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Wust KL, Carayon P, Werner NE, Hoonakker PLT, Salwei ME, Rutkowski R, Barton HJ, Dail PVW, King B, Patterson BW, Pulia MS, Shah MN, Smith M. Older Adult Patients and Care Partners as Knowledge Brokers in Fragmented Health Care. Hum Factors 2024; 66:701-713. [PMID: 35549738 PMCID: PMC10402098 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221092847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe older adult patients' and care partners' knowledge broker roles during emergency department (ED) visits. BACKGROUND Older adult patients are vulnerable to communication and coordination challenges during an ED visit, which can be exacerbated by the time and resource constrained ED environment. Yet, as a constant throughout the patient journey, patients and care partners can act as an information conduit, or knowledge broker, between fragmented care systems to attain high-quality, safe care. METHODS Participants included 14 older adult patients (≥ 65 years old) and their care partners (e.g., spouse, adult child) who presented to the ED after having experienced a fall. Human factors researchers collected observation data from patients, care partners and clinician interactions during the patient's ED visit. We used an inductive content analysis to determine the role of patients and care partners as knowledge brokers. RESULTS We found that patients and care partners act as knowledge brokers by providing information about diagnostic testing, medications, the patient's health history, and care accommodations at the disposition location. Patients and care partners filled the role of knowledge broker proactively (i.e. offer information) and reactively (i.e. are asked to provide information by clinicians or staff), within-ED work system and across work systems (e.g., between the ED and hospital), and in anticipation of future knowledge brokering. CONCLUSION Patients and care partners, acting as knowledge brokers, often fill gaps in communication and participate in care coordination that assists in mitigating health care fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Megan E Salwei
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Salwei ME, Hoonakker P, Carayon P, Wiegmann D, Pulia M, Patterson BW. Usability of a Human Factors-based Clinical Decision Support in the Emergency Department: Lessons Learned for Design and Implementation. Hum Factors 2024; 66:647-657. [PMID: 35420923 PMCID: PMC9581441 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221078625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usability and use of human factors (HF)-based clinical decision support (CDS) implemented in the emergency department (ED). BACKGROUND Clinical decision support can improve patient safety; however, the acceptance and use of CDS has faced challenges. Following a human-centered design process, we designed a CDS to support pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis in the ED. We demonstrated high usability of the CDS during scenario-based usability testing. We implemented the HF-based CDS in one ED in December 2018. METHOD We conducted a survey of ED physicians to evaluate the usability and use of the HF-based CDS. We distributed the survey via Qualtrics, a web-based survey platform. We compared the computer system usability questionnaire scores of the CDS between those collected in the usability testing to use of the CDS in the real environment. We asked physicians about their acceptance and use of the CDS, barriers to using the CDS, and areas for improvement. RESULTS Forty-seven physicians (56%) completed the survey. Physicians agreed that diagnosing PE is a major problem and risk scores can support the PE diagnostic process. Usability of the CDS was reported as high, both in the experimental setting and the real clinical setting. However, use of the CDS was low. We identified several barriers to the CDS use in the clinical environment, in particular a lack of workflow integration. CONCLUSION Design of CDS should be a continuous process and focus on the technology's usability in the context of the broad work system and clinician workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter Hoonakker
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas Wiegmann
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Pulia
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian W. Patterson
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Militello LG, Salwei ME, Reale C, Sushereba C, Slagle JM, Gaba D, Weinger MB, Rask J, Faiman J, Andreae M, Burden AR, Anders S. Adapting Cognitive Task Analysis Methods for Use in a Large Sample Simulation Study of High-Risk Healthcare Events. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak 2023; 17:315-331. [PMID: 37941803 PMCID: PMC10630935 DOI: 10.1177/15553434231192283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive task analysis (CTA) methods are traditionally used to conduct small-sample, in-depth studies. In this case study, CTA methods were adapted for a large multi-site study in which 102 anesthesiologists worked through four different high-fidelity simulated high-consequence incidents. Cognitive interviews were used to elicit decision processes following each simulated incident. In this paper, we highlight three practical challenges that arose: (1) standardizing the interview techniques for use across a large, distributed team of diverse backgrounds; (2) developing effective training; and (3) developing a strategy to analyze the resulting large amount of qualitative data. We reflect on how we addressed these challenges by increasing standardization, developing focused training, overcoming social norms that hindered interview effectiveness, and conducting a staged analysis. We share findings from a preliminary analysis that provides early validation of the strategy employed. Analysis of a subset of 64 interview transcripts using a decompositional analysis approach suggests that interviewers successfully elicited descriptions of decision processes that varied due to the different challenges presented by the four simulated incidents. A holistic analysis of the same 64 transcripts revealed individual differences in how anesthesiologists interpreted and managed the same case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology & Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie Reale
