In Silico and In Vitro multiple analysis approach for screening naturally derived ligands for red seabream aryl hydrocarbon receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a key ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates the toxic effects of compounds such as dioxin. Recently, natural ligands of AHR, including flavonoids, have been attracting physiological and toxicological attention as they have been reported to regulate major biological functions such as inflammation and anti-cancer by reducing the toxic effects of dioxin. Additionally, it is known that natural AHR ligands can accumulate in wildlife tissues, such as fish. However, studies in fish have investigated only a few ligands in experimental fish species, and the AHR response of marine fish to natural AHR ligands of various other structures has not been thoroughly investigated. To explore various natural AHR ligands in marine fish, which make up the most fish, it is necessary to develop new screening methods that consider the specificity of marine fish. In this study, we investigated the response of natural ligands by constructing in vitro and in silico experimental systems using red seabream as a model species. We attempted to develop a new predictive model to screen potential ligands that can induce transcriptional activation of red seabream AHR1 and AHR2 (rsAHR1 and rsAHR2). This was achieved through multiple analyses using in silico/ in vitro data and Tox21 big data. First, we constructed an in vitro reporter gene assay of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 and measured the response of 10 representatives natural AHR ligands in COS-7 cells. The results showed that FICZ, Genistein, Daidzein, I3C, DIM, Quercetin and Baicalin induced the transcriptional activity of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, while Resveratrol and Retinol did not induce the transcriptional activity of rsAHR isoforms. Comparing the EC50 values of the respective compounds in rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, FICZ, Genistein, and Daidzein exhibited similar isoform responses, but I3C, Baicalin, DIM and Quercetin show the isoform-specific responses. These results suggest that natural AHR ligands have specific profiling and transcriptional activity for each rsAHR isoform. In silico analysis, we constructed homology models of the ligand binding domains (LBDs) of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 and calculated the docking energies (U_dock values) of natural ligands with measured in vitro transcriptional activity and dioxins reported in previous studies. The results showed a significant correlation (R2=0.74(rsAHR1), R2=0.83(rsAHR2)) between docking energy and transcriptional activity (EC50) value, suggesting that the homology model of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 can be utilized to predict the potential transactivation of ligands. To broaden the applicability of the homology model to diverse compound structures and validate the correlation with transcriptional activity, we conducted additional analyses utilizing Tox21 big data. We calculated the docking energy values for 1860 chemicals in both rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, which were tested for transcriptional activation in Tox21 data against human AHR. By comparing the U_dock energy values between 775 active compounds and 1085 inactive compounds, a significant difference (p<0.001) was observed between the U_dock energy values in the two groups, suggesting that the U_dock value can be applied to distinguish the activation of compounds. Furthermore, we observed a significant correlation (R2=0.45) between the AC50 of Tox21 database and U_dock values of human AHR model. In conclusion, we calculated equations to translate the results of an in silico prediction model for ligand screening of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 transactivation. This ligand screening model can be a powerful tool to quantitatively estimate AHR transactivation of major marine agents to which red seabream may be exposed. The study introduces a new screening approach for potential natural AHR ligands in marine fish, based on homology model-docking energy values of rsAHR1 and rsAHR2, with implications for future agonist development and applications bridging in silico and in vitro data.

Effect of exogenous genistein on osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in laying hens

Previous literature revealed that genistein might play a preventive role in osteoporosis. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of genistein on the osteogenic potency of laying hens' adipose-derived stem cells (LHASCs). The viability of LHASCs after isolation was investigated on tissue culture plastic (TCP) under exposure to genistein up to 50 μg/mL by MTT assay. Our preliminary result revealed that LHASCs cultured under genistein exposure up to 20 μg/mL are feasible. Then, we evaluated the osteogenic induction of LHASCs under exposure to 0, 10, and 20 μg/mL genistein. The Alizarin Red staining confirmed the calcium deposition. Our findings showed that osteogenic differentiation under exposure to 20 μg/mL genistein led to higher ALP activity and more calcium content. We then tried to see the probable additive effect of the genistein-plus Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold on the cell viability and osteogenic capacity of LHASCs. For this, cells were cultured on a PLLA scaffold and exposed to 20 μg/mL genistein. Cell growth rate, as indicated by the MTT assay, revealed no differences between the groups. LHASCs cultured on a genistein-plus PLLA scaffold showed higher ALP activity and more calcium content. The expressions of Osteocalcin, COL1A2, ALP, and Runx2 genes were increased in the genistein-plus PLLA group as compared with PLLA and TCP groups. Adequate proliferation rates and higher expression of osteogenic markers provide genistein as a suitable substrate to support the proliferation and differentiation of LHASCs. Genistein supports osteogenic induction as a further positive effect if such a PLLA scaffold is available.

Profiling of Metabolites in a Fermented Soy Dietary Supplement Reinforces its Role in the Management of Intestinal Inflammation

SCOPE

Gastro-AD (GAD) is a soy flour derived product that undergoes an industrial fermentation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii R0187 and has demonstrated clinical effects in gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer symptom resolution. The aim of this study is to describe and link GAD's metabolomic profile to plausible mechanisms that manifest and explain the documented clinical outcomes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

1H NMR spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis is used to characterize the prefermented soy flour and GAD products. The acquired spectra are screened using various resources and the molecular assignments are confirmed using total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY). Peaks corresponding to different metabolites are integrated and compared between the two products for relative changes. HPLC and GC are used to quantify some specific molecules. NMR analyses demonstrate significant changes in the composition of various assigned bioactive moieties. HPLC and GC analysis demonstrate deglycation of isoflavones after fermentation, resulting in estrogenically active secondary metabolites that have been previously shown to help to reduce inflammation.

CONCLUSION

The identification of bioactive molecules, such as genistein and SCFAs, capable of modulating anti-inflammatory signaling cascades in the stomach's gastric and neuroendocrine tissues can explain the reported biological effects in GAD and is supported by in vivo data.

Production of highly water-soluble genistein α-diglucoside using an engineered O-α-glycoligase with enhanced transglycosylation activity and altered substrate specificity

Genistein is one of isoflavones, showing various biological functions for human health. MalA-D416A, termed O-α-glycoligase, is an acid/base catalytic residue-deficient mutant of a α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, synthesizing genistein 7-O-α-glucoside using α-glucosyl fluoride as the donor substrate. Through mutagenesis toward MalA-D416A, an O-α-glycoligase variant with two mutations (D416R and Q450S) was identified as a biocatalyst with a 58.8-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency for genistein compared to the parent enzyme. The use of a 2:1 ratio of α-glucosyl fluoride and genistein at pH 9 facilitated the synthesis of genistein 7,4'-O-α-diglucoside by MalA-D416R/Q450S. The α-diglucoside exhibited 2,459-fold improved water solubility compared to genistein itself as well as facile deglycosylation by the intestinal α-glucosidase from rat, suggesting the potential of the α-diglucoside for improved bioavailability in human intestine. Through molecular docking analyses the modulation of the active site conformation by these mutations was expected for proper binding of both genistein and the monoglucoside.

Systematic Engineering of Genistein Biosynthetic Pathway through Genetic Regulators and Combinatorial Enzyme Screening

Microbial production of genistein, an isoflavonoid primarily found in soybeans, is gaining prominence in the food industry due to its significant nutritional and health benefits. However, challenges arise in redesigning strains due to intricate regulatory nodes between cell growth and genistein production and in systematically exploring core enzymes involving genistein biosynthesis. To address this, this study devised a strategy that simultaneously and precisely rewires flux at both acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA nodes toward genistein synthesis. In particular, naringenin, the primary precursor of genistein, was accumulated 2.6 times more than the unoptimized strain through transcriptional repressor-based genetic regulators. Building upon this, a combination of isoflavone synthase and cytochrome P450 reductase with the remarkable conversion of naringenin to genistein was screened from enzyme homologue libraries. The integrated metabolic engineering strategy yields the highest reported production (98 mg/L of genistein) to date, providing a framework for the biosynthesis of diverse flavonoids, including genistein.

