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Beaurepaire A, Piot N, Doublet V, Antunez K, Campbell E, Chantawannakul P, Chejanovsky N, Gajda A, Heerman M, Panziera D, Smagghe G, Yañez O, de Miranda JR, Dalmon A. Diversity and Global Distribution of Viruses of the Western Honey Bee, Apis mellifera. Insects 2020; 11:E239. [PMID: 32290327 PMCID: PMC7240362 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the past centuries, viruses have benefited from globalization to spread across the globe, infecting new host species and populations. A growing number of viruses have been documented in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Several of these contribute significantly to honey bee colony losses. This review synthetizes the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of honey-bee-infecting viruses, including recent data from high-throughput sequencing (HTS). After presenting the diversity of viruses and their corresponding symptoms, we surveyed the scientific literature for the prevalence of these pathogens across the globe. The geographical distribution shows that the most prevalent viruses (deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus and acute paralysis complex) are also the most widely distributed. We discuss the ecological drivers that influence the distribution of these pathogens in worldwide honey bee populations. Besides the natural transmission routes and the resulting temporal dynamics, global trade contributes to their dissemination. As recent evidence shows that these viruses are often multihost pathogens, their spread is a risk for both the beekeeping industry and the pollination services provided by managed and wild pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Beaurepaire
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland;
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
- UR Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Niels Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Vincent Doublet
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, 86069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Karina Antunez
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Ewan Campbell
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Tel Aviv 5025001, Israel;
| | - Anna Gajda
- Laboratory of Bee Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Delphine Panziera
- Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (N.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3003 Bern, Switzerland;
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim R. de Miranda
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750-07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anne Dalmon
- UR Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France;
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Li Z, Yu T, Chen Y, Heerman M, He J, Huang J, Nie H, Su S. Brain transcriptome of honey bees (Apis mellifera) exhibiting impaired olfactory learning induced by a sublethal dose of imidacloprid. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 156:36-43. [PMID: 31027579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Declines in honey bee populations represent a worldwide concern. The widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides has been one of the factors linked to these declines. Sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid, has been reported to cause olfactory learning deficits in honey bees via impairment of the target organ, the brain. In the present study, olfactory learning of honey bees was compared between controls and imidacloprid-treated bees. The brains of imidacloprid-treated and control bees were used for comparative transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq to elucidate the effects of imidacloprid on honey bee learning capacity. The results showed that the learning performance of imidacloprid-treated bees was significantly impaired in comparison with control bees after chronic oral exposure to imidacloprid (0.02 ng/μl) for 11 days. Gene expression profiles between imidacloprid treatment and the control revealed that 131 genes were differentially expressed, of which 130 were downregulated in imidacloprid-treated bees. Validation of the RNA-Seq data using qRT-PCR showed that the results of qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq exhibited a high level of agreement. Gene ontology annotation indicated that the oxidation-reduction imbalance might exist in the brain of honey bees due to oxidative stress induced by imidacloprid exposure. KEGG and ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that transient receptor potential and Arrestin 2 in the phototransduction pathway were significantly downregulated in imidacloprid-treated bees, and that five downregulated genes have causal effects on behavioral response inhibition in imidacloprid-treated bees. Our results suggest that downregulation of brain genes involved in immune, detoxification and chemosensory responses may result in decreased olfactory learning capabilities in imidacloprid-treated bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- College of Bee Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Tiantian Yu
- College of Bee Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Matthew Heerman
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jingfang He
- College of Bee Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jingnan Huang
- College of Bee Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hongyi Nie
- College of Bee Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Songkun Su
- College of Bee Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
