. The most frequent mycotoxins in melon and sesame were aflatoxin B1 (occurrence: 76%) and alternariol monomethyl ether (occurrence: 59%), respectively. However, higher mean total aflatoxin levels occurred in sesame (17 μg kg-1) than in melon (11 μg kg-1). About 28 and 5% of melon and sesame, respectively, exceeded the 4 μg kg-1 total aflatoxin limit for oilseeds intended for direct human consumption in the European Union. Additionally, fumonisin B1 and moniliformin occurred only in sesame, whilst ochratoxins A and B occurred only in melon; ochratoxin B being reported for the first time in this food. Our data indicated seasonal variations in the fungal and mycotoxin contamination levels in both foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetoun O Esan
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Stephen O Fapohunda
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
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Oyedele OA, Kuzamani KY, Adetunji MC, Osopale BA, Makinde OM, Onyebuenyi OE, Ogunmola OM, Mozea OC, Ayeni KI, Ezeokoli OT, Oyinloye AM, Ngoma L, Mwanza M, Ezekiel CN. Bacteriological assessment of tropical retail fresh-cut, ready-to-eat fruits in south-western Nigeria. Scientific African 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Ezekiel CN, Kraak B, Sandoval-Denis M, Sulyok M, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, Makinde OM, Akinyemi OM, Krska R, Crous PW, Houbraken J. Diversity and toxigenicity of fungi and description of Fusarium madaense sp. nov. from cereals, legumes and soils in north-central Nigeria. MycoKeys 2020; 67:95-124. [PMID: 32565683 PMCID: PMC7295817 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.67.52716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycological investigation of various foods (mainly cowpea, groundnut, maize, rice, sorghum) and agricultural soils from two states in north-central Nigeria (Nasarawa and Niger), was conducted in order to understand the role of filamentous fungi in food contamination and public health. A total of 839 fungal isolates were recovered from 84% of the 250 food and all 30 soil samples. Preliminary identifications were made, based on macro- and micromorphological characters. Representative strains (n = 121) were studied in detail using morphology and DNA sequencing, involving genera/species-specific markers, while extrolite profiles using LC-MS/MS were obtained for a selection of strains. The representative strains grouped in seven genera (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Macrophomina, Meyerozyma, Neocosmospora, Neotestudina and Phoma). Amongst the 21 species that were isolated during this study was one novel species belonging to the Fusariumfujikuroi species complex, F.madaensesp. nov., obtained from groundnut and sorghum in Nasarawa state. The examined strains produced diverse extrolites, including several uncommon compounds: averantinmethylether in A.aflatoxiformans; aspergillimide in A.flavus; heptelidic acid in A.austwickii; desoxypaxillin, kotanin A and paspalitrems (A and B) in A.aflatoxiformans, A.austwickii and A.cerealis; aurasperon C, dimethylsulochrin, fellutanine A, methylorsellinic acid, nigragillin and pyrophen in A.brunneoviolaceus; cyclosporins (A, B, C and H) in A.niger; methylorsellinic acid, pyrophen and secalonic acid in A.piperis; aspulvinone E, fonsecin, kojic acid, kotanin A, malformin C, pyranonigrin and pyrophen in A.vadensis; and all compounds in F.madaense sp. nov., Meyerozyma, Neocosmospora and Neotestudina. This study provides snapshot data for prediction of food contamination and fungal biodiversity exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln Austria
| | - Bart Kraak
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Marcelo Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln Austria
| | - Oluwawapelumi A Oyedele
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Oluwadamilola M Makinde
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin M Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria Babcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Tulln Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK Queen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht Netherlands
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Ayeni KI, Akinyemi OM, Kovač T, Ezekiel CN. Aflatoxin contamination of maize vended in Ondo state, Nigeria, and health risk assessments. Croat j food sci technol (Online) 2020. [DOI: 10.17508/cjfst.2020.12.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a serious food safety problem worldwide. Despite the widespread consumption of maize in Nigeria, there
is limited data on aflatoxin contents of maize vended in open markets in Ondo state, Nigeria. A total of 140 maize samples randomly purchased from major markets in four locations in Ondo state, were screened for total aflatoxins using an ELISA method. Exposure and health risk assessments were performed for the maize consumers by the deterministic and Margin of exposure (MOE) approaches, respectively. About 99% of the maize were contaminated with total aflatoxins (range: 0.65–265 µg/kg; mean: 125.9 µg/kg). Aflatoxin levels exceeding the 4 µg/kg set by the European Union for total aflatoxins were found in 88% of the maize whilst more than one half contained at least 100 µg/kg aflatoxins. The average probable daily intake values were 830, 332 and 138 ng/kg bw/day for the average children, adolescent and adult populations, respectively. Consequently, MOEs for the respective populations were 0.20, 0.51 and 1.23, suggesting a high level of health risk for consumers of maize vended in open markets in Ondo state due to high aflatoxin levels. Maize farmers and households in Ondo state need urgent
aflatoxin mitigation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Tihomir Kovač