Polyphenol exposure of mothers and infants assessed by LC-MS/MS based biomonitoring in breast milk

Exposure to polyphenols is relevant throughout critical windows of infant development, including the breastfeeding phase. However, the quantitative assessment of polyphenols in human breast milk has received limited attention so far, though polyphenols may positively influence infant health. Therefore, a targeted LC-MS/MS assay was developed to investigate 86 analytes representing different polyphenol classes in human breast milk. The sample preparation consisted of liquid extraction, salting out, freeze-out, and a dilution step. Overall, nearly 70% of the chemically diverse polyphenols fulfilled all strict validation criteria for full quantitative assessment. The remaining analytes did not fulfill all criteria at every concentration level, but can still provide useful semi-quantitative insights into nutritional and biomedical research questions. The limits of detection for all analyzed polyphenols were in the range of 0.0041-87 ng*mL-1, with a median of 0.17 ng*mL-1. Moreover, the mean recovery was determined to be 82% and the mean signal suppression and enhancement effect was 117%. The developed assay was applied in a proof-of-principle study to investigate polyphenols in breast milk samples provided by twelve Nigerian mothers at three distinct time points post-delivery. In total, 50 polyphenol analytes were detected with almost half being phenolic acids. Phase II metabolites, including genistein-7-β-D-glucuronide, genistein-7-sulfate, and daidzein-7-β-D-glucuronide, were also detected in several samples. In conclusion, the developed method was demonstrated to be fit-for-purpose to simultaneously (semi-) quantify a wide variety of polyphenols in breast milk. It also demonstrated that various polyphenols including their biotransformation products were present in breast milk and therefore likely transferred to infants where they might impact microbiome development and infant health.

Genistein alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inactivating lung fibroblasts

Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious lung disease that occurs predominantly in men. Genistein is an important natural soybeanderived phytoestrogen that affects various biological functions, such as cell migration and fibrosis. However, the antifibrotic effects of genistein on pulmonary fibrosis are largely unknown. The antifibrotic effects of genistein were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models of lung fibrosis. Proteomic data were analyzed using nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Genistein significantly reduced transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced expression of collagen type I and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in MRC-5 cells and primary fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Genistein also reduced TGF-β1-induced expression of p-Smad2/3 and p-p38 MAPK in fibroblast models. Comprehensive protein analysis confirmed that genistein exerted an anti-fibrotic effect by regulating various molecular mechanisms, such as unfolded protein response, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, cell death, and several metabolic pathways. Genistein was also found to decrease hydroxyproline levels in the lungs of BLM-treated mice. Genistein exerted an anti-fibrotic effect by preventing fibroblast activation, suggesting that genistein could be developed as a pharmacological agent for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(3): 143-148].

Intercropping of Narrow-Leafed Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Affects the Flavonoid Composition of Both Crops

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a common cereal crop in agricultural production and is often included in legume-cereal intercropping. Flavonoids, a major class of secondary metabolites found in barley, are involved in plant defense and protection. However, the effect of intercropping on barley flavonoids remains unknown. Herein, an intercropping system involving barley and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) was studied. Intercropping increased the level of luteolin in lupin roots. Lupin-barley intercropping considerably increased genistein, rutin, and apigenin in barley shoots. Genistein and apigenin were also detected in intercropped barley roots and rhizosphere soil. The three flavonoids have been reported as defense compounds, suggesting that lupin triggers a defense response in barley to strengthen its survival ability.

Genistein alleviates chronic heat stress-induced lipid metabolism disorder and mitochondrial energetic dysfunction by activating the GPR30-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling pathways in the livers of broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the preventive effects and mechanisms of genistein (GEN) on production performance and metabolic disorders in broilers under chronic heat stress (HS). A total of 120 male 3-wk-old Ross broilers were randomly assigned to 5 groups: a thermoneutral zone (TN) group maintained at normal temperature (21°C ± 1°C daily), an HS group subjected to cyclic high temperature (32°C ± 1°C for 8 h daily), and 3 groups exposed to HS with varying doses of GEN (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg diet). The experimental period lasted for 3 wk. Here, HS led to a decline in growth performance parameters and hormone secretion disorders (P < 0.05), which were improved by 100 and 150 mg/kg GEN treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, the HS-induced increases in the liver index (P < 0.01) and abdominal fat rate (P < 0.05) were attenuated by 150 mg/kg GEN (P < 0.05). The HS-induced excessive lipid accumulation in the liver and serum (P < 0.01) was ameliorated after 100 and 150 mg/kg GEN treatment (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the HS-induced decreases in lipolysis-related mRNA levels and increases in lipid synthesis-related mRNA levels in the liver (P < 0.01) were effectively blunted after 100 and 150 mg/kg GEN treatment (P < 0.05). Importantly, the HS-stimulated hepatic mitochondrial energetic dysfunction and decreases in the mRNA or protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A in the liver were ameliorated by 150 mg/kg GEN (P < 0.05). Moreover, 50 to 150 mg/kg GEN treatment resulted in a significant increase in the mRNA or protein levels of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1, phosphorylated AMPKα, and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase α. Collectively, GEN alleviated metabolic disorders and hepatic mitochondrial energetic dysfunction under HS, possibly through the activation of GPR30-AMPM-PGC-1α pathways. These data provide a sufficient basis for GEN as an additive to alleviate HS in broilers.

Genistein ameliorates starvation-induced porcine follicular granulosa cell apoptosis

In brief

Genistein contributes to granulosa cell (GC) survival by two routes: one is that genistein induced p-AMPK and inhibited p-mTOR, which induces LC3 activation and autophagy; the other is that genistein inhibited caspase-3 and its cleavage, which induces PARP1 activation and PARylation.

Abstract

Genistein is an isoflavone which is beneficial for health, but little is known regarding its function on granulosa cell fate during follicular atresia. In the present study, we established an in vitro model of porcine follicular granulosa cell apoptosis by serum deprivation and showed that treatments with 1 μM and 10 μM genistein significantly reduced the apoptotic rate of granulosa cells compared to the blank control (P < 0.05). These results suggest that genistein at micromolar levels alleviates serum deprivation-induced granulosa cell apoptosis, and the ameliorative effect of genistein on granulosa cell apoptosis is likely to be able to inhibit nutrient depletion-induced follicular atresia. Further experimental results revealed that the expression of the autophagic marker protein LC3II in 100 nM-10 μM genistein treatment increased in a dose-dependent manner and was higher than the control (P < 0.05). Genistein also dose dependently promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase) in granulosa cells. Poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) formation in genistein-treated groups was also notably higher than in the controls (P < 0.05). Collectively, genistein alleviates serum deprivation-induced granulosa cells in vitro through enhancing autophagy, which involving AMPK activation and PARylation signaling. However, further study should be carried out to investigate the role of the aforementioned signaling on this process.

Oxidation of Naringenin, Apigenin, and Genistein by Human Family 1 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Comparison of Interaction of Apigenin with Human P450 1B1.1 and Scutellaria P450 82D.1

Naringenin, an initial synthesized flavanone in various plant species, is further utilized for production of many biologically active flavonoids, e.g., apigenin, eriodictyol, and genistein, by various plant enzymes including cytochrome P450s (P450s or CYPs). We examined how these flavonoids are oxidized by human P450 family 1 and 2A enzymes. Naringenin was principally oxidized at the 3'-position to form eriodictyol by CYP1 enzymes more efficiently than by CYP2A enzymes, and the resulting eriodictyol was further oxidized to two penta-hydroxylated products. In contrast to plant P450 enzymes, these human P450s did not mediate the desaturation of naringenin and eriodictyol to give apigenin and luteolin, respectively. Apigenin was oxidized at the C3' and C6 positions to form luteolin and scutellarein by these P450s. CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 had high activities in apigenin 6-hydroxylation with a homotropic cooperative manner, as has been observed previously in chrysin 6-hydroxylation (Nagayoshi et al., Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2019, 32, 1268-1280). Molecular docking analysis suggested that CYP1B1 had two apigenin binding sites and showed similarities in substrate recognition sites to plant CYP82D.1, one of the enzymes in catalyzing apigenin and chrysin 6-hydroxylations in Scutellaria baicalensis. The present results suggest that human CYP1 enzymes and CYP2A13 in some reactions have important roles in the oxidation of naringenin, eriodictyol, apigenin, and genistein and that human CYP1B1 and Scutellaria CYP82D.1 have similarities in their SRS regions, catalyzing 6-hydroxylation of both apigenin and chrysin.