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jason M Slagle
- Center for Immersive & Simulation-based Learning, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Gaba
- Patient Simulation Center, National Center for Collaborative Healthcare Innovation VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | - Matthew B Weinger
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology & Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John Rask
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Janelle Faiman
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Andreae
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Shilo Anders
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology & Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Duran HT, Kingeter M, Reale C, Weinger MB, Salwei ME. Decision-making in anesthesiology: will artificial intelligence make intraoperative care safer? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2023; 36:691-697. [PMID: 37865848 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article explores the impact of recent applications of artificial intelligence on clinical anesthesiologists' decision-making. RECENT FINDINGS Naturalistic decision-making, a rich research field that aims to understand how cognitive work is accomplished in complex environments, provides insight into anesthesiologists' decision processes. Due to the complexity of clinical work and limits of human decision-making (e.g. fatigue, distraction, and cognitive biases), attention on the role of artificial intelligence to support anesthesiologists' decision-making has grown. Artificial intelligence, a computer's ability to perform human-like cognitive functions, is increasingly used in anesthesiology. Examples include aiding in the prediction of intraoperative hypotension and postoperative complications, as well as enhancing structure localization for regional and neuraxial anesthesia through artificial intelligence integration with ultrasound. SUMMARY To fully realize the benefits of artificial intelligence in anesthesiology, several important considerations must be addressed, including its usability and workflow integration, appropriate level of trust placed on artificial intelligence, its impact on decision-making, the potential de-skilling of practitioners, and issues of accountability. Further research is needed to enhance anesthesiologists' clinical decision-making in collaboration with artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong-Tram Duran
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Carrie Reale
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Megan E Salwei
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Salwei ME, Ancker JS, Weinger MB. The decision aid is the easy part: workflow challenges of shared decision making in cancer care. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1271-1277. [PMID: 37421403 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivering high-quality, patient-centered cancer care remains a challenge. Both the National Academy of Medicine and the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommend shared decision making to improve patient-centered care, but widespread adoption of shared decision making into clinical care has been limited. Shared decision making is a process in which a patient and the patient's health-care professional weigh the risks and benefits of different options and come to a joint decision on the best course of action for that patient on the basis of their values, preferences, and goals for care. Patients who engage in shared decision making report higher quality of care, whereas patients who are less involved in these decisions have statistically significantly higher decisional regret and are less satisfied. Decision aids can improve shared decision making-for example, by eliciting patient values and preferences that can then be shared with clinicians and by providing patients with information that may influence their decisions. However, integrating decision aids into the workflows of routine care is challenging. In this commentary, we explore 3 workflow-related barriers to shared decision making: the who, when, and how of decision aid implementation in clinical practice. We introduce readers to human factors engineering and demonstrate its potential value to decision aid design through a case study of breast cancer surgical treatment decision making. By better employing the methods and principles of human factors engineering, we can improve decision aid integration, shared decision making, and ultimately patient-centered cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica S Ancker
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew B Weinger
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Hoonakker PLT, Carayon P, Brown RL, Schwei R, Green RK, Rabas M, Hoang L, Wust KL, Rutkowski R, Salwei ME, Barton HJ, Shah MN, Pulia MS, Patterson BW, Dail PVW, Krause S, Buckley D, Hankwitz J, Werner NE. Satisfaction of Older Patients With Emergency Department Care: Psychometric Properties and Construct Validity of the Consumer Emergency Care Satisfaction Scale. J Nurs Care Qual 2023; 38:256-263. [PMID: 36827689 PMCID: PMC10205653 DOI: 10.1097/ncq.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of quality of care, but its measurement remains challenging. The Consumer Emergency Care Satisfaction Scale (CECSS) was developed to measure patient satisfaction in the emergency department (ED). Although this is a valid and reliable tool, several aspects of the CECSS need to be improved, including the definition, dimension, and scoring of scales. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of the CECSS and make suggestions on how to improve the tool to measure overall satisfaction with ED care. METHODS We administered 2 surveys to older adults who presented with a fall to the ED and used electronic health record data to examine construct validity of the CECSS and ceiling effects. RESULTS Using several criteria, we improved construct validity of the CECSS, reduced ceiling effects, and standardized scoring. CONCLUSION We addressed several methodological issues with the CECSS and provided recommendations for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L T Hoonakker