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Li J, Wang T, Evans JD, Rose R, Zhao Y, Li Z, Li J, Huang S, Heerman M, Rodríguez-García C, Banmekea O, Brister JR, Hatcher EL, Cao L, Hamilton M, Chen Y. The Phylogeny and Pathogenesis of Sacbrood Virus (SBV) Infection in European Honey Bees, Apis mellifera. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010061. [PMID: 30646581 PMCID: PMC6357158 DOI: 10.3390/v11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses that contain single-stranded RNA genomes of positive sense make up the largest group of pathogens infecting honey bees. Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most widely distributed honey bee viruses and infects the larvae of honey bees, resulting in failure to pupate and death. Among all of the viruses infecting honey bees, SBV has the greatest number of complete genomes isolated from both European honey bees Apis mellifera and Asian honey bees A. cerana worldwide. To enhance our understanding of the evolution and pathogenicity of SBV, in this study, we present the first report of whole genome sequences of two U.S. strains of SBV. The complete genome sequences of the two U.S. SBV strains were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers: MG545286.1 and MG545287.1. Both SBV strains show the typical genomic features of the Iflaviridae family. The phylogenetic analysis of the single polyprotein coding region of the U.S. strains, and other GenBank SBV submissions revealed that SBV strains split into two distinct lineages, possibly reflecting host affiliation. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 5′UTR revealed a monophyletic clade with the deep parts of the tree occupied by SBV strains from both A. cerane and A. mellifera, and the tips of branches of the tree occupied by SBV strains from A. mellifera. The study of the cold stress on the pathogenesis of the SBV infection showed that cold stress could have profound effects on sacbrood disease severity manifested by increased mortality of infected larvae. This result suggests that the high prevalence of sacbrood disease in early spring may be due to the fluctuating temperatures during the season. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the evolution and pathogenesis of SBV infection in honey bees, and have important epidemiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Li
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Tingyun Wang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Robyn Rose
- USDA APHIS, National Program Manager for Honey Bee Health, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA.
| | - Yazhou Zhao
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhiguo Li
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jilian Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shaokang Huang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Matthew Heerman
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-García
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental, IRIAF, Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 19180 Marchamalo, Spain.
| | - Olubukola Banmekea
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Eneida L Hatcher
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Lianfei Cao
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Michele Hamilton
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Heerman M, Weng JL, Hurwitz I, Durvasula R, Ramalho-Ortigao M. Bacterial Infection and Immune Responses in Lutzomyia longipalpis Sand Fly Larvae Midgut. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003923. [PMID: 26154607 PMCID: PMC4495979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The midgut microbial community in insect vectors of disease is crucial for an effective immune response against infection with various human and animal pathogens. Depending on the aspects of their development, insects can acquire microbes present in soil, water, and plants. Sand flies are major vectors of leishmaniasis, and shown to harbor a wide variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Sand fly larval stages acquire microorganisms from the soil, and the abundance and distribution of these microorganisms may vary depending on the sand fly species or the breeding site. Here, we assess the distribution of two bacteria commonly found within the gut of sand flies, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus subtilis. We demonstrate that these bacteria are able to differentially infect the larval digestive tract, and regulate the immune response in sand fly larvae. Moreover, bacterial distribution, and likely the ability to colonize the gut, is driven, at least in part, by a gradient of pH present in the gut. Symbiotic microorganisms influence many aspects of the physiology of their hosts. In insects, symbiotic bacteria are able among other things to modulate the immune response and the development of the insect from larval stages to adult. Many bacteria first gain access to insect tissues, such as the gut, during larval development, and are acquired from the environment. Thus, depending on the insect ecology, aquatic vs. terrestrial, the bacterial gut flora found in insects can vary widely. Little is known about the events that follow bacterial infection in larval guts and the driving forces for colonization of the gut by such bacteria. We investigated the distribution of two bacteria, a Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and a Gram-negative (Pantoea agglomerans) fed to sand fly larvae. Our results indicate that bacteria distribution in the larval gut is driven by their ability to multiply at a given pH, as pH in the gut also varies. Gut distribution by these bacteria lead to an immune response that the sand fly larva is able to modulate according to the bacterial species. Our findings can influence development of paratransgenic approaches that utilize bacterial symbionts to control vector population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Heerman
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ju-Lin Weng
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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