Genistein enhances NAD+ biosynthesis by upregulating nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in adipocytes

A decrease in the NAD+ level in adipocytes causes adipose-tissue dysfunction, leading to systemic glucose, and lipid metabolism failure. Therefore, it is necessary to develop small molecules and nutraceuticals that can increase NAD+ levels in adipocytes. Genistein, a nutraceutical derived from soybeans, has various physiological activities and improves glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we aimed to unravel the effects of genistein on the NAD+ level in adipocytes and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Genistein enhanced NAD+ biosynthesis by increasing the expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ biosynthesis. A pull-down assay using genistein-immobilized beads revealed prohibitin 1 (PHB1) as a target protein of genistein. The knockdown of Phb1 suppressed the genistein-induced increase in NAMPT expression and NAD+ level in adipocytes. Genistein-bound PHB1 contributed to the stabilization of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, resulting in increased NAMPT expression at the transcriptional level. Genistein induced the dephosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor at serine 273 and increased the level of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine adiponectin in adipocytes, whereas the knockdown of Nampt and Phb1 abolished these genistein-mediated effects. Our results proved the potential efficacy of genistein in increasing the NAD+ level and restoring metabolic function in adipocytes. Furthermore, we identified PHB1, localized to the plasma membrane, as a novel candidate target protein for increased expression of NAMPT in adipocytes. Overall, these findings will assist in developing NAD+-boosting nutraceuticals to alleviate metabolic dysfunctions in adipose tissues.

Adding genistein or luteolin decreased the yield of citrinin and without reducing pigments in yam solid-fermentation by Monascus

BACKGROUND

Chinese yam fermented by Monascus, namely red mold dioscorea (RMD), has the potential of treating diseases. However, the production of citrinin limits the application of RMD. In the present study, the fermentation process of Monascus was optimized by adding genistein or luteolin to reduce citrinin yield.

RESULTS

The results showed that citrinin in 25 g of Huai Shan yam was reduced by 48% and 72% without affecting the pigment yield by adding 0.2 g of luteolin or genistein, respectively, to a 250-mL conical flask after fermentation for 18 days at 28 °C, whereas the addition of luteolin increased the content of yellow pigment by 1.3-fold. Under optimal conditions, citrinin in 20 g of iron bar yam decreased by 55% and 74% after adding 0.2 g of luteolin or genistein. Luteolin also increased yellow pigment content by 1.2-fold. Ultra HPLC coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the preliminary analysis of Monascus fermentation products. It was found that the amino acid types in RMD are similar to those in yams, but there are fewer polysaccharides and fatty acids.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in the present study showed that the addition of genistein or luteolin could reduce citrinin on the premise of increasing pigment yield, which laid a foundation for the better use of yams in Monascus fermentation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling by autophagic degradation of APC contributes to the osteoblast differentiation effect of soy isoflavone on osteoporotic mesenchymal stem cells

The functional role of autophagy in regulating differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been studied extensively, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the initiation of osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells, and the stability of core protein β-catenin is tightly controlled by the APC/Axin/GSK-3β/Ck1α complex. Here we showed that genistein, a predominant soy isoflavone, stimulated osteoblast differentiation of MSCs in vivo and in vitro. Female rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX); four weeks after surgery the rats were orally administered genistein (50 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 8 weeks. The results showed that genistein administration significantly suppressed the bone loss and bone-fat imbalance, and stimulated bone formation in OVX rats. In vitro, genistein (10 nM) markedly activated autophagy and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and stimulated osteoblast differentiation in OVX-MSCs. Furthermore, we found that genistein promoted autophagic degradation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), thus initiated β-catenin-driven osteoblast differentiation. Notably, genistein activated autophagy through transcription factor EB (TFEB) rather than mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These findings unveil the mechanism of how autophagy regulates osteogenesis in OVX-MSCs, which expands our understanding that such interplay could be employed as a useful therapeutic strategy for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Improvement of the functional value of green soybean (edamame) using germination and tempe fermentation: A comparative metabolomics study

Green soybean, also known as edamame, is a legume with high nutritional and functional value. Despite its growing popularity and potential health benefits, the functionality of green soybean has not been thoroughly studied. Previous research on the functionality of green soybean has largely focused on a limited number of specific, well-studied, bioactive metabolites, without comprehensively investigating the metabolome of this legume. Additionally, very few studies have explored the improvement of the functional value of green soybean. This study aimed to investigate the metabolome profile of green soybean, identify bioactive metabolites, and to further explore the potential improvement of the identified bioactive metabolites using germination and tempe fermentation. A total of 80 metabolites were annotated from green soybean using GC-MS and HPLC-PDA-MS. Among them, 16 important bioactive metabolites were identified: soy isoflavones daidzin, glycitin, genistin, malonyl daidzin, malonyl genistin, malonyl glycitin, acetyl daidzin, acetyl genistin, acetyl glycitin, daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, as well as other metabolites including 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (meglutol), and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Germination and tempe fermentation techniques were employed to potentially improve the concentrations of these bioactive metabolites. While showing improvements in amino acid contents, germination process did not improve bioactive metabolites significantly. In contrast, tempe fermentation was found to significantly increase the concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein, acetyl genistin, acetyl daidzin, 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid, and meglutol (>2-fold increase with p < 0.05) while also improving amino acid levels. This study highlights the potentials of germination and fermentation to improve the functionality of legumes, particularly green soybean.

Genistein mitigates senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via ERRα-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy in ovariectomized rats

Senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) induced by chronic oxidative stress is an important factor contributes to the postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP). Mitochondrial quality control takes a pivotal role in regulating oxidative stress and cell senescence. Genistein is a major isoflavone in soy products, which is best known for its ability to inhibit bone loss in both postmenopausal women and ovariectomized (OVX) rodents. Here we show that OVX-BMMSCs displayed premature senescence, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondria dysfunction, while genistein rescued these phenotypes. Using network pharmacology and molecular docking, we identified estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) as the potential target of genistein. Knockdown of ERRα greatly abolished the anti-senescence effect of genistein on OVX-BMMSCs. Further, the mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy induced by genistein were inhibited by ERRα knockdown in OVX-BMMSCs. In vivo, genistein inhibited trabecular bone loss and p16INK4a expression, upregulated sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator one alpha (PGC1α) expression in the trabecular bone area of proximal tibia in OVX rats. Together, this study revealed that genistein ameliorates senescence of OVX-BMMSCs through ERRα-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, which provided a molecular basis for advancement and development of therapeutic strategies against PMOP.

Molecular mechanism of naringenin regulation on flavonoid biosynthesis to improve the salt tolerance in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp.)

Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in the plant growth and development process. As a medicinal plant, pigeon pea is rich in secondary metabolites. As a flavonoid, there are few studies on the regulation mechanism of naringenin in plant stress resistance. In our study, we found that naringenin can increase the pigeon pea's ability to tolerate salt and influence the changes that occur in flavonoids including naringenin, genistein and biochanin A. We analyzed the transcriptome data after 1 mM naringenin treatment, and identified a total of 13083 differentially expressed genes. By analyzing the metabolic pathways of these differentially expressed genes, we found that these differentially expressed genes were enriched in the metabolic pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism and so on. We focused on the analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis related pathways. Among them, the expression levels of enzyme genes CcIFS, CcCHI and CcCHS in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway had considerably higher expression levels. By counting the number of transcription factors and the binding sites on the promoter of the enzyme gene, we screened the transcription factors CcMYB62 and CcbHLH35 related to flavonoid metabolism. Among them, CcMYB62 has a higher expression level than the others. The hairy root transgene showed that CcMYB62 could induce the upregulation of CcCHI, and promote the accumulation of naringenin, genistein and biochanin A. Our study revealed the molecular mechanism of naringenin regulating flavonoid biosynthesis under salt stress in pigeon pea, and provided an idea for the role of flavonoids in plant resistance to abiotic stresses.

