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Harris BHL, McCabe C, Shafique H, Lammy S, Tookman L, Flanagan J, Miron-Barroso S, Lythgoe M, Clark J, Walsh JL, Di Giovannantonio M, Krell J. Diversity of thought: public perceptions of genetic testing across ethnic groups in the UK. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:19-25. [PMID: 37907557 PMCID: PMC10774120 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic testing is becoming rapidly more accessible to the general populous either through or outside healthcare systems. Few large-scale studies have been carried out to gauge public opinion in this growing area. Here, we undertook the largest cross-sectional study on genetic testing in the UK. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the differences in attitudes toward genetic testing across ethnic groups. A cohort of 6500 individuals from a diverse population completed a 72-item survey in a cross-sectional study. Responses between ethnic minority and white individuals in the UK were compared using a wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-square tests. The white cohort was approximately twice as likely to have taken a genetic test and 13% more had heard about genetic testing before the survey. The ethnic minority cohort appeared more apprehensive about the impact of genetic testing on employability. This study highlights that in the UK, significant differences in opinions regarding genetic testing exist between white individuals and ethnic minority individuals. There is an urgent need to develop more inclusive strategies to equally inform individuals from all backgrounds to avoid disparities in the utilisation of genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H L Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- St Anne's College, 56 Woodstock Rd, Oxford, OX2 6HS, UK
| | | | - Hana Shafique
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Simon Lammy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Laura Tookman
- Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS trust, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - James Flanagan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Sofia Miron-Barroso
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Mark Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - James Clark
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | - Jason L Walsh
- Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS trust, London, W12 0HS, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
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Fertleman M, Pereira C, Dani M, Harris BHL, Di Giovannantonio M, Taylor-Robinson SD. Cytokine changes in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after emergency orthopaedic surgery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2221. [PMID: 35140282 PMCID: PMC8828833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after surgery and its contribution to peri-operative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is not well understood. Studying the association between central and peripheral cytokines and neuroinflammation is a prelude to the development of treatments for PND. Here, we investigate the hypotheses that there is a greater cytokine response in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than plasma after orthopaedic surgery, and that plasma cytokine levels are directly related to CSF cytokine levels, indicating that plasma cytokine levels may have potential as biomarkers of neuroinflammation. Patients admitted with a fractured neck of femur were invited to participate in this study. Participants had a spinal catheter inserted just prior to induction of anaesthesia. Samples of blood and CSF were taken before, immediately after, and on the first day following emergency surgery. The catheter was then removed. Samples were analysed for the presence of ten cytokines by immunoassay. A spinal catheter was successfully inserted in 11 participants during the 18-month study period. Five plasma cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13) rose significantly following surgery, whereas all ten CSF cytokines rose significantly (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IFN-γ and TNF-α) (adjusted-p < 0.05). Central (CSF) cytokine levels were consistently higher than their peripheral (plasma) counterparts after surgery, with some patients having a particularly marked neuroinflammatory response. The greatest increases occurred in IL-8 in CSF and IL-6 in plasma. There were significant, strong positive correlations between several of the measured cytokines in the CSF after surgery, but far fewer in plasma. There was no significant correlation between cytokine levels in the plasma and CSF at each of the three time points. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse paired samples of plasma and CSF for cytokine levels before and after emergency orthopaedic surgery. This study demonstrates that following surgery for a fractured neck of femur, there is a far greater rise in cytokines in the CSF compared to plasma. The lack of correlation between peripheral and central cytokines suggests measurement of peripheral cytokines are not necessarily related to which patients may have a large neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fertleman
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Christopher Pereira
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Melanie Dani
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin H L Harris
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Pereira C, Harris BHL, Di Giovannantonio M, Rosadas C, Short CE, Quinlan R, Sureda-Vives M, Fernandez N, Day-Weber I, Khan M, Marchesin F, Katsanovskaja K, Parker E, Taylor GP, Tedder RS, McClure MO, Dani M, Fertleman M. The Association Between Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Healthcare Workers. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1671-1676. [PMID: 33675366 PMCID: PMC7989400 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently unknown how post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) may affect those infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This longitudinal study includes healthcare staff who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between March and April 2020, with follow-up of their antibody titers and symptoms. More than half (21 of 38) had PCS after 7–8 months. There was no statistically significant difference between initial reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction titers or serial antibody levels between those who did and those who did not develop PCS. This study highlights the relative commonality of PCS in healthcare workers and this should be considered in vaccination scheduling and workforce planning to allow adequate frontline staffing numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pereira
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,The Wellington Hospital, Circus Road, St John's Wood, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H L Harris
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Wellington Hospital, Circus Road, St John's Wood, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Rosadas
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte-Eve Short
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Quinlan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Macià Sureda-Vives
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Day-Weber
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Marchesin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia Katsanovskaja
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myra O McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Dani
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Fertleman