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Marko D, Warth B. Exposure to Mycotoxin-Mixtures via Breast Milk: An Ultra-Sensitive LC-MS/MS Biomonitoring Approach. Front Chem 2020; 8:423. [PMID: 32509733 PMCID: PMC7248376 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to natural food contaminants during infancy may influence health consequences later in life. Hence, breast milk may serve as a vehicle to transport these contaminants, including mycotoxins, from mothers to their infants. Analytical methods mostly focused on single exposures in the past, thus neglecting co-occurrences and mixture effects. Here, we present a highly sensitive multi-biomarker approach by a sophisticated combination of steps during sample preparation including a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction followed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup and utilizing stable isotopes for compensating challenging matrix effects. The assay was validated in-house, reaching limits of detection (LOD) for all 34 analytes in the range of 0.1 to 300 ng/L with satisfying extraction efficiencies (75-109%) and stable intermediate precisions (1-18%) for most analytes. Compared to a similar multi-mycotoxin assay for breast milk, LOD values were decreased by a factor of 2-60x enabling the assessment of chronic low-dose exposures. The new method was applied to a small set of Nigerian breast milk samples (n = 3) to compare results with already published data. Concentration levels of samples that were found to be contaminated before could be confirmed. In addition, other mycotoxins were determined in all three samples, for example the newly investigated alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was found for the first time in this biological fluid at concentrations up to 25 ng/L. Moreover, in a pooled Austrian sample obtained from a milk bank, trace amounts of multiple mycotoxins including AME (1.9 ng/L), beauvericin (5.4 ng/L), enniatin B (4.7 ng/L), enniatin B1 (
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Visser ME, Schoonees A, Ezekiel CN, Randall NP, Naude CE. Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and child growth in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4:CD013376. [PMID: 32270495 PMCID: PMC7141997 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013376.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate many food crops. Maize and groundnuts are prone to aflatoxin contamination, and are the major sources of human exposure to aflatoxins, due to their high intake as staple foods, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Observational studies suggest an association between dietary exposure to aflatoxins during pregnancy and early childhood and linear growth in infants and young children. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects on pre- and postnatal growth outcomes when agricultural and nutritional education interventions during the post-harvest period that aim to reduce aflatoxin exposure are compared to usual support or no intervention. We assessed this in infants, children, and pregnant and lactating women at the household or community level in LMICs. SEARCH METHODS In July and August 2019, we searched: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, Africa-Wide, LILACS, CAB Abstracts, Agricola, and two trials registers. We also checked the bibliographies of the included studies and contacted relevant mycotoxin organisations and researchers for additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs of agricultural education and nutritional education interventions of any duration, at the household or community level, aimed at reducing aflatoxin intake by infants, children, and pregnant and lactating women, in LMICs during the post-harvest period, compared to no intervention or usual support. We excluded studies that followed participants for less than four weeks. We assessed prespecified prenatal (at birth) and postnatal growth outcomes (during infancy, childhood, and adolescence), with linear growth (as the primary outcome), infectious disease morbidity, and unintended consequences. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed study eligibility using prespecified criteria, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias of included RCTs. We evaluated the certainty of the evidence using GRADE, and presented the main results in a 'Summary of findings' table. MAIN RESULTS We included three recent cluster-RCTs reporting the effects of agricultural education plus post-harvest technologies, compared to usual agricultural support or no intervention. The participants were pregnant women and their children, lactating women and their infants (< 6 months), women of childbearing age, and young children (< 59 months), from rural, subsistence maize-farming communities in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. Two trials randomised villages to the intervention and control groups, including a total of at least 979 mother-child pairs from 60 villages. The third trial randomised 420 households, including 189 mother-child pairs and 231 women of childbearing age. Duration of the intervention and follow-up ranged between five and nine months. Due to risk of attrition bias, the overall risk of bias was unclear in one trial, and high in the other two trials. None of the included studies addressed the effects of nutritional education on pre- and postnatal growth. One trial reported outcomes not prespecified in our review, and we were unable to obtain unpublished growth data from the second trial, even after contacting the authors. The third trial, in lactating women and their infants in Tanzania, reported on the infants' weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) after six months. This trial found that providing agricultural education aimed at changing farmers' post-harvest practices to reduce aflatoxin exposure, by using demonstrations (e.g. handsorting, de-hulling of maize, drying sheets, and insecticides), may improve WAZ in infants from these farmers' households, on average, by 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 0.98; 1 study; 249 participants; very low-certainty evidence), compared to infants from households where the farmers received routine agricultural extension services. Another way of reporting the effect on WAZ is to compare the proportion of underweight infants (WAZ > 2 SD below the reference median value) per group. This trial found that the intervention may reduce the proportion of underweight infants in the intervention households by 6.7% (95% CI -12.6 to -1.4; 249 participants; very low-certainty evidence) compared to control households. No studies reported on unintended effects of agricultural and nutritional education. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence on the effects on child growth in LMICs of agricultural or nutritional education interventions that reduce aflatoxin exposure was very limited; no included study reported on linear growth. Very low-certainty evidence suggested that agricultural education aimed at changing farmers' post-harvest practices to reduce aflatoxin exposure by using demonstrations, may result in an increase in WAZ, when compared to usual or no education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Visser