Genistein Protects against Acetaldehyde-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepatocyte Injury in Chronic Alcohol-Fed Mice

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is one of the most prevalent forms of liver disease in the world. Acetaldehyde, an intermediate product of alcohol catabolism, is a cause of liver injury caused by alcohol. This study was designed to evaluate the protective role and mechanism(s) of genistein against acetaldehyde-induced liver injury in the pathological process of ALD. We found that genistein administration significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, injury, and inflammation in mice. Genistein supplementation markedly reversed hepatic oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hepatocellular apoptosis in both alcohol-fed mice liver and acetaldehyde-treated hepatocytes. The mechanistic experiments revealed that the restoration of genistein administration rescued heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) reduction at both transcriptional and protein levels in either alcohol-fed mice liver or acetaldehyde-treated hepatocytes, and the beneficial aspects derived from genistein were abolished in antioxidase heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-deficient hepatocytes. Moreover, we confirmed that genistein administration-restored hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a key transcriptional regulator of HO-1, was involved in the protective role of genistein in ALD. This study demonstrated that genistein ameliorated acetaldehyde-induced oxidative stress and liver injury by restoring the hepatic NRF2-HO-1 signaling pathway in response to chronic alcohol consumption. Therefore, genistein may serve as a potential therapeutic choice for the treatment of ALD.

Genistein activated SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway mediated by ERβ-FOXO1-Nampt to reduce fat accumulation in chicken hepatocytes

Excessive fat accumulation in broiler chickens would seriously threaten the poultry industry. It leads to lower feed conversion rate and worse meat quality. Even worse, it harms the consumers' health due to the intake of high-fat chicken products. Dietary supplements with bioactive ingredients have been considered an effective way to solve this problem. Genistein is the primary phytoestrogen in soybean. Its fat-reduction effect has been reported, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. The present study found that genistein reduced lipid droplets accumulation by regulating lipid metabolism-related factors expression in chicken hepatocytes. The research showed that genistein significantly increased phosphor (p)-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expressions. The effect of genistein on reducing lipid droplets accumulation and upregulating p-AMPK protein level was blocked entirely when pretreated with SIRT1 inhibitor. These results implied that SIRT1 is required to activate AMPK. Furthermore, genistein treatment significantly upregulated the SIRT1 protein level when pretreated with AMPK inhibitor. We demonstrated that the activation of estrogen receptor β-Forkhead box O1-Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (ERβ-FOXO1-Nampt) signaling pathway upregulated the NAD⁺ concentration in hepatocytes, and activated SIRT1 ultimately. In summary, we demonstrated that genistein suppressed lipid droplets accumulation in chicken hepatocytes by activating SIRT1-AMPK. The SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway was mediated by ERβ-FOXO1-Nampt. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms of genistein on fat reduction, and provide compelling evidence for it as a nutritional supplement to prevent excessive fat deposition and lipid metabolism-related diseases in animals and even humans.

Genistein attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via ADORA2A pathway

BACKGROUND

Studies have shown oxidative stress and apoptosis are the main pathogenic mechanisms of renal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI). Genistein, a polyphenolic non-steroidal compound, has been extensively explored in oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Our research aims to reveal the potential role of genistein on renal IRI and its potential molecular mechanism both in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

In vivo experiments, mice were pretreated with or without genistein. Renal pathological changes and function, cell proliferation, oxidative stress and apoptosis were measured. In vitro experiments, overexpression of ADORA2A and knockout of ADORA2A cells were constructed. Cells proliferation, oxidative stress and apoptosis were analyzed.

RESULTS

Our results in vivo showed that the renal damage induced by IR was ameliorated by genistein pretreatment. Moreover, ADORA2A was activated by genistein, along with inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The results in vitro showed that genistein pretreatment and ADORA2A overexpression reversed the increase of apoptosis and oxidative stress in NRK-52E cells induced by H/R, while the knockdown of ADORA2A partially weakened this reversal from genistein treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that genistein have a protective effect against renal IRI by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via activating ADORA2A, presenting its potential use for the treatment of renal IRI.

Gastroprotective effects of Caragana ambigua stocks on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats supported by LC-MS/MS characterization of formononetin and biochanin A

BACKGROUND

Caragana ambigua has been the part of the dietary routines of the regional people in south-west Pakistan and has traditionally been used for the treatment of diabetes there. There is an increased production of reactive oxygen species in diabetics, leading to gastrointestinal disorders. Natural antioxidants exhibit gastroprotective effects owing to their free-radical scavenging action. C. ambigua possesses appreciable phenolic and flavonoid content; thus, it has the potential to protect against gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. gastric ulcer).

RESULTS

This study reports the anti-ulcer potential of C. ambigua. Four different fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous) of plant were compared against omeprazole. Ulcer index, ulcer inhibition percentage, gastric pH and volume, total acidity, gastric protein, gastric wall mucus, and histopathology of gastric walls of rats were assessed. All fractions exhibited a reduction in ulcer index and promotion of percentage of ulcer inhibition compared with the ulcer control group. Furthermore, the fractions revealed a significant (P < 0.001) diminution in gastric volume and total acidity with an increase in pH. Among the fractions investigated, the chloroform fraction unveiled the most promising anti-ulcer activity, which is comparable to omeprazole. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry screening of fractions revealed the presence of formononetin and biochanin A (isoflavones reported to have anti-ulcer properties) in the chloroform fraction.

CONCLUSION

This study establishes that C. ambigua possesses significant potential in reducing gastric ulcer progression. Formononetin and biochanin A are chiefly responsible for the stated bioactivity due to the fact that these compounds were solely present in the chloroform fraction. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator contribute to the transepithelial calcium transport across intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as a neurocrine factor released by enteric neurons has been postulated to participate in the regulation of transcellular active calcium transport across intestinal epithelium, but the preceding evidence is scant and inconclusive. Herein, transepithelial calcium flux and epithelial electrical parameters were determined by Ussing chamber technique with radioactive tracer in the intestinal epithelium-like Caco-2 monolayer grown on Snapwell. After 3-day culture, Caco-2 cells expressed mRNA of calcium transporters, i.e., TRPV6, calbindin-D_9k, PMCA_1b and NCX1, and exhibited transepithelial resistance of ~200 Ω cm², a characteristic of leaky epithelium similar to the small intestine. VIP receptor agonist was able to enhance transcellular calcium flux, whereas VIP receptor antagonist totally abolished calcium fluxes induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃]. Since the intestinal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) could be activated by VIP and calciotropic hormones, particularly parathyroid hormone, we sought to determine whether CFTR also contributed to the 1,25(OH)₂D₃-induced calcium transport. A selective CFTR inhibitor (20–200 μM CFTR_inh-172) appeared to diminish calcium fluxes as well as transepithelial potential difference and short-circuit current, both of which indicated a decrease in electrogenic ion transport. On the other hand, 50 μM genistein—a molecule that could rapidly activate CFTR—was found to increase calcium transport. Our in silico molecular docking analysis confirmed direct binding of CFTR_inh-172 and genistein to CFTR channels. In conclusion, VIP and CFTR apparently contributed to the intestinal calcium transport, especially in the presence of 1,25(OH)₂D₃, thereby supporting the existence of the neurocrine control of intestinal calcium absorption.