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering (Dr Carayon), Wisconsin Institute for Health System Engineering (WHISE) (Drs Hoonakker and Rutkowski and Mss Wust and Barton), School of Nursing (Dr Brown and Ms Krause), and Department of Emergency Medicine (Mss Buckley and Hankwitz), School of Medicine and Public Health (Mss Schwei, Green, Rabas, and Hoang and Drs Shah, Pulia, and Patterson), University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dr Dail); Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety (CRISS), Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Salwei); and Department of Health and Wellness Design, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington (Dr Werner)
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Reale C, Salwei ME, Militello LG, Weinger MB, Burden A, Sushereba C, Torsher LC, Andreae MH, Gaba DM, McIvor WR, Banerjee A, Slagle J, Anders S. Decision-Making During High-Risk Events: A Systematic Literature Review. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak 2023; 17:188-212. [PMID: 37823061 PMCID: PMC10564111 DOI: 10.1177/15553434221147415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Effective decision-making in crisis events is challenging due to time pressure, uncertainty, and dynamic decisional environments. We conducted a systematic literature review in PubMed and PsycINFO, identifying 32 empiric research papers that examine how trained professionals make naturalistic decisions under pressure. We used structured qualitative analysis methods to extract key themes. The studies explored different aspects of decision-making across multiple domains. The majority (19) focused on healthcare; military, fire and rescue, oil installation, and aviation domains were also represented. We found appreciable variability in research focus, methodology, and decision-making descriptions. We identified five main themes: (1) decision-making strategy, (2) time pressure, (3) stress, (4) uncertainty, and (5) errors. Recognition-primed decision-making (RPD) strategies were reported in all studies that analyzed this aspect. Analytical strategies were also prominent, appearing more frequently in contexts with less time pressure and explicit training to generate multiple explanations. Practitioner experience, time pressure, stress, and uncertainty were major influencing factors. Professionals must adapt to the time available, types of uncertainty, and individual skills when making decisions in high-risk situations. Improved understanding of these decisional factors can inform evidence-based enhancements to training, technology, and process design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Reale
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Megan E Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Weinger
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Burden
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Laurence C Torsher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael H Andreae
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David M Gaba
- Patient Simulation Center, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William R McIvor
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arna Banerjee
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason Slagle
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilo Anders
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Health Services Research, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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8
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Barton HJ, Salwei ME, Rutkowski RA, Wust K, Krause S, Hoonakker PL, Dail PVW, Buckley DM, Eastman A, Ehlenfeldt B, Patterson BW, Shah MN, King BJ, Werner NE, Carayon P. Evaluating the Usability of an Emergency Department After Visit Summary: Staged Heuristic Evaluation. JMIR Hum Factors 2023; 10:e43729. [PMID: 36892941 PMCID: PMC10037171 DOI: 10.2196/43729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heuristic evaluations, while commonly used, may inadequately capture the severity of identified usability issues. In the domain of health care, usability issues can pose different levels of risk to patients. Incorporating diverse expertise (eg, clinical and patient) in the heuristic evaluation process can help assess and address potential negative impacts on patient safety that may otherwise go unnoticed. One document that should be highly usable for patients-with the potential to prevent adverse outcomes-is the after visit summary (AVS). The AVS is the document given to a patient upon discharge from the emergency department (ED), which contains instructions on how to manage symptoms, medications, and follow-up care. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess a multistage method for integrating diverse expertise (ie, clinical, an older adult care partner, and health IT) with human factors engineering (HFE) expertise in the usability evaluation of the patient-facing ED AVS. METHODS We conducted a three-staged heuristic evaluation of an ED AVS using heuristics developed for use in evaluating patient-facing documentation. In stage 1, HFE experts reviewed the AVS to identify usability issues. In stage 2, 6 experts of varying expertise (ie, emergency medicine physicians, ED nurses, geriatricians, transitional care nurses, and an older adult care partner) rated each previously identified usability issue on its potential impact on patient comprehension and patient safety. Finally, in stage 3, an IT expert reviewed each usability issue to identify the likelihood of successfully addressing the issue. RESULTS In stage 1, we identified 60 usability issues that violated a total of 108 heuristics. In stage 2, 18 additional usability issues that violated 27 heuristics were identified by the study experts. Impact ratings ranged from all experts rating the issue as "no impact" to 5 out of 6 experts rating the issue as having a "large negative impact." On average, the older adult care partner representative rated usability issues as being more significant more of the time. In stage 3, 31 usability issues were rated by an IT professional as "impossible to address," 21 as "maybe," and 24 as "can be addressed." CONCLUSIONS Integrating diverse expertise when evaluating usability is important when patient safety is at stake. The non-HFE experts, included in stage 2 of our evaluation, identified 23% (18/78) of all the usability issues and, depending on their expertise, rated those issues as having differing impacts on patient comprehension and safety. Our findings suggest that, to conduct a comprehensive heuristic evaluation, expertise from all the contexts in which the AVS is used must be considered. Combining those findings with ratings from an IT expert, usability issues can be strategically addressed through redesign. Thus, a 3-staged heuristic evaluation method offers a framework for integrating context-specific expertise efficiently, while providing practical insights to guide human-centered design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Barton
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Megan E Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rachel A Rutkowski
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kathryn Wust
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sheryl Krause
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter Lt Hoonakker
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paula vW Dail
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Health Sciences Patient and Family Advisory Council Member, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Denise M Buckley
- Berbee Walsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexis Eastman
- Center for Aging Research and Education, School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brad Ehlenfeldt
- Berbee Walsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian W Patterson
- Berbee Walsh Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Manish N Shah
- Berbee Walsh Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Barbara J King
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicole E Werner
- Department of Health and Wellness Design, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Salwei ME, Anders S, Slagle JM, Whitney G, Lorinc A, Morley S, Pasley J, DeClercq J, Shotwell MS, Weinger MB. Understanding Patient and Clinician Reported Nonroutine Events in Ambulatory Surgery. J Patient Saf 2023; 19:e38-e45. [PMID: 36571577 PMCID: PMC9974589 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonroutine events (NREs, i.e., deviations from optimal care) can identify care process deficiencies and safety risks. Nonroutine events reported by clinicians have been shown to identify systems failures, but this methodology fails to capture the patient perspective. The objective of this prospective observational study is to understand the incidence and nature of patient- and clinician-reported NREs in ambulatory surgery. METHODS We interviewed patients about NREs that occurred during their perioperative care using a structured interview tool before discharge and in a 7-day follow-up call. Concurrently, we interviewed the clinicians caring for these patients immediately postoperatively to collect NREs. We trained 2 experienced clinicians and 2 patients to assess and code each reported NRE for type, theme, severity, and likelihood of reoccurrence (i.e., likelihood that the same event would occur for another patient). RESULTS One hundred one of 145 ambulatory surgery cases (70%) contained at least one NRE. Overall, 214 NREs were reported-88 by patients and 126 by clinicians. Cases containing clinician-reported NREs were associated with increased patient body mass index ( P = 0.023) and lower postcase patient ratings of being treated with respect ( P = 0.032). Cases containing patient-reported NREs were associated with longer case duration ( P = 0.040), higher postcase clinician frustration ratings ( P < 0.001), higher ratings of patient stress ( P = 0.019), and lower patient ratings of their quality of life ( P = 0.010), of the quality of clinician teamwork ( P = 0.010), being treated with respect ( P = 0.003), and being listened to carefully ( P = 0.012). Trained patient raters evaluated NRE severity significantly higher than did clinician raters ( P < 0.001), while clinicians rated recurrence likelihood significantly higher than patients for both clinician ( P = 0.032) and patient-reported NREs ( P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both patients and clinicians readily report events during clinical care that they believe deviate from optimal care expectations. These 2 primary stakeholders in safe, high-quality surgical care have different experiences and perspectives regarding NREs. The combination of patient- and clinician-reported NREs seems to be a promising patient-centered method of identifying healthcare system deficiencies and opportunities for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Salwei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilo Anders
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason M. Slagle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gina Whitney
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado – Denver and the Children’s Hospital of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Lorinc
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan Morley
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jessica Pasley