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Anel Schoonees
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Babcock UniversityDepartment of MicrobiologyIlishan RemoOgun StateNigeria
| | - Nicola P Randall
- Harper Adams UniversityCrop and Environmental SciencesNewportShropshireUK
| | - Celeste E Naude
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesCape TownSouth Africa
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Ezekiel CN, Oyedele OA, Kraak B, Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Houbraken J, Krska R. Fungal Diversity and Mycotoxins in Low Moisture Content Ready-To-Eat Foods in Nigeria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615. [PMID: 32328050 PMCID: PMC7161469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low moisture content ready-to-eat foods vended in Nigerian markets could be pre-packaged or packaged at point of sale. These foods are widely and frequently consumed across Nigeria as quick foods. Despite their importance in the daily diets of Nigerians, a comprehensive study on the diversity of fungi, fungal metabolite production potential, and mycotoxin contamination in the foods has not yet been reported. Therefore, this study assessed the diversity of fungi in 70 samples of low moisture content ready-to-eat foods [cheese balls, garri (cassava-based), granola (a mix of cereals and nuts) and popcorn] in Nigeria by applying a polyphasic approach including morphological examination, genera/species-specific gene marker sequencing and secondary metabolite profiling of fungal cultures. Additionally, mycotoxin levels in the foods were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fungal strains (n = 148) were recovered only from garri. Molecular analysis of 107 representative isolates revealed 27 species belonging to 12 genera: Acremonium, Allophoma, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Microdochium, Penicillium, Sarocladium, Talaromyces, and Tolypocladium in the Ascomycota, and Fomitopsis and Trametes in the Basidiomycota. To the best of our knowledge Allophoma, Fomitopsis, Microdochium, Tolypocladium, and Trametes are reported in African food for the first time. A total of 21 uncommon metabolites were found in cultures of the following species: andrastin A and sporogen AO1 in Aspergillus flavus; paspalin in A. brunneoviolaceus; lecanoic acid and rugulusovin in A. sydowii; sclerotin A in P. citrinum and Talaromyces siamensis; barceloneic acid, festuclavine, fumigaclavine, isochromophilons (IV, VI, and IX), ochrephilone, sclerotioramin, and sclerotiorin in P. sclerotium; epoxyagroclavine, infectopyron, methylorsellinic acid and trichodermamide C in P. steckii; moniliformin and sporogen AO1 in P. copticola; and aminodimethyloctadecanol in Tolypocladium. Twenty-four mycotoxins in addition to other 73 fungal and plant toxins were quantified in the foods. In garri, cheeseballs, popcorn and granola were 1, 6, 12, and 23 mycotoxins detected, respectively. Deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, moniliformin, aflatoxins and citrinin contaminated 37, 31, 31, 20, and 14% of all food samples, respectively. Overall, citrinin had the highest mean concentration of 1481 μg/kg in the foods, suggesting high citrinin exposures in the Nigerian populace. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of the foods depend on pre-food and post-food processing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Bart Kraak
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, Netherlands
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Kovač T, Šarkanj B, Borišev I, Djordjevic A, Jović D, Lončarić A, Babić J, Jozinović A, Krska T, Gangl J, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Krska R. Fullerol C 60(OH) 24 Nanoparticles Affect Secondary Metabolite Profile of Important Foodborne Mycotoxigenic Fungi In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040213. [PMID: 32230978 PMCID: PMC7232364 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the efforts to control mycotoxin contamination worldwide, extensive contamination has been reported to occur in food and feed. The contamination is even more intense due to climate changes and different stressors. This study examined the impact of fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP) (at 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng mL-1) on the secondary metabolite profile of the most relevant foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria and Penicillium, during growth in vitro. Fungi were grown in liquid RPMI 1640 media for 72 h at 29 °C, and metabolites were investigated by the LC-MS/MS dilute and shoot multimycotoxin method. Exposure to FNP showed great potential in decreasing the concentrations of 35 secondary metabolites; the decreases were dependent on FNP concentration and fungal genus. These results are a relevant guide for future examination of fungi-FNP interactions in environmental conditions. The aim is to establish the exact mechanism of FNP action and determine the impact such interactions have on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.Š.); (A.L.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (C.N.E.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-31-224-341; Fax: +385-31-207-115
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.Š.); (A.L.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (C.N.E.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Ivana Borišev
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (A.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Aleksandar Djordjevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (A.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Danica Jović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (A.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Ante Lončarić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.Š.); (A.L.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Jurislav Babić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.Š.); (A.L.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (B.Š.); (A.L.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Tamara Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (C.N.E.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Johann Gangl
- Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (C.N.E.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (C.N.E.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (T.K.); (C.N.E.); (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