Genistein Modified with 8-Prenyl Group Suppresses Osteoclast Activity Directly via Its Prototype but Not Metabolite by Gut Microbiota

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a significant threat to human health globally. Genistein, a soy-derived isoflavone, is regarded as a promising anti-osteoporosis drug with the effects of promoting osteoblastogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis. However, its oral bioavailability (6.8%) is limited by water solubility, intestinal permeability, and biotransformation. Fortunately, 8-prenelylated genistein (8PG), a derivative of genistein found in Erythrina Variegate, presented excellent predicted oral bioavailability (51.64%) with an improved osteoblastogenesis effect, although its effects on osteoclastogenesis and intestinal biotransformation were still unclear. In this study, an in vitro microbial transformation platform and UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis method were developed to explore the functional metabolites of 8PG. RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells were utilized to evaluate the effects of 8PG on osteoclastogenesis. Our results showed that genistein was transformed into dihydrogenistein and 5-hydroxy equol, while 8PG metabolites were undetectable under the same conditions. The 8PG (10^-6 M) was more potent in inhibiting osteoclastogenesis than genistein (10^-5 M) and it down-regulated NFATC1, cSRC, MMP-9 and Cathepsin K. It was concluded that 8-prenyl plays an important role in influencing the osteoclast activity and intestinal biotransformation of 8PG, which provides evidence supporting the further development of 8PG as a good anti-osteoporosis agent.

Selenium increases photosynthetic capacity, daidzein biosynthesis, nodulation and yield of peanuts plants (Arachis hypogaea L.)

This study aimed to investigate the roles of selenium (Se) application on the profile of photosynthetic pigments, oxidant metabolism, flavonoids biosynthesis, nodulation, and its relation to agronomic traits of peanut plants. Two independent experiments were carried out: one conducted in soil and the other in a nutrient solution. When the plants reached the V2 growth stage, five Se doses (0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 45 μg kg^-1) and four Se concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15 μmol L^-1) were supplied as sodium selenate. The concentration of photosynthetic pigments, activity of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of total sugars in peanut leaves increased in response to Se fertilization. In addition, Se improves nitrogen assimilation efficiency by increasing nitrate reductase activity which results in a higher concentration of ureides, amino acids and proteins. Se increases the synthesis of daidzein and genistein in the root, resulting in a greater number of nodules and concentration and transport of ureides to the leaves. Se-treated plants showed greater growth, biomass accumulation in shoots and roots, yield and Se concentration in leaves and grains. Our results contribute to food security and also to increase knowledge about the effects of Se on physiology, biochemistry and biological nitrogen fixation in legume plants.

Novel silkworm (Bombyx mori) sulfotransferase swSULT ST3 is involved in metabolism of polyphenols from mulberry leaves

Polyphenols in plants are important for defense responses against microorganisms, insect herbivory, and control of feeding. Owing to their antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, their importance in human nutrition has been acknowledged. However, metabolism of polyphenols derived from mulberry leaves in silkworms (Bombyx mori) remains unclear. Sulfotransferases (SULT) are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the metabolic mechanism of polyphenols mediated by B. mori SULT. Here, we identified a novel SULT in silkworms (herein, swSULT ST3). Recombinant swSULT ST3 overexpressed in Escherichia coli effectively sulfated polyphenols present in mulberry leaves. swSULT ST3 showed high specific activity toward genistein among the polyphenols. Genistein-7-sulfate was produced by the activity of swSULT ST3. Higher expression of swSULT ST3 mRNA was observed in the midgut and fat body than in the hemocytes, testis, ovary, and silk gland. Polyphenols inhibited the aldo-keto reductase detoxification of reactive aldehydes from mulberry leaves, and the most noticeable inhibition was observed with genistein. Our results suggest that swSULT ST3 plays a role in the detoxification of polyphenols, including genistein, and contributes to the effects of aldo-keto reductase in the midgut of silkworms. This study provides new insight into the functions of SULTs and the molecular mechanism responsible for host plant selection in lepidopteran insects.

Exogenous genistein enhances soybean resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines

BACKGROUND

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) is the causal agent of bacterial pustule disease and results in enormous losses in soybean production. Although isoflavones are known to be involved in soybean resistance against pathogen infection, the effects of exogenous isoflavones on soybean plants remain unexplored.

RESULTS

Irrigation of soybean plants with isoflavone genistein inhibited plant growth for short periods, probably by inhibiting the tyrosine (brassinosteroids) kinase pathway, and increased disease resistance against Xag. The number of lesions was reduced by 59%-63% when applying 50 μg ml-1 genistein. The effects on disease resistance were observed for 15 days after treatment. Genistein also enhanced the disease resistance of soybean against the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Exogenous genistein increased antioxidant capacity, decreased H2 O2 level and promoted the accumulation of phenolics in Xag-infected soybean leaves. Exogenous genistein reduced the amounts of endogenous daidzein, genistein and glycitein and increased the concentration of genistin, which was found to show strong antibacterial activity against the pathogen and to reduce the expression of virulence factor yapH, and flagella formation gene flgK. The expression of several soybean defense genes, such as chalcone isomerase, glutathione S-transferase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1, was upregulated after genistein treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of exogenous genistein on soybean plants were examined for the first time, revealing new insights into the roles of isoflavones in soybean defense and demonstrating that irrigation with genistein can be a suitable method to induce disease resistance in soybean plants. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Revealing potential functions of hypothetical proteins induced by genistein in the symbiosis island of Bradyrhizobium japonicum commercial strain SEMIA 5079 (= CPAC 15)

BACKGROUND

Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain SEMIA 5079 (= CPAC 15) is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of soybean broadly used in commercial inoculants in Brazil. Its genome has about 50% of hypothetical (HP) protein-coding genes, many in the symbiosis island, raising questions about their putative role on the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process. This study aimed to infer functional roles to 15 HP genes localized in the symbiosis island of SEMIA 5079, and to analyze their expression in the presence of a nod-gene inducer.

RESULTS

A workflow of bioinformatics tools/databases was established and allowed the functional annotation of the HP genes. Most were enzymes, including transferases in the biosynthetic pathways of cobalamin, amino acids and secondary metabolites that may help in saprophytic ability and stress tolerance, and hydrolases, that may be important for competitiveness, plant infection, and stress tolerance. Putative roles for other enzymes and transporters identified are discussed. Some HP proteins were specific to the genus Bradyrhizobium, others to specific host legumes, and the analysis of orthologues helped to predict roles in BNF.

CONCLUSIONS

All 15 HP genes were induced by genistein and high induction was confirmed in five of them, suggesting major roles in the BNF process.

Identification and characterization of unique 5-hydroxyisoflavonoid biosynthetic key enzyme genes in Lupinus albus

5-Hydroxyisoflavonoids, no 5-deoxyisoflavonoids, in Lupinus species, are due to lack of CHRs and Type II CHIs, and the key enzymes of isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway in white lupin were identified. White lupin (Lupinus albus) is used as food ingredients owing to rich protein, low starch, and rich bioactive compounds such as isoflavonoids. The isoflavonoids biosynthetic pathway in white lupin still remains unclear. In this study, only 5-hydroxyisoflavonoids, but no 5-deoxyisoflavonoids, were detected in white lupin and other Lupinus species. No 5-deoxyisoflavonoids in Lupinus species are due to lack of CHRs and Type II CHIs. We further found that the CHI gene cluster containing both Type I and Type II CHIs possibly arose after the divergence of Lupinus with other legume clade. LaCHI1 and LaCHI2 identified from white lupin metabolized naringenin chalcone to naringenin in yeast and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), and were bona fide Type I CHIs. We further identified two isoflavone synthases (LaIFS1 and LaIFS2), catalyzing flavanone naringenin into isoflavone genistein and also catalyzing liquiritigenin into daidzein in yeast and tobacco. In addition, LaG6DT1 and LaG6DT2 prenylated genistein at the C-6 position into wighteone. Two glucosyltransferases LaUGT1 and LaUGT2 metabolized genistein and wighteone into its 7-O-glucosides. Taken together, our study not only revealed that exclusive 5-hydroxyisoflavonoids do exist in Lupinus species, but also identified key enzymes in the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway in white lupin.