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Di Giovannantonio M, Harris BH, Zhang P, Kitchen-Smith I, Xiong L, Sahgal N, Stracquadanio G, Wallace M, Blagden S, Lord S, Harris D, Harris AHL, Buffa FM, Bond GL. Heritable genetic variants in key cancer genes link cancer risk with anthropometric traits. J Med Genet 2021; 58:392-399. [PMID: 32591342 PMCID: PMC8142426 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Height and other anthropometric measures are consistently found to associate with differential cancer risk. However, both genetic and mechanistic insights into these epidemiological associations are notably lacking. Conversely, inherited genetic variants in tumour suppressors and oncogenes increase cancer risk, but little is known about their influence on anthropometric traits. METHODS By integrating inherited and somatic cancer genetic data from the Genome-Wide Association Study Catalog, expression Quantitative Trait Loci databases and the Cancer Gene Census, we identify SNPs that associate with different cancer types and differential gene expression in at least one tissue type, and explore the potential pleiotropic associations of these SNPs with anthropometric traits through SNP-wise association in a cohort of 500,000 individuals. RESULTS We identify three regulatory SNPs for three important cancer genes, FANCA, MAP3K1 and TP53 that associate with both anthropometric traits and cancer risk. Of particular interest, we identify a previously unrecognised strong association between the rs78378222[C] SNP in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TP53 and both increased risk for developing non-melanomatous skin cancer (OR=1.36 (95% 1.31 to 1.41), adjusted p=7.62E-63), brain malignancy (OR=3.12 (2.22 to 4.37), adjusted p=1.43E-12) and increased standing height (adjusted p=2.18E-24, beta=0.073±0.007), lean body mass (adjusted p=8.34E-37, beta=0.073±0.005) and basal metabolic rate (adjusted p=1.13E-31, beta=0.076±0.006), thus offering a novel genetic link between these anthropometric traits and cancer risk. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate that heritable variants in key cancer genes can associate with both differential cancer risk and anthropometric traits in the general population, thereby lending support for a genetic basis for linking these human phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Computational Biology & Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin Hl Harris
- Computational Biology & Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ping Zhang
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isaac Kitchen-Smith
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lingyun Xiong
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha Sahgal
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni Stracquadanio
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marsha Wallace
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Blagden
- Cancer Therapeutics and mRNA Dysregulation, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Lord
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oncology, Medical Siences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Harris
- St Anne's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian H L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Computational Biology & Integrative Genomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Medical Science Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gareth L Bond
- Ludwig Cancer Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Harris BHL, Zuhair M, Di Giovannantonio M, Rosadas C, Khan M, Short CE, Thaventhiran T, Quinlan R, Taylor A, Calvez R, Taylor GP, Tedder RS, McClure MO, Fertleman M. Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in a Rehabilitation Facility: Evolution of the Presence of Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 and Serological Antibody Responses. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:192-196. [PMID: 33535238 PMCID: PMC7665566 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At the start of the UK coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, this rare point prevalence study revealed that one-third of patients (15 of 45) in a London inpatient rehabilitation unit were found to be infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but asymptomatic. We report on 8 patients in detail, including their clinical stability, the evolution of their nasopharyngeal viral reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) burden, and their antibody levels over time, revealing the infection dynamics by RT-PCR and serology during the acute phase. Notably, a novel serological test for antibodies against the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 showed that 100% of our asymptomatic cohort remained seropositive 3-6 weeks after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H L Harris
- The Wellington Hospital, Circus Road, St John’s Wood, London, United Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Zuhair
- The Wellington Hospital, Circus Road, St John’s Wood, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Rosadas
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte-Eve Short
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thilipan Thaventhiran
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Quinlan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Micropathology, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Calvez
- Micropathology, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myra O McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Fertleman
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Surakhy M, Wallace M, Bond E, Grochola LF, Perez H, Di Giovannantonio M, Zhang P, Malkin D, Carter H, Parise IZS, Zambetti G, Komechen H, Paraizo MM, Pagadala MS, Pinto EM, Lalli E, Figueiredo BC, Bond GL. A common polymorphism in the retinoic acid pathway modifies adrenocortical carcinoma age-dependent incidence. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1231-1241. [PMID: 32147670 PMCID: PMC7156685 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have enriched the fields of genomics and drug development. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with a bimodal age distribution and inadequate treatment options. Paediatric ACC is frequently associated with TP53 mutations, with particularly high incidence in Southern Brazil due to the TP53 p.R337H (R337H) germline mutation. The heterogeneous risk among carriers suggests other genetic modifiers could exist. METHODS We analysed clinical, genotype and gene expression data derived from paediatric ACC, R337H carriers, and adult ACC patients. We restricted our analyses to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified in GWASs to associate with disease or human traits. RESULTS A SNP, rs971074, in the alcohol dehydrogenase 7 gene significantly and reproducibly associated with allelic differences in ACC age-of-onset in both cohorts. Patients homozygous for the minor allele were diagnosed up to 16 years earlier. This SNP resides in a gene involved in the retinoic acid (RA) pathway and patients with differing levels of RA pathway gene expression in their tumours associate with differential ACC progression. CONCLUSIONS These results identify a novel genetic component to ACC development that resides in the retinoic acid pathway, thereby informing strategies to develop management, preventive and therapeutic treatments for ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirvat Surakhy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marsha Wallace
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisabeth Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukasz Filip Grochola
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Husein Perez
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ping Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Ivy Zortea S Parise
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gerard Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heloisa Komechen
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Paraizo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Meghana S Pagadala
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Emilia M Pinto
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, Université Côte D'Azur, Inserm, Valbonne, France
| | - Bonald C Figueiredo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil. .,Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. .,Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gareth L Bond
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Di Toro A, Giuliani L, Favalli V, Di Giovannantonio M, Smirnova A, Grasso M, Arbustini E. Genetics and clinics: current applications, limitations, and future developments. Eur Heart J Suppl 2019; 21:B7-B14. [PMID: 30948934 PMCID: PMC6439893 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Toro
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Giuliani
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Di Giovannantonio
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alexandra Smirnova
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizia Grasso
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eloisa Arbustini
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, IRCCS Foundation University Hospital Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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