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Pletzer M, Plasser F, Rimmele M, Heeney M, Glöcklhofer F. [2.2.2.2]Paracyclophanetetraenes (PCTs): cyclic structural analogues of poly( p‑phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs). Open Res Eur 2022; 1:111. [PMID: 37645175 PMCID: PMC10445936 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13723.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Poly( p-phenylene vinylene)s ( PPVs) and [2.2.2.2]paracyclophanetetraene ( PCT) are both composed of alternating π-conjugated para-phenylene and vinylene units. However, while the former constitute a class of π-conjugated polymers that has been used in organic electronics for decades, the latter is a macrocycle that only recently revealed its potential for applications such as organic battery electrodes. The cyclic structure endows PCT with unusual properties, and further tuning of these may be required for specific applications. Methods: In this article, we adopt an approach often used for tuning the properties of PPVs, the introduction of alkoxy (or alkylthio) substituents at the phenylene units, for tuning the optoelectronic properties of PCT. The resulting methoxy- and methylthio-substituted PCTs, obtained by Wittig cyclisation reactions, are studied by UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and cyclic voltammetry measurements, and investigated computationally using the visualisation of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) method. Results: The measurements show that substitution leads to slight changes in terms of absorption/emission energies and redox potentials while having a pronounced effect on the photoluminescence intensity. The computations show the effect of the substituents on the ring currents and chemical shielding and on the associated local and global (anti)aromaticity of the macrocycles, highlighting the interplay of local and global aromaticity in various electronic states. Conclusions: The study offers interesting insights into the tuneability of the properties of this versatile class of π-conjugated macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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Eder S, Yoo DJ, Nogala W, Pletzer M, Santana Bonilla A, White AJP, Jelfs KE, Heeney M, Choi JW, Glöcklhofer F. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High-Performance Organic Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12958-12964. [PMID: 32368821 PMCID: PMC7496320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic organic compounds can be used as electrode materials in rechargeable batteries and are expected to advance the development of both anode and cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, most aromatic organic compounds assessed as anode materials in SIBs to date exhibit significant degradation issues under fast-charge/discharge conditions and unsatisfying long-term cycling performance. Now, a molecular design concept is presented for improving the stability of organic compounds for battery electrodes. The molecular design of the investigated compound, [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane-1,9,17,25-tetraene (PCT), can stabilize the neutral state by local aromaticity and the doubly reduced state by global aromaticity, resulting in an anode material with extraordinarily stable cycling performance and outstanding performance under fast-charge/discharge conditions, demonstrating an exciting new path for the development of electrode materials for SIBs and other types of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dong-Joo Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Santana Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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Eder S, Yoo D, Nogala W, Pletzer M, Santana Bonilla A, White AJP, Jelfs KE, Heeney M, Choi JW, Glöcklhofer F. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High‐Performance Organic Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Dong‐Joo Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Alejandro Santana Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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