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Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Krska R, Ezekiel CN. Fungal and plant metabolites in industrially-processed fruit juices in Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2020; 13:155-161. [PMID: 32207373 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1741691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is scarce data on the mycotoxin profile in retailed fruit juices in Nigeria. Thirty-five industrially-processed fruit juice samples randomly purchased from retailers in Ogun state, Nigeria, were analysed for the presence of > 650 toxic fungal and plant metabolites using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method. Only 18 metabolites, including 3-nitropropionic acid, alternariol methylether and emodin, but excluding citrinin, fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A and patulin, were detected in trace levels in at least one juice sample. Amygdalin, a plant cyanogen, was quantified (2.05-359 µg/L) in 40% of the samples. Although the levels of mycotoxins and toxic plant metabolites found in the juice may be relatively low, daily consumption of juices containing such low levels may contribute to dietary exposures to these natural chemical contaminants in consumers. Fruit juice processors should be encouraged to adhere strictly to good manufacturing practices in order to keep mycotoxins away from the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University , Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University , Ilishan Remo, Nigeria.,Institute for Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Tulln, Austria
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31
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Makinde OM, Ayeni KI, Sulyok M, Krska R, Adeleke RA, Ezekiel CN. Microbiological safety of ready‐to‐eat foods in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A comprehensive 10‐year (2009 to 2018) review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:703-732. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological SciencesQueen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Department of MicrobiologyNorth‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of MicrobiologyBabcock University Ilishan Remo Nigeria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA–Tulln)Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
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32
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Akinfala TO, Houbraken J, Sulyok M, Adedeji AR, Odebode AC, Krska R, Ezekiel CN. Moulds and their secondary metabolites associated with the fermentation and storage of two cocoa bean hybrids in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 316:108490. [PMID: 31874327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and mycotoxin contamination of cocoa beans during fermentation and storage may constitute a hazard in the cocoa value chain and risk to consumers of its products. In this study, fungal profile and secondary metabolite patterns in two cocoa bean hybrids, F and T series, during fermentation and storage were determined. Additionally, secondary metabolite production by the recovered fungi in the beans was examined in culture media. Fungal isolates spanned six genera and eight species: Aspergillus niger, A. tamarii, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium citrinum, Pseudopithomyces palmicola, Simplicillium sp., Talaromyces atroroseus and Talaromyces sp.. In both hybrids, Aspergilli (38%) dominated the other fungi while more than one half of all the fungal isolates were from the beans in storage. Among the diverse secondary metabolites produced in media by the isolates were uncommon compounds, e.g. aspulvinone E produced by A. niger, aspterric acid by P. variotii, scalusamid A and sydowinin A by P. citrinum, norlichexanthone and siccanol by Simplicillium, and fallacinol and orsellinic acid by Talaromyces. The strains of P. citrinum produced up to 372 mg/kg citrinin. Forty-four fungal metabolites were quantified in both bean hybrids across the various processing stages, with about 86% occurring in the fermented beans stored for 30 days. The nephrotoxic citrinin, which was not previously reported in cocoa beans worldwide, was the only mycotoxin found in the fermented beans at overall mean concentration of 368 μg/kg. Additionally, its metabolite, dihydrocitrinone, was detected in fermented and stored beans. Consumption of freshly fermented cocoa beans may result in citrinin exposure. Appropriate fungal and mycotoxin control measures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye O Akinfala
- Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Abiodun R Adedeji
- Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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Afolabi CG, Ezekiel CN, Ogunbiyi AE, Oluwadairo OJ, Sulyok M, Krska R. Fungi and mycotoxins in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L) on Nigerian markets. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2019; 13:52-58. [PMID: 31739763 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1690590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 81 samples of two cowpea varieties (brown: 54; white: 27) collected from various markets in southwestern Nigeria were examined for fungal and mycotoxin contamination. Moulds belonging to Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium were recovered from 99% of the samples. In both cowpea varieties, Aspergillus (52-53%) dominated Fusarium (29-30%) and Penicillium (17-20%). The interactive effect of cowpea variety and sampled location was significant (p = .013) on the occurrence of Fusarium species. Aflatoxins were detected in one brown and two white cowpea samples at concentrations reaching 209 and 84 µg/kg, respectively. Additionally, beauvericin was found in two samples of each cowpea variety, albeit at low concentrations. Cowpea presents as an alternative vegetable protein source to groundnuts in household nutrition with respect to mycotoxin contamination. Simple techniques to prevent mycotoxins in dry cowpeas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Afolabi
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria.,Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Abimbola E Ogunbiyi
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi J Oluwadairo
- Department of Crop Protection, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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34