Effect of Genistein Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice Liver and Skeletal Muscle

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of oral high-dose genistein (GE) administration on exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and tissue damage. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into control group (Con; sedentary/0.5% CMC-Na), GE administrated group (GE; sedentary/GE dosed), exercise group (Ex; exercise/0.5% CMC-Na), or GE administrated plus exercise group (GE + Ex; exercise/GE dosed), mice in the GE and GE + Ex group were given GE orally at the dose of 200 mg/kg weight. Results: Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, liver interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression levels and skeletal muscle IL-6, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and HO-1 gene expression levels increased immediately after exhaustive exercise. GE supplementation increased liver protein carbonyl concentrations. On the other hand, GE supplementation significantly decreased SOD1, CAT gene expression levels in the liver and Nrf2, and HO-1 gene expression levels in the skeletal muscles. Conclusions: Acute exercise induced organ damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress in skeletal muscles and the liver. However, a single dose of GE supplementation before exercise did not lead to favorable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in this study.

A metabolomics approach to evaluate post-fermentation enhancement of daidzein and genistein in a green okara extract

BACKGROUND

Okara is a major agri-industrial by-product of the tofu and soymilk industries. Employing food-wastes as substrates for the green production of natural functional compounds is a recent trend that addresses the dual concepts of sustainable production and a zero-waste ecosystem.

RESULTS

Extracts of unfermented okara and okara fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus were obtained using ethanol as extraction solvent, coupled with ultrasound sonication for enhanced extraction. Fermented extracts yielded significantly better results for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) than unfermented extracts. A qualitative liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis revealed a shift from glucoside forms to respective aglycone forms of the detected isoflavones, post-fermentation. Since the aglycone forms have been associated with numerous health benefits, a quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed. Fermented okara extracts had daidzein and genistein concentrations of 11.782 ± 0.325 μg mL-1 and 10.125 ± 1.028 μg mL-1 , as opposed to that of 6.7 ± 2.42 μg mL-1 and 4.55 ± 0.316 μg mL-1 in raw okara extracts, respectively. Lastly, the detected isoflavones were mapped to their metabolic pathways, to understand the biochemical reactions triggered during the fermentation process.

CONCLUSION

Fermented okara may be implemented as a sustainable solution for production of natural bioactive isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Combination inhibition of triple-negative breast cancer cell growth with CD36 siRNA-loaded DNA nanoprism and genistein

Currently, a single treatment is less effective for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy. Additionally, there are some limitations to the use of siRNA alone as a new method to treat breast cancer, such as its effective delivery into cells. In this study, we proposed a strategy that combines a siRNA-loaded DNA nanostructure and genistein for TNBC therapy. Both CD36 siRNA-loaded self-assembled DNA nanoprisms (NP-siCD36) and genistein knocked down CD36, resulting in enhanced anticancer efficacy through phosphorylation of the p38 MAPK pathway.In vitrostudies showed that combination therapy could effectively enhance cell apoptosis and reduce cell proliferation, achieving an antitumor effect in TNBC cells. The current study suggests that NP-siCD36 combined with genistein might be a promising strategy for breast cancer and treatment.

Unique Biomarker Characteristics in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Identified by LC-MS-Based Metabolic Profiling

BACKGROUND

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of glucose intolerance disorder that first occurs during women's pregnancy. The main diagnostic method for GDM is based on the midpregnancy oral glucose tolerance test. The rise of metabolomics has expanded the opportunity to better identify early diagnostic biomarkers and explore possible pathogenesis.

METHODS

We collected blood serum from 34 GDM patients and 34 normal controls for a LC-MS-based metabolomics study.

RESULTS

184 metabolites were increased and 86 metabolites were decreased in the positive ion mode, and 65 metabolites were increased and 71 were decreased in the negative ion mode. Also, it was found that the unsaturated fatty acid metabolism was disordered in GDM. Ten metabolites with the most significant differences were selected for follow-up studies. Since the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of a single differential metabolite are not definitive, we combined these metabolites to prepare a ROC curve. We found a set of metabolite combination with the highest sensitivity and specificity, which included eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, and genistein. The area under the curves (AUC) value of those metabolites was 0.984 between the GDM and control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide a direction for the mechanism of GDM research and demonstrate the feasibility of developing a diagnostic test that can distinguish between GDM and normal controls clearly. Our findings were helpful to develop novel biomarkers for precision or personalized diagnosis for GDM. In addition, we provide a critical insight into the pathological and biological mechanisms for GDM.

The pigeon pea CcCIPK14-CcCBL1 pair positively modulates drought tolerance by enhancing flavonoid biosynthesis

Calcineurin B-like (CBL)-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play a central role in Ca²⁺ signalling and promote drought tolerance in plants. The CIPK gene family in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), a major food crop affected by drought, has not previously been characterised. Here, we identified 28 CIPK genes in the pigeon pea genome. Five CcCIPK genes were strongly upregulated in roots upon drought treatment and were selected for further characterisation. Overexpression of CcCIPK13 and CcCIPK14 increased survival rates by two- to three-fold relative to controls after 14 days of drought. Furthermore, the three major flavonoids, genistin, genistein and apigenin, were significantly upregulated in the same transgenic plants. Using CcCIPK14 as bait, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified six interactors, including CcCBL1. CcCIPK14 exhibited autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of CcCBL1 in vitro. CcCBL1-overexpressed plants displayed higher survival rates upon drought stress as well as higher expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid content. CcCIPK14-overexpressed plants in which CcCBL1 transcript levels were reduced by RNA interference had lower survival rates, which indicated CcCBL1 in the same pathway as CcCIPK14. Together, our results demonstrate a role for the CcCIPK14-CcCBL1 complex in drought stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in pigeon pea.

Enhancement of developmentally regulated daidzein secretion from soybean roots in field conditions as compared with hydroponic culture

Analyses of metabolite secretions by field-grown plants remain scarce. We analyzed daidzein secretion by field-grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was higher during early vegetative stages than reproductive stages, a trend that was also seen for hydroponically grown soybean. Daidzein secretion was up to 10 000-fold higher under field conditions than hydroponic conditions, leading to a more accurate simulation of rhizosphere daidzein content.

Isoflavone levels, nodulation and gene expression profiles of a CRISPR/Cas9 deletion mutant in the isoflavone synthase gene of red clover

Isoflavones are not involved in rhizobial signaling in red clover, but likely play a role in defense in the rhizosphere. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a high-quality forage legume, well suited for grazing and hay production in the temperate regions of the world. Like many legumes, red clover produces a number of phenylpropanoid compounds including anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, and isoflavones. The study of isoflavone biosynthesis and accumulation in legumes has come into the forefront of biomedical and agricultural research due to potential for medicinal, antimicrobial, and environmental implications. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out the function of a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of isoflavones, isoflavone synthase (IFS1). A hemizygous plant carrying a 9-bp deletion in the IFS1 gene was recovered and was intercrossed to obtain homozygous mutant plants. Levels of the isoflavones formononetin, biochanin A and genistein were significantly reduced in the mutant plants. Wild-type and mutant plants were inoculated with rhizobia to test the effect of the mutation on nodulation, but no significant differences were observed, suggesting that these isoflavones do not play important roles in nodulation. Gene expression profiling revealed an increase in expression of the upstream genes producing the precursors for IFS1, namely, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and chalcone synthase, but there were no significant differences in IFS1 gene expression or in the downstream genes in the production of specific isoflavones. Higher expression in genes involved in ethylene response was observed in the mutant plants. This response is normally associated with biotic stress, suggesting that the plants may have been responding to cues in the surrounding rhizosphere due to lower levels of isoflavones.

Delivery Mechanism of the Pharmaceutical Complex of Genistein-Adenine Based on Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling at Atomic Scale

Genistein (GS) exhibits various biological activities, but its clinical application is limited because of the low bioavailability. In this study, a GS-adenine pharmaceutical complex was prepared through solvent evaporation to improve the bioavailability of GS, and a molecular model of a two-component supramolecular pharmacological transport mechanism was established. The structure of GS-adenine was characterized, in addition, interaction patterns between GS and adenine were investigated using density functional theory. The results showed that the solubility of GS-adenine was five times higher than that of GS, and the cumulative release rate of GS-adenine was 86 %. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamic simulations showed that GS-adenine bound to the Sudlow's site I of HSA mainly through hydrophobic interactions. This study provides a useful reference for synthesizing pharmaceutical complexes to improve solubility and for exploring the mechanism of multiple pharmaceutical components in vivo.