- Department of Public Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center’s Office of News & Communications, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Josh DeClercq
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew S. Shotwell
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew B. Weinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and the Center for Research in Systems Safety (CRISS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
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Salwei ME, Carayon P. A Sociotechnical Systems Framework for the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Delivery. J Cogn Eng Decis Mak 2022; 16:194-206. [PMID: 36704421 PMCID: PMC9873227 DOI: 10.1177/15553434221097357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the coming years, artificial intelligence (AI) will pervade almost every aspect of the health care delivery system. AI has the potential to improve patient safety (e.g. diagnostic accuracy) as well as reduce the burden on clinicians (e.g. documentation-related workload); however, these benefits are yet to be realized. AI is only one element of a larger sociotechnical system that needs to be considered for effective AI application. In this paper, we describe the current challenges of integrating AI into clinical care and propose a sociotechnical systems (STS) approach for AI design and implementation. We demonstrate the importance of an STS approach through a case study on the design and implementation of a clinical decision support (CDS). In order for AI to reach its potential, the entire work system as well as clinical workflow must be systematically considered throughout the design of AI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Jacobsohn GC, Leaf M, Liao F, Maru AP, Engstrom CJ, Salwei ME, Pankratz GT, Eastman A, Carayon P, Wiegmann DA, Galang JS, Smith MA, Shah MN, Patterson BW. Collaborative design and implementation of a clinical decision support system for automated fall-risk identification and referrals in emergency departments. Healthc (Amst) 2022; 10:100598. [PMID: 34923354 PMCID: PMC8881336 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2021.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Of the 3 million older adults seeking fall-related emergency care each year, nearly one-third visited the Emergency Department (ED) in the previous 6 months. ED providers have a great opportunity to refer patients for fall prevention services at these initial visits, but lack feasible tools for identifying those at highest-risk. Existing fall screening tools have been poorly adopted due to ED staff/provider burden and lack of workflow integration. To address this, we developed an automated clinical decision support (CDS) system for identifying and referring older adult ED patients at risk of future falls. We engaged an interdisciplinary design team (ED providers, health services researchers, information technology/predictive analytics professionals, and outpatient Falls Clinic staff) to collaboratively develop a system that successfully met user requirements and integrated seamlessly into existing ED workflows. Our rapid-cycle development and evaluation process employed a novel combination of human-centered design, implementation science, and patient experience strategies, facilitating simultaneous design of the CDS tool and intervention implementation strategies. This included defining system requirements, systematically identifying and resolving usability problems, assessing barriers and facilitators to implementation (e.g., data accessibility, lack of time, high patient volumes, appointment availability) from multiple vantage points, and refining protocols for communicating with referred patients at discharge. ED physician, nurse, and patient stakeholders were also engaged through online surveys and user testing. Successful CDS design and implementation required integration of multiple new technologies and processes into existing workflows, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration from the onset. By using this iterative approach, we were able to design and implement an intervention meeting all project goals. Processes used in this Clinical-IT-Research partnership can be applied to other use cases involving automated risk-stratification, CDS development, and EHR-facilitated care coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Costa Jacobsohn
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Margaret Leaf
- Applied Data Science, Enterprise Analytics, UW Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Frank Liao
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Applied Data Science, Enterprise Analytics, UW Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Apoorva P. Maru
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Collin J. Engstrom
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Department of Computer Science, Winona State University, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Megan E. Salwei
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gerald T Pankratz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Alexis Eastman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Douglas A. Wiegmann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joel S. Galang
- Applied Data Science, Enterprise Analytics, UW Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maureen A. Smith
- Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Manish N. Shah
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian W. Patterson