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Ezekiel CN, Ortega-Beltran A, Oyedeji EO, Atehnkeng J, Kössler P, Tairu F, Hoeschle-Zeledon I, Karlovsky P, Cotty PJ, Bandyopadhyay R. Aflatoxin in Chili Peppers in Nigeria: Extent of Contamination and Control Using Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Genotypes as Biocontrol Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070429. [PMID: 31336571 PMCID: PMC6669588 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Across sub-Saharan Africa, chili peppers are fundamental ingredients of many traditional dishes. However, chili peppers may contain unsafe aflatoxin concentrations produced by Aspergillus section Flavi fungi. Aflatoxin levels were determined in chili peppers from three states in Nigeria. A total of 70 samples were collected from farmers’ stores and local markets. Over 25% of the samples contained unsafe aflatoxin concentrations. The chili peppers were associated with both aflatoxin producers and atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus genotypes. Efficacy of an atoxigenic biocontrol product, Aflasafe, registered in Nigeria for use on maize and groundnut, was tested for chili peppers grown in three states. Chili peppers treated with Aflasafe accumulated significantly less aflatoxins than nontreated chili peppers. The results suggest that Aflasafe is a valuable tool for the production of safe chili peppers. Use of Aflasafe in chili peppers could reduce human exposure to aflatoxins and increase chances to commercialize chili peppers in premium local and international markets. This is the first report of the efficacy of any atoxigenic biocontrol product for controlling aflatoxin in a spice crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Nigeria
| | | | - Eniola O Oyedeji
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria
- National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan 200272, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Atehnkeng
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria
| | - Philip Kössler
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Folasade Tairu
- National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan 200272, Nigeria
| | | | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Section, University of Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Peter J Cotty
- USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85701, USA
- Present address of Peter Cotty: P.O. Box 65699, Tucson, AZ 85728, USA
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Visser ME, Ezekiel CN, Schoonees A, Esterhuizen TM, Randall N, Naude CE. Agricultural and nutritional educational interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and child growth in low- and middle-income countries. Hippokratia 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Visser
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Babcock University; Department of Microbiology; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Anel Schoonees
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Tonya M Esterhuizen
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Nicola Randall
- Harper Adams University; Crop and Environmental Sciences; Newport Shropshire UK
| | - Celeste E Naude
- Stellenbosch University; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Cape Town South Africa
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36
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Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Ogara IM, Abia WA, Warth B, Šarkanj B, Turner PC, Krska R. Mycotoxins in uncooked and plate-ready household food from rural northern Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:171-179. [PMID: 30965105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the changes in toxic metabolite profiles in uncooked and cooked foods, samples of flour/grain (n = 40) and their corresponding plate-ready food (n = 39) were collected from 40 households in two states of northern Nigeria. The food samples were analyzed for multiple fungal metabolites by LC-MS/MS and daily intakes of mycotoxins in the diets were estimated and compared to established margin of exposure (MOE) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. Both food groups contained 65 fungal and plant metabolites, inclusive of 23 mycotoxins. The mean concentrations of aflatoxin B1, beauvericin, fumonisin B1 (FB1), FB2, FB3, hydrolysed FB1, moniliformin and nivalenol were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in flour than in the plate-ready food samples. The levels of several mycotoxins were higher in the flour samples than in plate-ready meals by 129-383%. The dilution effect from proportionate mixing of flour samples with water led to 48-100% reduction in detectable mycotoxins in flour to plate-ready meals. Aflatoxins and fumonisins co-occurred in 36% of the plate-ready foods. Exposures of households to aflatoxins and fumonisins based on 95% CI concentration of mycotoxins in the meals were high, suggesting potential health risks based on calculated low MOE and exceedence of stipulated TDI value, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Isaac M Ogara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstr. 38, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, HR, 48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Wielogorska E, Mooney M, Eskola M, Ezekiel CN, Stranska M, Krska R, Elliott C. Occurrence and Human-Health Impacts of Mycotoxins in Somalia. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:2052-2060. [PMID: 30694057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various molds that contaminate many staple foods and cause a broad range of detrimental health effects in animals and humans through chronic exposure or acute toxicity. As such, the worldwide contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a significant problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, mycotoxin occurrence in staple foods consumed in Somalia was determined. A total of 140 samples (42 maize, 40 sorghum, and 58 wheat) were collected from a number of markets in Mogadishu, Somalia, and analyzed by a UPLC-MS/MS multimycotoxin method that could detect 77 toxins. All of the maize samples tested contained eight or more mycotoxins, with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) levels reaching up to 908 and 17 322 μg/kg, respectively, greatly exceeding the European Union limits and guidance values. The average probable daily intake of fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) was 16.70 μg per kilogram of body weight (kg bw) per day, representing 835% of the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake value of 2 μg/(kg bw)/day. A risk characterization revealed a mean national margin of exposure of 0.62 for AFB1 with an associated risk of developing primary liver cancer estimated at 75 cancers per year per 100 000 people for white-maize consumption alone. The results clearly indicate that aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure is a major public-health concern and that risk-management actions require prioritization in Somalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wielogorska