Metabolic tracking of isoflavones in soybean products and biosamples from healthy adults after fermented soybean consumption

Fermentation may enhance the nutritional properties of foods by increasing metabolite bioactivity or bioavailability. This study explored the effect of fermentation on isoflavone bioavailability and metabolism. Isoflavone metabolites were tracked in foods and biospecimens of healthy adults after fermented soybean (FS) or non-fermented soybean (NFS) consumption in a randomized, controlled, crossover intervention study. The change in soybean isoflavones caused by fermentation resulted in faster absorption and higher bioavailability after consumption of FS. Although the urinary level of total isoflavone metabolites was similar after the consumption of the two diets, urinary genistein 7-O-sulfate was derived as a discriminant metabolite for the FS diet by partial least squares discriminant analysis. This study suggests that an isoflavone conjugate profile might be a more appropriate marker than total isoflavone levels for discriminating between the consumption of FS and NFS diets.

Bioconversion and bioaccessibility of isoflavones from sogurt during in vitro digestion

This study investigated the bioconversion and bioaccessibility of soy isoflavones produced in sogurt fermented with S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus during in vitro digestion. The highest survivability of S. thermophilus (6.49 log cfu/mL) and L. bulgaricus (6.48 log cfu/mL) was in oral phase. In gastric phase, the total aglycones of sogurt (26.73 g/L) increased up to 20 times than control (1.21 g/L), with a significant increase in daidzein (17.05 g/L) and genistein (9.68 g/L). Addition of 8U of β-glucosidase into soymilk significantly increased the conversion of isoflavone in ENTII (daidzein: 0.46 g/L; genistein: 0.18 g/L) than in ENTI (daidzein: 0.33 g/L; genistein: 0.20 g/L). The particle size analysis and confocal micrographs of digesta also suggest the size of fat and protein in gastric phase to be smaller than in intestinal phase. The results indicate the prospective to develop soy-based fermented products capable of releasing high isoflavone in the digestive system.

Dietary Genistein Reduces Methylglyoxal and Advanced Glycation End Product Accumulation in Obese Mice Treated with High-Fat Diet

Our previous study has found that dietary genistein could ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and especially lower methylglyoxal (MGO) and advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation in healthy mice exposed to genistein and HFD. However, it is still unclear whether dietary genistein intervention has a similar beneficial effect in obese mice. In this study, the mice were induced with obesity after being fed a HFD for nine weeks before being administered with two doses of genistein, 0.1% (G 0.1) and 0.2% (G 0.2), in the HFD for additional 19 weeks. After 19 week treatment, genistein supplementation reduced body and liver weights, plasma and liver MGO levels, and kidney AGE levels in mice. Mechanistically, genistein upregulated the expressions of glyoxalase I and II and aldose reductase to detoxify MGO, and genistein and its microbial metabolites, dihydrogenistein and 6'-hydroxy-O-demethylangolensin, were able to trap endogenous MGO via formation of MGO conjugates. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the antiobesity and antiglycation roles of dietary genistein in obese subjects.

Biotransformation of phytoestrogens from soy in enzymatically characterized liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon

Efficient aquaculture is depending on sustainable protein sources. The shortage in marine raw materials has initiated a shift to "green aquafeeds" based on staple ingredients such as soy and wheat. Plant-based diets entail new challenges regarding fish health, product quality and consumer risks due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants, natural toxins and bioactive compounds like phytoestrogens. Daidzein (DAI), genistein (GEN) and glycitein (GLY) are major soy isoflavones with considerable estrogenic activities, potentially interfering with the piscine endocrine system and affecting consumers after carry-over. In this context, information on isoflavone biotransformation in fish is crucial for risk evaluation. We have therefore isolated hepatic fractions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the most important species in Norwegian aquaculture, and used them to study isoflavone elimination and metabolite formation. The salmon liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes were characterized with respect to phase I cytochrome P450 (CYP) and phase II uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme activities using specific probe substrates, which allowed comparison to results in other species. DAI, GEN and GLY were effectively cleared by UGT. Based on the measurement of exact masses, fragmentation patterns, and retention times in liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, we preliminarily identified the 7-O-glucuronides as the main metabolites in salmon, possibly produced by UGT1A1 and UGT1A9-like activities. In contrast, the production of oxidative metabolites by CYP was insignificant. Under optimized assay conditions, only small amounts of mono-hydroxylated DAI were detectable. These findings suggested that bioaccumulation of phytoestrogens in farmed salmon and consumer risks from soy-containing aquafeeds are unlikely.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 as a New Potential Strain for Augmenting Biochemical and Nutritional Composition of Fermented Soybean

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a good source of natural antioxidants and commonly consumed as fermented products such as cheonggukjang, miso, tempeh, and sufu in Asian countries. The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of novel endophytic bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 as a starter for soybean fermentation. During fermentation, the cooked soybeans were inoculated with different concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) of B. amyloliquefaciens RWL-1. The changes in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, total phenolic contents, isoflavones (Daidzin, Genistin, Glycitin, Daidzein, Glycitein, and Genistein), amino acids (aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, cysteine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, and proline) composition, and minerals (calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, nickel, lead, arsenic, and zinc) were investigated. The level of antioxidants, total phenolic contents, isoflavones, and total amino acids were higher in fermented soybean inoculated with 1% B. amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 after 60 h of fermentation as compared to control, 3% and 5% B. amyloliquefaciens RWL-1. Additionally, fermented soybean inoculated with 5% B. amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 showed the highest values for mineral contents. Changes in antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds depended on the concentration of the strain used for fermentation. From these results, we conclude that fermented soybean has strong antioxidant activity, probably due to its increased total phenolic contents and aglycone isoflavone that resulted from fermentation. Such natural antioxidants could be used in drug and food industries and can be considered to alleviate oxidative stress.

Isoflavone accumulation and the metabolic gene expression in response to persistent UV-B irradiation in soybean sprouts

This study investigated the effects of persistent ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation on isoflavone accumulation in soybean sprouts. Three malonyl isoflavones were increased by UV-B. Malonylgenistin specifically accumulated upon UV-B exposure, whereas the other isoflavones were significantly increased under both dark conditions and UV-B exposure. The results of isoflavone accumulation to UV-B irradiation time were observed as following: acetyl glycitin rapidly increased and then gradually decreased; malonyl daidzin and malonyl genistin were highly accumulated within an intermediate period; genistein and daidzin were gradually maximized; daidzin, glycitin, genistein, and malonyl glycitin did not increase; and glycitin, acetyl daidzin, and acetyl genistin exhibited trace amounts. Transcriptional analysis of isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes demonstrated that most metabolic genes were highly activated in response to UV-B 24 and UV-B 36 treatments. In particular, it was found that GmCHS6, GmCHS7, and GmCHS8 genes among the eight known genes encoding chalcone synthase were specifically related to UV-B response.

Translating In Vitro Acrolein-Trapping Capacities of Tea Polyphenol and Soy Genistein to In Vivo Situation is Mediated by the Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Individual Polyphenols

SCOPE

Acrolein (ACR) is a highly toxic unsaturated aldehyde. Humans are both endogenously and exogenously exposed to ACR. Long-term exposure to ACR leads to various chronic diseases. Dietary polyphenols have been reported to be able to attenuate ACR-induced toxicity in vitro via formation of ACR-polyphenol conjugates. However, whether in vitro ACR-trapping abilities of polyphenols can be maintained under in vivo environments is still unknown.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Two most commonly consumed dietary polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from tea and genistein from soy, are evaluated for their anti-Acrolein behaviors both in vitro and in mice. Tea EGCG exerts a much higher capacity to capture ACR than soy genistein in vitro. But translation of in vitro anti-ACR activity into in vivo is mainly mediated by bioavailability and biotransformation of individual polyphenols. It is found that 1) both absorbed EGCG and genistein can trap endogenous ACR by forming mono-ACR adducts and eventually be excreted into mouse urine; 2) both absorbed EGCG and genistein can produce active metabolites, methyl-EGCG (MeEGCG) and orobol, to scavenge endogenous ACR; 3) both MeEGCG and non-absorbed EGCG show ability to trap ACR in the gut; 4) considerable amounts of microbial metabolites of genistein display enhanced anti-ACR capacity both in the body and in the gut, compared to genistein; and 5) biotransformation of genistein is able to boost its in vivo anti-ACR capacity, compared to EGCG.