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,Health Innovation Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Salwei ME, Carayon P, Wiegmann D, Pulia MS, Patterson BW, Hoonakker PLT. Usability barriers and facilitators of a human factors engineering-based clinical decision support technology for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. Int J Med Inform 2021; 158:104657. [PMID: 34915320 PMCID: PMC9177900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health IT, such as clinical decision support (CDS), has the potential to improve patient safety. However, poor usability of health IT continues to be a major concern. Human factors engineering (HFE) approaches are recommended to improve the usability of health IT. Limited evidence exists on the actual impact of HFE methods and principles on the usability of health IT. OBJECTIVE To identify and describe the usability barriers and facilitators of an HFE-based CDS prior to implementation in the emergency department (ED). METHODS We conducted debrief interviews with 32 emergency medicine physicians as a part of a scenario-based simulation study evaluating the usability of the HFE-based CDS. We performed a deductive content analysis of the interviews using the usability criteria of Scapin and Bastien as a framework. RESULTS We identified 271 occurrences of usability barriers (94) and facilitators (177) of the HFE-based CDS. For instance, we found a facilitator relating to the usability criteria prompting as the PE Dx helps the physician order diagnostic tests following the risk assessment. We found the most facilitators relating to the criteria, minimal actions, e.g. as the PE Dx automatically populates vitals signs (e.g., heart rate) from the chart into the CDS. The majority of the usability barriers related to the usability criteria, compatibility (i.e., workflow integration), which was not explicitly considered in the HFE design of the CDS. For example, the CDS did not support resident and attending physician teamwork in the PE diagnostic process. CONCLUSION The systematic use of HFE principles in the design of CDS improves the usability of these technologies. In order to further reduce usability barriers, workflow integration should be explicitly considered in the design of health IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Salwei
- Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Douglas Wiegmann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Michael S Pulia
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Brian W Patterson
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Peter L T Hoonakker
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Salwei ME, Carayon P, Hoonakker PLT, Hundt AS, Wiegmann D, Pulia M, Patterson BW. Workflow integration analysis of a human factors-based clinical decision support in the emergency department. Appl Ergon 2021; 97:103498. [PMID: 34182430 PMCID: PMC8474147 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Numerous challenges with the implementation, acceptance, and use of health IT are related to poor usability and a lack of integration of the technologies into clinical workflow, and have, therefore, limited the potential of these technologies to improve patient safety. We propose a definition and conceptual model of health IT workflow integration. Using interviews of 12 emergency department (ED) physicians, we identify 134 excerpts of barriers and facilitators to workflow integration of a human factors (HF)-based clinical decision support (CDS) implemented in the ED. Using data on these 134 barriers and facilitators, we distinguish 25 components of workflow integration of the CDS, which are described according to four dimensions of workflow integration: time, flow, scope of patient journey, and level. The proposed definition and conceptual model of workflow integration can be used to inform health IT design; this is the purpose of the proposed checklist that can help to ensure consideration of workflow integration during the development of health IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Salwei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA; Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Peter L T Hoonakker
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Ann Schoofs Hundt
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Douglas Wiegmann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Michael Pulia
- Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Brian W Patterson
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Carayon P, Salwei ME. Moving toward a sociotechnical systems approach to continuous health information technology design: the path forward for improving electronic health record usability and reducing clinician burnout. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:1026-1028. [PMID: 33537756 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on our analysis of descriptions provided by four EHR vendors on their EHR usability efforts, we provide three recommendations aimed at improving the usability of health information technology and reducing clinician burnout. First, EHR vendors need to dedicate increased attention to the design of the entire sociotechnical (work) system, including the EHR technology and its usability as well as the interactions of the technology with other system elements. Second, EHR vendors need to deepen and broaden their understanding of the work of clinicians and care teams by using diverse and mixed method. Third, in collaboration with health care organizations, EHR vendors should engage in cycles of continuous design and learning in order to improve the usability of health IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Healthcare Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan E Salwei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Salwei ME, Carayon P, Hoonakker P, Hundt AS, Novak C, Wang Y, Wiegmann D, Patterson B. Assessing workflow of emergency physicians in the use of clinical decision support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1071181319631334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergency department (ED) is a complex environment where diagnoses must often be made quickly, based on incomplete information. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an especially challenging diagnosis that is frequently delayed or missed due to its non-specific symptoms, and can be life-threatening when not treated. Clinical decision supports (CDS) have the potential to improve these difficult decisions; however, previous efforts to implement CDS in the ED have faced challenges due to poor usability and lack of workflow integration. The objective of this study is to identify potential barriers to workflow integration from the technology’s implementation and inform the CDS design; this is achieved by analyzing ED physicians’ workflow during a usability evaluation of two different CDS, a web-based risk scoring CDS and a CDS designed using an human-centered design (HCD) process and human factors (HF) design principles. The number of cases matching the guideline-based workflow and the percent of correct diagnostic decisions increased from the use of the HF-based CDS, but varied depending on the patient scenario. We identified three workflow variations, which had both positive and negative implications for the CDS design and implementation. The workflow analysis can be used to inform the CDS design and improve the technology’s usability and integration in physician workflow prior to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Salwei
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Peter Hoonakker
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Ann Schoofs Hundt
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Yudi Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Douglas Wiegmann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Brian Patterson
- UW Health
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Hoonakker PLT, Carayon P, Salwei ME, Hundt AS, Wiegmann D, Kleinschmidt P, Pulia MS, Wang Y, Novak C, Patterson BW. The Design of PE Dx, a CDS to Support Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis in the ED. Stud Health Technol Inform 2019; 265:134-140. [PMID: 31431589 DOI: 10.3233/shti190152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Designing and implementing clinical decision support (CDS) in health care has been challenging. Attempts have been made to design and implement CDS to support clinical procedures, but many of these CDSs have met user resistance. One possible explanation for the lack of acceptability can be the poor design of the CDS. In this study, we describe the design of PE Dx, a CDS built to support the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department (ED) using human factors methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ann S Hundt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, 53726, USA
| | | | - Peter Kleinschmidt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, 53726, USA.,UW Health, Madison WI, 53726, USA
| | - Michael S Pulia
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, 53726, USA.,UW Health, Madison WI, 53726, USA
| | - Yudi Wang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, 53726, USA
| | | | - Brian W Patterson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, 53726, USA.,UW Health, Madison WI, 53726, USA
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Salwei ME, Carayon P, Hundt AS, Hoonakker P, Agrawal V, Kleinschmidt P, Stamm J, Wiegmann D, Patterson BW. Role network measures to assess healthcare team adaptation to complex situations: the case of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Ergonomics 2019; 62:864-879. [PMID: 30943873 PMCID: PMC7243844 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1603402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals are complex environments that rely on clinicians working together to provide appropriate care to patients. These clinical teams adapt their interactions to meet changing situational needs. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is a complex process that occurs throughout a patient's hospitalisation, presenting five stages with different levels of complexity: admission, interruption, re-initiation, initiation, and transfer. The objective of our study is to understand how the VTE prophylaxis team adapts as the complexity in the process changes; we do this by using social network analysis (SNA) measures. We interviewed 45 clinicians representing 9 different cases, creating 43 role networks. The role networks were analysed using SNA measures to understand team changes between low and high complexity stages. When comparing low and high complexity stages, we found two team adaptation mechanisms: (1) relative increase in the number of people, team activities, and interactions within the team, or (2) relative increase in discussion among the team, reflected by an increase in reciprocity. Practitioner Summary: The reason for this study was to quantify team adaptation to complexity in a process using social network analysis (SNA). The VTE prophylaxis team adapted to complexity by two different mechanisms, by increasing the roles, activities, and interactions among the team or by increasing the two-way communication and discussion throughout the team. We demonstrated the ability for SNA to identify adaptation within a team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Salwei
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, USA, 53706
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, USA, 53706
| | - Pascale Carayon
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, USA, 53706
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, USA, 53706
| | - Ann Schoofs Hundt
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, USA, 53706
| | - Peter Hoonakker
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, USA, 53706
| | - Vaibhav Agrawal
- Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA, 17822
| | - Peter Kleinschmidt
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, USA, 53726
| | - Jason Stamm
- Geisinger Health System, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA, 17822
| | - Douglas Wiegmann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, USA, 53706
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, USA, 53706
| | - Brian W. Patterson
- Center for Quality and Productivity Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, USA, 53706
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, USA, 53726
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