- School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 7BL , United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
| | - Mari Eskola
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Milena Stranska
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition , University of Chemistry and Technology , 166 28 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Chris Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Advanced ASSET Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5BN , United Kingdom
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Ezeokoli OT, Sulyok M, van Wyk DAB, Oyedele OA, Akinyemi OM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Adeleke RA, Nwangburuka CC, Hajšlová J, Elliott CT, Krska R. High-Throughput Sequence Analyses of Bacterial Communities and Multi-Mycotoxin Profiling During Processing of Different Formulations of Kunu, a Traditional Fermented Beverage. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3282. [PMID: 30687270 PMCID: PMC6333642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kunu is a traditional fermented single or mixed cereals-based beverage popularly consumed in many parts of West Africa. Presently, the bacterial community and mycotoxin contamination profiles during processing of various kunu formulations have never been comprehensively studied. This study, therefore, investigated the bacterial community and multi-mycotoxin dynamics during the processing of three kunu formulations using high-throughput sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene (hypervariable V3-V4 region) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. A total of 2,303 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained across six processing stages in all three kunu formulations. Principal coordinate analysis biplots of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between bacterial communities revealed the combined influences of formulations and processing steps. Taxonomically, OTUs spanned 13 phyla and 486 genera. Firmicutes (phylum) dominated (relative abundance) most of the processing stages, while Proteobacteria dominated the rest of the stages. Lactobacillus (genus taxa level) dominated most processing stages and the final product (kunu) of two formulations, whereas Clostridium sensu stricto (cluster 1) dominated kunu of one formulation, constituting a novel observation. We further identified Acetobacter, Propionibacterium, Gluconacetobacter, and Gluconobacter previously not associated with kunu processing. Shared phylotypes between all communities were dominated by lactic acid bacteria including species of Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Weissella. Other shared phylotypes included notable acetic acid bacteria and potential human enteric pathogens. Ten mycotoxins [3-Nitropropionic acid, aflatoxicol, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFM1, alternariol (AOH), alternariolmethylether (AME), beauvericin (BEAU), citrinin, and moniliformin] were quantified at varying concentrations in ingredients for kunu processing. Except for AOH, AME, and BEAU that were retained at minimal levels of < 2 μg/kg in the final product, most mycotoxins in the ingredients were not detectable after processing. In particular, mycotoxin levels were substantially reduced by fermentation, although simple dilution and sieving also contributed to mycotoxin reduction. This study reinforces the perception of kunu as a rich source of bacteria with beneficial attributes to consumer health, and provides in-depth understanding of the microbiology of kunu processing, as well as information on mycotoxin contamination and reduction during this process. These findings may aid the development of starter culture technology for safe and quality kunu production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Obinna T. Ezeokoli
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Deidre A. B. van Wyk
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Rasheed A. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Pretoria, South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cyril C. Nwangburuka
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Kovač T, Šarkanj B, Crevar B, Kovač M, Lončarić A, Strelec I, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Krska R. Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251 Growth, Oxidative Status, and Aflatoxins Production Ability In Vitro under Different Illumination Regimes. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E528. [PMID: 30544693 PMCID: PMC6316533 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the most important mycotoxin-producing fungus involved in the global episodes of aflatoxin B₁ contamination of crops at both the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. However, in order to effectively control aflatoxin contamination in crops using antiaflatoxigenic and/or antifungal compounds, some of which are photosensitive, a proper understanding of the photo-sensitive physiology of potential experimental strains need to be documented. The purpose of the study is therefore to evaluate the effect of visible (VIS) light illumination on growth and conidiation, aflatoxin production ability and modulation of A. flavus oxidative status during in vitro experiment. Aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain was inoculated in aflatoxin-inducing YES media and incubated under three different VIS illumination regimes during a 168 h growth period at 29 °C. VIS illumination reduced A. flavus mycelia biomass yield, both during growth on plates and in liquid media, promoted conidiation and increased the aflatoxin production. Furthermore, aflatoxin production increased with increased reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels at 96 h of growth, confirming illumination-driven oxidative stress modulation activity on A. flavus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Kovač
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
- Department of Food technology, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, Koprivnica 48000, Croatia.