CONCLUSION

The findings demonstrate that in vivo anti-ACR ability of dietary polyphenols cannot be reflected solely based on their in vitro ability. The bioavailability and biotransformation of individual polyphenols, and especially the gut microbiome, contribute to in vivo anti-ACR ability of dietary polyphenols.

Postnatal genistein administration selectively abolishes sexual dimorphism in specific hypothalamic dopaminergic system in mice

As demonstrated in previous studies, early postnatal genistein (GEN) administration to mice pups of both sexes, at doses similar to that of infant soy-based formulas, may affect the development of some steroid-sensitive neuronal circuits (i.e. nitrergic and vasopressinergic systems), causing irreversible alterations in adults. Here, we investigated the hypothalamic and mesencephalic dopaminergic system (identified with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry). GEN administration (50 mg/kg) to mice of both sexes during the first week of postnatal life specifically affected tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry in the hypothalamic subpopulation of neurons, abolishing their sexual dimorphism. On the contrary, we did not observe any effects in the mesencephalic groups. Due to the large involvement of dopamine in circuits controlling rodent sexual behavior and food intake, these results clearly indicate that the early postnatal administration of GEN may irreversibly alter the control of reproduction, of energetic metabolism, and other behaviors. These results suggest the need for a careful evaluation of the use of soy products in both human and animal newborns.

Comprehensive Study of the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of Dietary Isoflavone Biochanin A Based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

Biochanin A is a dietary isoflavone with multiple biological functions. Owing to a lack of comprehensive studies of biochanin A metabolism, this study was designed to further clarify the processes involved in biochanin A metabolism. In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was utilized to characterize the metabolism of biochanin A in vivo and in vitro. As a result, 43 metabolites in rats, 22 metabolites in liver microsomes, and 18 metabolites in intestinal flora were elucidated, and 5 metabolites were identified by comparison with standards. Oxidation, demethylation, hydrogenation, internal hydrolysis, conjugation (e.g., glucuronidation, sulfonation, glucose conjugation, methylation, and acetylation), and their composite reactions were determined to be major processes involved in biochanin A biotransformation. The results contribute to a better understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of biochanin A and provide a basis for comprehension of the safety and toxicity of biochanin A.

Protective effects of genistein on cytochrome P-450 and vitellogenin expression in liver of zebrafish after PCB-126 exposure

The objective of the research is to study the action of Vitellogenin and P-4501A1 following coexposure at different times to genistein and PCB-126 using zebrafish as a model system. Polychlorinated biphenyls are ubiquitous substances in environment. The genistein is a phytoestrogen extracted from soybeans and it's contained in food for humans and animals. For this study, 200 adult zebrafish were used. Our findings show a marked immunoreactivity of Vtg at 12h in liver than the control with only PCB-126. Regarding effects of PCB-126 on Vtg after pretreatment with genistein in fishes, the immunohistochemistry results show a minor increase at 12h. After 24h the immunoreactivity is lower than 12h and then slightly increased at 72h with only PCB-126 and PCB-126 and genistein together. CYP1A1 progressively increases from 12h to 72h in all groups with minor immunoreactivity when we treated fish with genistein and PCB-126. We show a reduction in the estrogenic effect when the fishes were treated with genistein and PCB-126 together at 12h than the group treated with only PCB-126. Moreover, low concentrations of genistein decrease the marked P450 expression induced by PCB-126. This shows that genistein decreases the expression of P450 target genes mediated by AhR.

Biological synthesis of genistein in Escherichia coli

Genistein is a type of isoflavonoid found predominantly in leguminous plants. Genistein has diverse biological activities, such as anthelmintic and antioxidant effects, as well as inhibitory effects on the growth of several cancers. In addition, genistein is well known as a phytoestrogen. In this study, we attempted to biologically synthesize genistein from either p-coumaric acid or naringenin using Escherichia coli as a biotransformation host. Four genes, Os4CL, PeCHS, RcIFS, and OsCPR, were used for genistein production. To functionally express RcIFS and OsCPR, two members of the cytochrome P450 family, in E. coli, the membrane-binding anchor domain of each gene was removed, and RcIFS and OsCPR were translationally fused to generate an RcIFS-OsCPR hybrid. Os4CL and PeCHS, or the RcIFS-OsCPR hybrid, were then transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3). Using these strains, we optimized our culture system at a laboratory scale in terms of the cell density, concentrations of substrate and isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside, temperature, and culture medium. Under the optimized culture conditions, genistein was produced at up to 35 mg/l and 18.6 mg/l using naringenin and p-coumaric acid, respectively.

Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function

Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones that have been linked with anti-inflammatory processes and various health benefits. However, specific mechanisms whereby soy bioactives impact immune cell subsets are unclear. Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are metabolized by microbes to bioactive metabolites as O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) and equol, whose presence has been linked to health benefits. We examined how soy isoflavones and metabolites impact natural killer (NK) cell signaling and function. We observe no impact of isoflavones on viability of healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or NK cells, even at high (25 µM) concentrations. However, pre-treatment of PBMCs with physiologically-relevant concentrations of genistein (p = 0.0023) and equol (p = 0.006) decreases interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production versus controls. Detailed cellular analyses indicate genistein and equol decrease IL-12/IL-18-induced IFN-γ production by human NK cell subsets, but do not consistently alter cytotoxicity. At the level of signal transduction, genistein decreases IL-12/IL-18-induced total phosphorylated tyrosine, and phosphorylation MAPK pathway components. Further, genistein limits IL-12/IL-18-mediated upregulation of IL-18Rα expression on NK cells (p = 0.0109). Finally, in vivo studies revealed that C57BL/6 mice fed a soy-enriched diet produce less plasma IFN-γ following administration of IL-12/IL-18 versus control-fed animals (p < 0.0001). This study provides insight into how dietary soy modulates NK cell functions.

Isoflavones

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring nonsteroidal phenolic plant compounds that, due to their molecular structure and size, resemble vertebrate steroids estrogens. This review is focused on plant flavonoids isoflavones, which are ranked among the most estrogenic compounds. The main dietary sources of isoflavones for humans are soybean and soybean products, which contain mainly daidzein and genistein. When they are consumed, they exert estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects. Isoflavones are considered chemoprotective and can be used as an alternative therapy for a wide range of hormonal disorders, including several cancer types, namely breast cancer and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, or menopausal symptoms. On the other hand, isoflavones may also be considered endocrine disruptors with possible negative influences on the state of health in a certain part of the population or on the environment. This review deals with isoflavone classification, structure, and occurrence, with their metabolism, biological, and health effects in humans and animals, and with their utilization and potential risks.

Bioconversion of fructus sophorae into 5,7,8,4'-tetrahydroxyis oflavone with Aspergillus aculeatus

A fungus identified as Aspergillus aculeatus was used to biotransform genistein and glycosides to polyhydroxylated isoflavones. The strain was identified on the basis of colony morphology features and ITS rDNA sequence analysis. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine its taxonomic status. Genistein and glycosides were transformed by Aspergillus aculeatus to 5,7,8,4’- tetrahydroxyisoflavone. The chemical structure of the product was identified by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC/MS), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and NMR spectrometer methods. The ITS rDNA sequence of the strain had 100% similarity with Aspergillus. Furthermore, it was ultimately identified as Aspergillus aculeatus. The metabolite of genistein and glycosides was identified as 5,7,8,4’-tetrahydroxyisoflavone. 120 mg 5,7,8,4’-tetrahydroxyisoflavone was made from 20 g fructus sophorae, which was bioconverted unconditionally by Aspergillus aculeatus for 96 h, and the purity was 96%. On the basis of the findings, Aspergillus aculeatus was a novel strain with specific ability to convert genistein and glycosides into 5,7,8,4’-tetrahydroxyisoflavone which had potential applications.