| | - Biljana Crevar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
| | - Marija Kovač
- Inspecto Ltd., Industrijska zona Nemetin, Vukovarska cesta 239b, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
| | - Ante Lončarić
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Strelec
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Akinmusire OO, El-Yuguda AD, Musa JA, Oyedele OA, Sulyok M, Somorin YM, Ezekiel CN, Krska R. Mycotoxins in poultry feed and feed ingredients in Nigeria. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:149-155. [PMID: 30484071 PMCID: PMC6478637 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that can negatively affect animal productivity when ingested through feed. In order to assess mycotoxin contamination of poultry feed and feed ingredients vis-a-vis source tracking of feed contamination in Nigeria, 102 samples of feed (n = 30) and feed ingredients (n = 72) were collected from in-house mills of poultry farms across 12 states of Nigeria and analyzed for multiple mycotoxins using LC/MS-MS. One hundred and forty microbial metabolites were detected in the feed and feed ingredients. The most frequent mycotoxin in the feed was fumonisin B1, occurring in 97% of the samples at mean concentration of 1014 μg kg−1. AFB1 occurred in 83% of the feed samples at mean concentration of 74 μg kg−1 and in all feed ingredients except fish meal and other cereals (millet and rice). Feed samples analyzed in this study were contaminated with at least four mycotoxins: aflatoxins and fumonisin co-occurring in 80% of the samples. Peanut cake and maize contributed the most to the levels of aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively, in the feed. Consequently, there is a need to explore other cereal- and protein-based ingredients for compounding feeds in order to reduce the risk associated with high mycotoxin (e.g. aflatoxin) intake in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul-Dahiru El-Yuguda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Jasini A Musa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Yinka M Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun, Nigeria. .,Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
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Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Wisgrill L, Degen GH, Turner PC, Marko D, Warth B. Monitoring Early Life Mycotoxin Exposures via LC-MS/MS Breast Milk Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14569-14577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Wilfred A. Abia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paul C. Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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42
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Ojuri OT, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Ezeokoli OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, Eskola MK, Šarkanj B, Hajšlová J, Adeleke RA, Nwangburuka CC, Elliott CT, Krska R. Assessing the mycotoxicological risk from consumption of complementary foods by infants and young children in Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:37-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ademola OM, Adeyemi TE, Ezeokoli OT, Ayeni KI, Obadina AO, Somorin YM, Omemu AM, Adeleke RA, Nwangburuka CC, Oluwafemi F, Oyewole OB, Ezekiel CN. Phylogenetic analyses of bacteria associated with the processing of iru and ogiri condiments. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:354-362. [PMID: 29947432 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the bacterial community dynamics during the production of traditional fermented condiments is important for food safety assessment, quality control and development of starter culture technology. In this study, bacteria isolated during the processing of iru and ogiri, two commonly consumed condiments in Nigeria, were characterized based on phylogenetic analyses of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. A total of 227 isolates were obtained and clustered into 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on 97% 16S rRNA gene similarity. The OTUs spanned three phyla (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria), and nine genera: Acinetobacter, Aerococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Lysinibacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus and Staphylococcus. OTUs closely related to species of Bacillus dominated the processing stages of both condiments. Although no single OTU occurred throughout iru processing stages, an OTU (mostly related to B. safensis) dominated the ogiri processing stages indicating potentials for the development of starter culture. However, other isolates such as those of Enterococcus spp. and Lysinibacillus spp. may be potential starters for iru fermentation. Presumptive food-borne pathogens were also detected at some stages of the condiments' processing, possibly due to poor hygienic practices. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Iru and ogiri are important condiments used for flavour enhancement in foods and serve as protein substitutes in diets among rural populations across West Africa. Consumption of these condiments is growing, reinforcing the need to scale up their production. Production of these condiments includes spontaneous fermentation, which often leads to inconsistent product quality and unguaranteed safety. This study has demonstrated the bacterial succession in iru and ogiri processing and highlights species that could be selected and exploited for starter culture development. This study provides a starting point to produce quality and microbiologically safe iru and ogiri condiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Ademola
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - T E Adeyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O T Ezeokoli
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Arcadia, South Africa.,Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - K I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - A O Obadina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Y M Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - A M Omemu
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - R A Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group, Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Arcadia, South Africa.,Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C C Nwangburuka
- Department of Agriculture, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - F Oluwafemi
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O B Oyewole
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - C N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
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Sombie JI, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Ayeni KI, Jonsyn-Ellis F, Krska R. Survey of roasted street-vended nuts in Sierra Leone for toxic metabolites of fungal origin. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1573-1580. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1475753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius I.N. Sombie
- Microbiology Department, Teko Livestock Research Centre, Makeni, Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Sierra Leone
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Felixtina Jonsyn-Ellis
- Microbiology Department, Teko Livestock Research Centre, Makeni, Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Sierra Leone
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Ezekiel CN, Oyeyemi OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, Oyeyemi IT, Nabofa W, Nwozichi CU, Dada A. Urinary aflatoxin exposure monitoring in rural and semi-urban populations in Ogun state, Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1565-1572. [PMID: 29843566 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1475752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a major class of fungal toxins that have food safety importance due to their economic and health impacts. This pilot aflatoxin exposure biomonitoring study on 84 individuals was conducted in a rural (Ilumafon) and a semi-urban community (Ilishan Remo) of Ogun state, Nigeria, to compare aflatoxin exposures among the two population cohorts. First morning urine samples were obtained from the participants, and the urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels were measured by a quantitative Helica Biosystems Inc. ELISA kit assay. About 99% (83 out of 84) of the urine samples had detectable AFM1 levels in the range of 0.06 to 0.51 ng mL-1 (median: 0.27 ng mL-1). The mean urinary AFM1 levels were significantly (p = 0.001) higher in the semi-urban population (0.31 ± 0.09 ng mL-1) compared to the rural population (0.24 ± 0.07 ng mL-1). There were, however, no significant differences in mean urinary AFM1 levels of males and females, and among children, adolescents and adults. This study indicates high aflatoxin exposure to the extent of public health concerns in the studied populations. Thus, more efforts are required for aflatoxin exposure monitoring and control in high-risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- a Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Oyetunde T Oyeyemi
- b Department of Basic Sciences , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | | | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- a Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa T Oyeyemi
- c Department of Biological Sciences , University of Medical Sciences , Ondo , Nigeria
| | - Williams Nabofa
- d Department of Physiology, Benjamin Carson (Senior) School of Medicine , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | - Chinomso U Nwozichi
- e Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Dada
- f Department of Chemical Pathology , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital , Ikeja , Nigeria
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Misihairabgwi JM, Somorin YM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Oyedele OA, Abia WA, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Traditionally Processed Beverages in Africa: A Review of the Mycotoxin Occurrence Patterns and Exposure Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:334-351. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Dept. of Microbiology; Babcock Univ.; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Dept. of Microbiology; Babcock Univ.; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Jane M. Misihairabgwi
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine; Univ. of Namibia; P. Bag 13301 Windhoek Namibia
| | - Yinka M. Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences; Natl. Univ. of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | | | | | - Wilfred A. Abia
- School of Toxicology, Occupational Health/Safety and Risk Assessment, COSET; Inst. for Management and Professional Training (IMPT); Yaounde Cameroon
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Gordon S. Shephard
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Inst. of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology; Cape Peninsula Univ. of Technology; PO Box 1906 Bellville 7535 South Africa
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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Malachová A, Stránská M, Václavíková M, Elliott CT, Black C, Meneely J, Hajšlová J, Ezekiel CN, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Advanced LC-MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:801-825. [PMID: 29273904 PMCID: PMC5775372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products. In addition to the regulated mycotoxins, for which official control is required, LC-MS is often used for the screening of a large range of mycotoxins and/or for the identification and characterization of novel metabolites. This review provides insight into the LC-MS methods used for the determination of co-occurring mycotoxins with special emphasis on multiple-analyte applications. The first part of the review is focused on targeted LC-MS approaches using cleanup methods such as solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography, as well as on methods based on minimum cleanup (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; QuEChERS) and dilute and shoot. The second part of the review deals with the untargeted determination of mycotoxins by LC coupled with high-resolution MS, which includes also metabolomics techniques to study the fate of mycotoxins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachová
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Milena Stránská
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Václavíková
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Connor Black
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, 121103, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Adedeji BS, Ezeokoli OT, Ezekiel CN, Obadina AO, Somorin YM, Sulyok M, Adeleke RA, Warth B, Nwangburuka CC, Omemu AM, Oyewole OB, Krska R. Bacterial species and mycotoxin contamination associated with locust bean, melon and their fermented products in south-western Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 258:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Misihairabgwi JM, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007-2016). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:43-58. [PMID: 28799776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Major staple foods in Southern Africa are prone to mycotoxin contamination, posing health risks to consumers and consequent economic losses. Regional climatic zones favor the growth of one or more main mycotoxin producing fungi, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Aflatoxin contamination is mainly reported in maize, peanuts and their products, fumonisin contamination in maize and maize products and patulin in apple juice. Lack of awareness of occurrence and risks of mycotoxins, poor agricultural practices and undiversified diets predispose populations to dietary mycotoxin exposure. Due to a scarcity of reports in Southern Africa, reviews on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa have mainly focused on Central, Eastern and Western Africa. However, over the last decade, a substantial number of reports of dietary mycotoxins in South Africa have been documented, with fewer reports documented in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Despite the reported high dietary levels of mycotoxins, legislation for their control is absent in most countries in the region. This review presents an up-to-date documentation of the epidemiology of mycotoxins in agricultural food commodities and discusses the implications on public health, current and recommended mitigation strategies, legislation, and challenges of mycotoxin research in Southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Misihairabgwi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine , University of Namibia , Windhoek, Namibia. P. Bag 13301, Windhoek , Namibia
| | - C N Ezekiel
- b Department of Microbiology , Babcock University, Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - M Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
| | - G S Shephard
- d Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology , Cape Peninsula University of Technology , PO Box 1906, Bellville , South Africa
| | - R Krska
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln , Austria
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50
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Abia WA, Warth B, Ezekiel CN, Sarkanj B, Turner PC, Marko D, Krska R, Sulyok M. Uncommon toxic microbial metabolite patterns in traditionally home-processed maize dish ( fufu ) consumed in rural Cameroon. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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